Static Var Compensator Installation Research Articles

Multi-Type FACTS Controllers for Power System Compensation: A Case Study of the Nigerian 48-Bus, 330 kV System

Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices have provided proficient answers to power system instabilities faced in the systems operations today with very little infrastructural investment fund. This paper investigates the effects of the installation of the combination of two kinds of FACTS controllers; static VAR compensator (SVC) and thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) compared with the installation of SVC or TCSC alone in the system. Voltage magnitude profile, active and reactive power losses of the three scenarios were achieved in the Nigerian 48-bus power system network using power system analysis toolbox (PSAT) in MATLAB environment. Simulation results obtained without and with FACTS devices optimally placed using voltage stability sensitivity factor (VSSF), revealed that the percentage decrease of the net real and reactive power losses of the combined SVC and TCSC was the highest at 31.917% whereas that of the standalone SVC and TCSC stood at 19.769% and 30.863% respectively. This shows that in addition to their capabilities to maintain acceptable voltage profile, the combination of SVC and TCSC has better compensating effect as they mitigate against power losses which was observed in their high percentage decrease in power losses compared to the standalone FACTS devices.
 Keywords: FACTS, optimum location, PSAT, SVC, TCSC, VSSF

Multi-Heuristic Based Technique in Multi-SVCs Installation Scheme for Loss Control in Transmission System

Increasing demand of power system has been identified as one of the dominant factors in under-voltage phenomenon, instability condition and increment of transmission loss in power system. To alleviate this condition for the purpose of maintaining secure delivery of electricity, appropriate remedial actions are mandatory to be performed in either real time or offline studies. Amongst the popular remedial actions to avoid the loss control is the installation of static VAR compensator (SVC) scheme. This scheme requires a robust optimization technique which should be able to achieve optimal solution with less computation burden. This paper presents the application of multi-heuristic techniques for optimizing the sizing and locations of the SVC installation. Two optimization techniques are proposed in this study; namely the evolutionary programming (EP) and artificial immune system (AIS) for the purpose of optimal determination of locations and sizing of SVCs. Several cases are considered, based on number of units for the installation process; solved under different loading conditions subjected to the system. A reliability test system (RTS) model was utilized as the test specimen in this study; which ultimately highlights the merit of the optimization techniques.

Influence of Static VAR Compensator Application for Improving Power Quality in Distribution Lines Supplied Industry

The voltage drop in distribution line unavoidable but can be reduced until the allowable limit. The voltage drop occurred due to currents flow in impedance lines. Harmonics caused by non-linear loads that are often found in the industrial used electronics devices. This study is to discuss the application of static var compensator (SVC) to improve the power quality in distribution lines. Harmonics analysis of the loads industries are modelled as arc furnace and adjustable speed drive (ASD) using software ETAP simulation. The loads are connected to the IEEE 14 busses system. Fast decoupled method was used for investigating the voltage drop at each buss. Harmonics analysis was carried out to find harmonics level contents i.e., total harmonics distortion of voltage (THDV) and current (THDI). Values of THDV and THDI resulted are evaluated by state electrical company (PLN) standard. The load flow study result shows that there are some busses have voltage below the standard and harmonics analysis beyond the allowable limit but the voltage at Bus 14 is lowest, therefore SVC is connected to it. The results show all the voltage is fulfilling the standard. The SVC installation on this case is less significant it affects on mitigating harmonics.

The multi-objective optimal allocation method of static var compensator based on transient voltage security control

Based on the detailed consideration of the dynamic characteristics of Static Var Compensator (SVC), the mathematical method for installing location and optimal capacity of SVC considering transient voltage security is proposed. Firstly, the trajectory sensitivity index is used to determine the key fault set and SVC candidate location. Then, transient voltage security constraint of the bus voltage is restored to 0.75pu within 1s and the bus voltage is restored to 0.9pu within 3s after remove fault, Finally, considering the transient voltage recovery characteristics and dynamic characteristics of SVC, the minimum of bus voltage deviation after fault removed and minimum of installtion capacity of SVC as objective function for hybrid optimal allocation model. The bus voltage and capacity of SVC are introduced as variables into the Crisscross Optimization Algorithm (CSO) for solving. The effectiveness of the proposed SVC installation location and capacity optimization method is verified by the time domain simulation of the IEEE39-bus system.

Optimal SVC allocation in power systems using lightning attachment procedure optimization

Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) technology is widely adopted and utilized to maintain the performance of power systems. However, the improvements of power system performance achieved by FACTS devices depend on the right sizing and allocation of such devices. For technical and economic considerations, a FACTS device's location and size should be selected very carefully in order to maximize its benefits to the power system. In this paper, the sizing and location of a static VAR compensator (SVC) are optimally determined using a new optimization technique called lightning attachment procedure optimization (LAPO). The optimal allocation of the SVC is determined regarding the improvement of voltage deviation index and the reduction of total active power losses. The system is optimized in two cases: once without SVC installation in order to find out the optimal settings of the system that achieve the objective functions, and another time with SVC installation to determine its optimum sizes and locations by which the required objective functions are achieved. Then the system performance is analyzed after optimization with and without SVC devices to show the impact of the optimum sizing and location of the SVC on the system. The study is validated using the standard IEEE 30-bus system, while the developed LAPO is performed by MATLAB M-Files and the system performance analysis in different cases is performed by NEPLAN software.

Implementation of the Static Var Compensator (SVC) in the sub system 150 KV transmission to improvement effort voltage quality in West Java Area

This study aims to determine the voltage losses on the 150 KV transmission line in Cibatu and Mandirancan Sub-systems in the PLN APB West Java region. This study utilizes the effect of the installation of Static VAR Compensator on voltage losses on a 150 KV transmission line during peak load conditions. By knowing the characteristics of the system on a channel that utilizes sensitivity to the addition of loads, the installation of SVC will have an impact on the improvement of voltage losses on the transmission network. This study uses simulations using ETAP software version 12.6. From the calculation simulation results that use the actual data of APB West Java in the amount of voltage loss on the channel. While based on the ETAP simulation results, there were improvements in voltage losses at Dawuan substation by 13.56%. This proves that SVC installation on transmission lines can reduce voltage losses in the Cibatu and Mandirancan Sub Systems.

Impact of Static Var Compensator (SVC) Devices on Power System Losses

Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of the location of the SVC installation on the amount of power losses in the power system. The IEEE modified system with 3 wind turbines and 24 nodes was used as the test system. For the purpose of discovering the optimal location of the SVC device, GAMS programme was used. Comparing the results for losses before and after setting SVC to the optimum position in order to minimize losses, it was concluded that the position and power of the SVC device greatly influence the amount of losses in the system.

Chaotic immune symbiotic organisms search for SVC installation in voltage security control

<span>Parallel with the urbanization of the world, energy demand in the world also increased. The increase in energy demand will require a power system to be operated near its stability limit. To mitigate the problem, Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices can be installed as a compensation scheme to improve voltage security in a power system. For an effective compensation, FACTS devices should be optimally allocated in a power system. Although optimization techniques can be implemented to optimally allocate these devices, problems have been reported which would affect the performance of the optimization techniques in terms of producing high quality solutions. This paper presents the implementation of Chaotic Immune Symbiotic Organisms Search for solving optimal Static VAr Compensator (SVC) allocation problem for voltage security control. The optimization is validated in IEEE 26-Bus Reliability Test System (RTS) realizes the capability of CISOS in solving the optimization problem. Comparative studies with respect to Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Evolutionary Programming (EP) resulting in good agreement on the results and demonstrated superior performance of CISOS. Results of the study can be beneficial to power system community in terms of compensation planning prior to real world implementation.</span>

Improvement of Power System Loading Margin with Reducing Network Investment Cost Using SVC

Under emergency conditions to reduce the harms from environmental deterioration, one of the recently focused developments in the power industry is to make the existing transmission networks sufficiently utilize their capability in power transfer. From the detailed analysis and many studies, voltage instability was found to be the main factor responsible for several blackout events. As an index to indicate the level of static voltage stability of a transmission system, the Loading Margin (LM) or Voltage Stability Margin (VSM), represents the maximum power that can be transferred between generators and loads before voltage collapse point achieved is generally measured in system planning. In this paper, under each contingency with high Risk Index (RI) value, the Modal Analysis (MA) technique is used to determine which buses need Static VAR Compensator (SVC) installation, and with maximum LM and minimum SVC installation cost composed into the multi-objective function. The optimal LM enhancement problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem (MOP) and solved by using the fitness sharing multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm for a Pareto front set. The proposed method may be tested on the IEEE 24-bus reliability test system (RTS) and IEEE 14-bus system.

Effect of SVC installation on loss and voltage in power system congestion management

<span>In this paper, a new hybrid optimization technique is proposed namely Adaptive Embedded Clonal Evolutionary Programming (AECEP). This idea comes from the combination part of the clone in an Artificial Immune System (AIS) and then combined with Evolutionary Programming (EP). This technique was implemented to determine the optimal sizing of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices. This study focused on the ability of Static Var Compensator (SVC) is used for the optimal operation of the power system as well as in reducing congestion in power system. In order to determine the location of SVC, the previous study has been done using pre-developed voltage stability index, Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI). Congested lines or buses will be identified based on the highest FVSI value for the purpose of SVC placement. The optimizations were conducted for the SVC sizing under single contingency, where SVC was modeled in steady state analysis. The objective function of this study is to minimize the power loss and improve the voltage profile along with the reduction of congestion with the SVC installation in the system. Validation on the IEEE 30 Bus RTS and IEEE 118 Bus RTS revealed that the proposed technique managed to reduce congestion in power system.</span>

Optimal Placement of FACTS Devices for Voltage Stability Improvement with Economic Consideration Using Firefly Algorithm

Background: Increasing power demand forces the power systems to operate at their maximum operating conditions. This leads the power system into voltage instability and causes voltage collapse. To avoid this problem, FACTS devices have been used in power systems to increase system stability with much reduced economical ratings. To achieve this, the FACTS devices must be placed in exact location. This paper presents Firefly Algorithm (FA) based optimization method to locate these devices of exact rating and least cost in the transmission system. Methods: Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Static Var Compensator (SVC) are the FACTS devices used in the proposed methodology to enhance the voltage stability of power systems. Considering two objectives of enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission system and minimizing the cost of the FACTS devices, the optimal ratings and cost were identified for the devices under consideration using Firefly algorithm as an optimization tool. Also, a model study had been done with four different cases such as normal case, line outage case, generator outage case and overloading case (140%) for IEEE 14,30,57 and 118 bus systems. Results: The optimal locations to install SVC and TCSC in IEEE 14, 30, 57 and 118 bus systems were evaluated with minimal L-indices and cost using the proposed Firefly algorithm. From the results, it could be inferred that the cost of installing TCSC in IEEE bus system is slightly higher than SVC.For showing the superiority of Firefly algorithm, the results were compared with the already published research finding where this problem was solved using Genetic algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization. It was revealed that the proposed firefly algorithm gives better optimum solution in minimizing the L-index values for IEEE 30 Bus system. Conclusion: The optimal placement, rating and cost of installation of TCSC and SVC in standard IEEE bus systems which enhanced the voltage stability were evaluated in this work. The need of the FACTS devices was also tested during the abnormal cases such as line outage case, generator outage case and overloading case (140%) with the proposed Firefly algorithm. Outputs reveal that the recognized placement of SVC and TCSC reduces the probability of voltage collapse and cost of the devices in the transmission lines. The capability of Firefly algorithm was also ensured by comparing its results with the results of other algorithms.

A fuzzified Pareto multiobjective cuckoo search algorithm for power losses minimization incorporating SVC

This paper presents an application of multiobjective cuckoo search (MOCS) algorithm for reduction in transmission line losses by placing static VAR compensator (SVC) at an optimal location. MOCS algorithm is an extension of the infamous cuckoo search algorithm. The multiobjective optimizations considered in this paper include active power loss and reactive power loss, active power loss and investment cost of SVC. The Pareto-optimal solution which is obtained by using the Pareto-optimal method gives the solution to the multiobjective problem. The fuzzy logic approach is used to obtain best trade-off solutions from the Pareto-optimal solution. A standard IEEE 30 bus test system is considered for testing the efficacy of the proposed methodology. The results show that installation of SVC and application of MOCS algorithm is effective in power loss reduction.

Optimization Placement of Static Var Compensator (Svc) on Electrical Transmission System 150 kV Based on Smart Computation

To improve voltage profile, we can use FACTS equipment. One of them is SVC (Static Var Compensator). This study aims to determine the location and optimal capacity of SVC and to determine the effect after SVC installation. This research was conducted in 150 kV transmission system, West Java load regulator area of South Bandung and New Ujungberung subsystem. The research method used for power flow simulation is Newton Raphson and to determine the optimal position and capacity of SVC was using genetic algorithm in MATLAB R2014. After the SVC placement is optimized, then the system performance will increase such as the voltage of all buses is at the standard level and the decrease of power losses.

Symbiotic Organisms Search Technique for SVC Installation in Voltage Control

<p>Increasing demand experienced by electric utilities in many parts of the world involving developing country is a normal phenomenon. This can be due to the urbanization process of a system network, which may lead to possible voltage decay at the receiving buses if no proper offline study is conducted. Unplanned load increment can push the system to operate closes to its instability point. Various compensation schemes have been popularly invented and proposed in power system operation and planning. This would require offline studies, prior to real system implementation. This paper presents the implementation of Symbiotic Organisms Search (SOS) algorithm for solving optimal static VAr compensator (SVC) installation problem in power transmission systems. In this study, SOS was employed to perform voltage control study in a transmission system under several scenarios via the SVC installation scheme. This realizes the feasibility of SOS applications in addressing the compensating scheme for the voltage control study. Minimum and maximum bound of the voltage at all buses have been considered as the inequality constraints as one of the aspects. A validation process conducted on IEEE 26-Bus RTS realizes the feasibility of SOS in performing compensation scheme without violating system stability. Results obtained from the optimization process demonstrated that the proposed SOS optimization algorithm has successfully reduced the total voltage deviation index and improve the voltage profile in the test system. Comparative studies have been performed with respect to the established evolutionary programming (EP) and artificial immune system (AIS) algorithms, resulting in good agreement and has demonstrated its superiority. Results from this study could be beneficial to the power system community in the planning and operation departments in terms of giving offline information prior to real system implementation of the corresponding power system utility.</p>

A Voltage Improvement of Transmission System using Static Var Compensator via Matlab/Simulink

<p class="IJASEITAbtract">High demand in electricity consumption is rising and modern society would case to function without access to electricity. The volume of power transmitted and distributed are increasing, these need the requirements for high quality and reliable supply. At the same time, rising the costs and the growing environmental concerns make the process of develop a new power transmission line make complicated and the time consuming. One of alternatives to solve the issues is installed the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS). This research presents to modeling and simulation of Static Var Compensator (SVC) in the power system network using Matlab/Simulink Software. The objective function of this research is improvement the voltage of the system with four cases study for validation. From the simulation results shown that the SVC installation gives the effect to voltage of system.</p>

Alternative Improving the Quality of Sub-Voltage Transmission System using Static Var Compensator

This study discusses the voltage profile improvement method in the transmission sub-systems using one of the devices from Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS), by using a Static Var Compensator (SVC) with the object focused on electric power system sub-systems in South Bandung area and Ujung Berung. The aims of the study were to determine the voltage profile sub-systems in South Bandung and Ujung Berung before and after installation of SVC and also to determine the position and capacity of SVC in maintaining optimal voltage profile transmission sub-system. The research method used the power flow simulation from Newton-Raphson method with ETAP 7.0. The flow of reactive power had been set so that the power loss on the network (losses) system obtained a minimum. The results of the simulation and power flow analysis shows that the average voltage profile and quality of installation SVC voltage sub-systems after the optimal position and capacity to be better compared to prior to installation. By minimizing the power loss on the network, the bus voltage profile can be maintained in the values that are allowed, so the quality and continuity of operation in the power system can be maintained.

Two‐level procedure based on HICAGA to determine optimal number, locations and operating points of SVCs in Isfahan–Khuzestan power system to maximise loadability and minimise losses, TVD and SVC installation cost

Increasing maximum power system loadability while maintaining bus voltages and line loadings constraints by flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices is one of the main issues in power system studies. One of the shunt FACTS devices widely used in power system is static var compensator (SVC). Its performance on power system is highly dependent on its number, location and operating point. This study presents a two-level procedure to find optimal number, locations, and operating points of SVCs in a power system. At the first level, the goal is to maximise loadability of the power system. At this level, by using a method based on iterative process, applying SVCs to the power system, and increasing load factor, the optimisation algorithm seeks to find locations and operating points of SVCs that fulfil bus voltages and line loading constraints. This process continues until the increase in the number of SVCs does not lead to an increase in loadability. At the second level and for a certain number of SVCs, power system losses, total voltage deviations (TVD), and SVC installation cost are minimised at specific loadability. In this study, hybrid imperialist competitive algorithm and genetic algorithm (HICAGA) have been used for optimisation.

The voltage profile improvement using static var compensator (SVC) in power system transmission

In transmission system named ‘Subsistem Bandung Selatan dan New Ujungberung’ there are the voltage drop which relatively high and the voltage profile at the receiving ends below 0.95 p.u. Therefore, this research proposed a method to improve the voltage profile in the transmission system using one of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) technology which is Static Var Compensator (SVC) and ‘Subsistem Bandung Selatan and New Ujungberung’ as the object. This research aims to get the voltage profile in ‘Subsistem Bandung Selatan dan New Ujungberung’ before and after connected to SVC and to set optimal location and rating of SVC to maintain the voltage profile at the system that has desire range (0.95 p.u – 1.05 p.u). To get the result in accordance with these objects, Newton –Raphson power flow solution is applied to the system. The result of Newton- Raphson power flow solution of the system shows the voltage profile before connecting to SVC are averagely 140.95 kV or 0.94 p.u while after connecting to SVC are 145.28 kV or 0.97 p.u. The SVC installation is connected to ‘Bandung Utara I’ as the weakest bus, and the SVC rating is -250 Mvar to 300 Mvar.

Comparison of SVC and TCSC Installation in Transmission Line with Loss Minimization and Cost of Installation via Particle Swarm Optimization

The paper presents a comparison of performance Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) with objective function to minimize the transmission loss, improve the voltage and monitoring the cost of installation. Simulation performed on standard IEEE 30-Bus RTS and indicated that EPSO a feasible to achieve the objective function.

A new modeling and placement of shunt FACTS devices in the secondary voltage regulation environment

Recently, the Secondary Voltage Regulation (SVR) is installed in some power systems in order to ensure the coordination voltage control devices. In other hand, the shunt FACTS devices such as the Static Var Compensator (SVC) and the STATic COMpensator (STATCOM) are extensively used for the local voltage control without any coordination with other voltage control devices, without any reciprocal coordination. In this paper, new models of SVC and STATCOM are proposed to be adopted in power flow models that include the SVR. The proposed models are implemented and tested on a model of the Italian power system. Furthermore, a new method based on sensitivity analysis is proposed to find the most sensitive placements for the installation of SVC and STATCOM. The results obtained show the highly computational performance of the propose models and also the effectiveness of the sensitivity analysis to find the best placements of SVC and STATCOM taking into account the SVR.