Installation Of Renewable Energy Sources Research Articles

Performance of the Heat Pump and Photovoltaic Systems Installed in the Single-family House

Renewable energy sources are increasingly common in Poland, and a growing number of single-family houses are now equipped with such systems. The article presents the study of the performance of the heat pump and the photovoltaic system installed in a house in the Swietokrzyskie Province near the city of Kielce. The data related to thermal and electrical energy generation throughout three years has been analysed with a focus on the advantages offered by such systems in the climate conditions of Central Poland. It turned out that 2022 was the best year for electricity production because it exceeded the value of 8000 kWh, and in the winter period from November to February, energy production balances at 200-300 kWh, which proves the high efficiency of panels for electricity production even in unfavourable climatic conditions. The heat pump generates the smallest energy production to heat the house in the summer, while in the winter, this production increases intensively due to the heating season in Poland. These are values from 1500 kWh to values above 3000 kWh. Similarly, in the case of domestic hot water, these values are higher in winter than in summer. Additionally, the work includes electricity consumption before and after the installation of renewable energy sources. Simplified economic analysis has also been presented in the paper. The simple payback period is estimated at approximately 9 years.

ENERGY SECURITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN SMALL PORTS

The purpose of the article is to describe a prototype system for managing energy security in small ports based on the use of IT technology. Additional evaluation of the usability of the described sytem will be carried out based on the main pillars of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, which include the integration of advanced information technology (IT), automation (OT), "Internet of Things" (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) systems. This affects IT systems, which are becoming more complex and sophisticated all the time. This causes an increase in dependencies - the more complex the information system, the more complex the security must be.In the described system there will be the use of a modular system of hybrid installation of renewable energy sources mainly from wind energy, photovoltaics and biogas, stored in an energy storage. Based on the use of energy storage and management of technology through a secure intelligent information network, the needs for storage and secure transmission of information and data, green electricity production, in accordance with the priorities of the European Union (green energy, green transformation European data strategy) will be described. The article also presents the types of renewable energy sources (RES) in relation to the use of systems supporting their management. The author will also try to answer the question whether such measures will significantly strengthen the energy security of a modern organization.

CoLinFlow: An Iterative Solution Approach for the Scenario-Based AC OPF in Active Meshed Distribution Grids With Batteries

Distribution grids are characterized by an increased installation of renewable energy sources (RESs) and of batteries. Both the uncertainty of RESs and the controllability of batteries should be considered when optimizing their operation. This leads to large-scale, non-convex Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problems. Existing solution approaches either refer to radial grids or do not work under uncertainty. However, many Distribution System Operators operate their grids in meshed topologies. In this paper, CoLinFlow, an efficient solution approach for a scenario-based AC OPF in meshed balanced three-phase distribution grids with intermittent RESs and controllable batteries is proposed. First, a particular power flow form in rectangular coordinates that is accurate for meshed grids is applied. Then, Generalized Linearized Power Flow (GLPF), a novel linearization of the power flow equations based on replacing non-linear terms with constants is developed. Based on GLPF, we design CoLinFlow, a heuristic iterative scheme that at each iteration solves a convex OPF and updates GLPF until convergence. The solution of CoLinFlow at convergence is proven to be feasible with respect to the original non-convex OPF and convergence is reached after very few iterations. Also, it is shown that CoLinFlow achieves almost the same optimal objective as Ipopt, while being faster.

Wind Power Plants and Selected Technical and Economic Aspects of Their Construction on Mine Heaps

As a result of energy transformation and decarbonization, the production of hard coal and lignite mining plants is gradually being phased out. Mine heaps, i.e., mine waste heaps, created as a result of the operation of these plants, are not attractive as land for housing, for the construction of production plants, or for agriculture. One of the most advantageous ways of recultivating these areas is using them as a place for the installation of renewable energy sources. In the case of post-mining heaps, it seems natural to use photovoltaics and wind turbines due to the artificial elevation of the terrain. This issue was analysed within the RFCS project SUMAD (Sustainable Use of Mining Waste Heaps). Experts from various countries and scientific disciplines analysed possible scenarios for the mine heaps’ management, with a special attention to geotechnical, environmental and socio-economic challenges. This article discusses one of the variants, namely the possibility of constructing the wind turbines on mining heaps.

PROBLEMATYKA PRAWNA LOKALIZOWANIA INSTALACJI WYTWÓRCZYCH ODNAWIALNYCH ŹRÓDEŁ ENERGII

The article discusses the legal and administrative regulations regarding location of installations generating energy from renewable sources (RES). The growing importance of generating energy from renewable sources and the significant involvement of public funds allocated to support the development of RES generation infrastructure contrast with the lack of coherent legal regulations regarding the implementation of this type of investment. The legal provisions governing the investment process involving the construction of RES installations remain dispersed in many normative acts, and decisions concerning the construction of new installations are made by various authorities as part of separate administrative proceedings regarding individual legal aspects of these investments. Issues related to the location of renewable energy sources installations are regulated primarily in the area of spatial planning and development regulations, with the provisions of specific acts discussed in the article also playing an important role, including, in particular, the acts on renewable energy sources and those on investments in wind farms.

Heuristic Approach for Net-Zero Energy Residential Buildings in Arid Region Using Dual Renewable Energy Sources

Optimizing a net-zero energy (NZE) residential building using what renewable energy resources are available in desert environments and budgeted within the limits of a governmental construction project is proving to be increasingly challenging for many countries, including the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Buildings in such regions encounter significantly high annual energy consumption rates, especially in the cooling capacity across a project’s life cycle, which in turn impacts the investment value. Therefore, this study presents a heuristic approach that aimed to examine the feasibility of NZE residential buildings in the KSA using an arid campus case study within the period of 2021–2022 based on the dual renewable energy sources of a geothermal heat pump (GHP), which served as a cooling system, and photovoltaic thermal collectors (PVT) serving as a power generation system. This study adopted a numerical technical assessment in the case study, using HAP software to analyze heating/cooling systems, and PVsyst V7.1.0 software for the variable simulation of solar photovoltaic power systems. This heuristic approach, through two assessment stages, achieved significant outcomes for a sustainable bottom-line, and provide a practical approach for achieving an NZE residential building in the King Faisal University (KFU) case study, as well as a reduction in energy consumption as well as the maintenance cost, which has a positive consequence on the payback period. Our study’s results have implications for both sustainable and green buildings with similar characteristics to those we investigated, and our results could be used to develop installation guidelines for renewable energy systems. Furthermore, our results can provide decision makers with a basis for retrofitting existing buildings to enhance their energy efficiency, increase investment value, as well as prevent the indiscriminate installation of renewable energy sources to merely increase the renewable energy installation rate.

Energy Hub Gas: A Modular Setup for the Evaluation of Local Flexibility and Renewable Energy Carriers Provision

The ambitious targets for the reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions force the enhanced integration and installation of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs). Furthermore, the increased reliance of multiple sectors on electrical energy additionally challenges the electricity grid with high volatility from the demand side. In order to keep the transmission system operation stable and secure, the present approach adds local flexibility into the distribution system using the modular Energy Hub Gas (EHG) concept. For this concept, two different test cases are configured and evaluated. The two configured EHGs demonstrate the ability to provide flexibility and adaptability by reducing the difference between maximal and minimal load in the surrounding grid infrastructure by 30% in certain time periods. Furthermore, the average energy exchange is reduced by 8%. Therefore, by relieving the grid infrastructure in the local surroundings, the additional potential of RES is enabled and the curtailment of existing ones can be reduced.

Power Management in Three-Phase Grid-Integrated PV System with Hybrid Energy Storage System

The management of energy in distribution networks has been gathering attention in recent years. The simultaneous control of generation and demand is crucial for achieving energy savings and can further lower energy pricing. The work aims to develop a control scheme for a hybrid microgrid that can provide stability to the bus voltage and effectively manage the power flow. Solar energy is the current trend in renewable energy sources (RES). There is a surge in the installation of solar PV systems both on a large scale and on a small scale, such as rooftop PV systems. Installation of RES at residential premises has to be conducted with a proper power management scheme. The hybrid microgrid for this work consists of a PV system with a boost converter to extract maximum power, a DC-DC bi-directional converter to charge or discharge the hybrid energy-storing devices, and a three-phase AC-DC interlinking converter for exchange of energy with the utility grid. The control and power management scheme checks the voltage of each unit and maintains the power flow according to operating conditions. Disturbances are introduced in the form of load switching and irradiance variation to check the system performance. The system is tested on the MATLAB (R2021a) Simulink platform for varying its different modes of operations. An experimental set-up has been developed with hardware-in-the-loop to validate the simulation results.

CNN-LSTM vs. LSTM-CNN to Predict Power Flow Direction: A Case Study of the High-Voltage Subnet of Northeast Germany

The massive installation of renewable energy sources together with energy storage in the power grid can lead to fluctuating energy consumption when there is a bi-directional power flow due to the surplus of electricity generation. To ensure the security and reliability of the power grid, high-quality bi-directional power flow prediction is required. However, predicting bi-directional power flow remains a challenge due to the ever-changing characteristics of power flow and the influence of weather on renewable power generation. To overcome these challenges, we present two of the most popular hybrid deep learning (HDL) models based on a combination of a convolutional neural network (CNN) and long-term memory (LSTM) to predict the power flow in the investigated network cluster. In our approach, the models CNN-LSTM and LSTM-CNN were trained with two different datasets in terms of size and included parameters. The aim was to see whether the size of the dataset and the additional weather data can affect the performance of the proposed model to predict power flow. The result shows that both proposed models can achieve a small error under certain conditions. While the size and parameters of the dataset can affect the training time and accuracy of the HDL model.

An advanced method for improving the reliability of power losses probabilistic characteristics calculation to determine the optimal wind power capacity and placement tasks

Due to the trend of increasing electricity consumption that has observed over the past decades, the sustainable development of electric power systems is a relevant task. Taking into account the desire of the leading countries for energy independence, low-carbon energy based on renewable energy sources is being actively penetrated nowadays. One of the main tasks for the renewable energy sources installation into existing electric power systems with no additional changes in network is to maximize power generation with the lowest power losses and to comply with the grid requirements. Considering the stochastic nature of renewable energy, various optimization algorithms are being developed and used for this task. In this regard, numerical methods of deterministic and probabilistic modeling of power systems with, e.g., wind turbine generators are used to determine the optimal placement and capacity. The main problem is that obtaining a reliable result by actual statistical and heuristic methods, based mostly on a group of Monte Carlo methods, does not have a full solution in the whole range of functional dependence, due to the complexity of modeling the input arguments of rare repeatability. As part of the solution to the optimal power flow problems, namely, not exceeding the specified probability density functions of the state parameters, it can lead to false conclusions. This paper proposes a methodology for calculating the probabilistic characteristics of steady-state parameters, increasing the reliability and speed of their calculation by taking into account the values of rare repeatability. The results of research is the refinement of the power flow values (compared with the Monte Carlo method) using the developed method based on selection of interval boundaries of input and output probabilistic data (SIBD method), and the definition of minimum possible power losses as part of the problem of determining the optimal wind power capacity and placement in power system for IEEE-14 and IEEE-57 schemes.

Voltage Regulation in a Radial Microgrid with High RES Penetration

Increasing installation of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) in microgrids and distribution system feeders benefits the power system in many ways, such as increasing power availability and reliability, but they also cause various power quality issues, such as overvoltage and undervoltage, due to their intermittent nature. The sensitive loads, such as Constant Power Load (CPL), are affected by these voltage fluctuations. The approach proposed in this paper is to install a Dynamic Voltage Regulators (DVR) adjacent to the RES to suppress the voltage issue caused by it while leaving the sensitive load operation unharmed. The proposed concept is duly endorsed with analysis and simulations in MATLAB/Simulink environment.

Power Stabilization with STATCOM on DFIG Based Wind Farm for Renewable Energy

The demand of electricity is increasing in the world day by day due to increased needs of human being. On the one hand, fossil based energy sources are decreasing and also on the other hand they are creating the CO2 emission to atmosphere. In this case, the use of renewable power will be very economical, clean and beneficial to provide the required energy of consumers. Recent technologic developments and installations of renewable energy sources contribute the generation of renewable energy. In addition, the use of IT technologies combined with renewable energy systems makes the grid more safe and sustainable by providing monitoring and controlling capabilities of the renewable power system. In this study, an application of renewable energy is presented. Furthermore, a simulation of wind energy connected to grid to show the behavior of its components are performed in MATLAB and observed the impact of the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) in the system.

Moving Towards Self Reliant Microgrids in Indian Scenario

An electrical power system is among the most critical infrastructures which are crucial for the sustainable development of a nation. The progress of a country like India cannot be thought of without being self-sufficient in the rural areas where about 65% of the population resides. The cost of the power grid is increasing and the communities should search for better options from within their available resources to generate energy. Microgrid (MG) formation shall lead to a self-reliant power system providing low-cost energy for consumers. Environmental factors should also be considered while designing a MG. Renewable energy plays a pivotal role in the formation of MGs in rural regions where these sources are available in abundance. For investigation purposes, three villages from Jharkhand, India, are selected in this study. These villages have different types of renewable energy resources and loads within their jurisdiction. The installation of renewable energy sources will make the villages more self-reliant. HOMER software is used during the analysis of the system by considering the renewable energy contribution and subsidy as a factor. Without subsidy, the combination of the system is intended to operate at Rs. 5.32/kWh and with 69.1%, renewable energy sharing of the total load. The best configuration results in a minimum cost of energy (COE) of Rs. 4.92/ kWh (with subsidy) which is less than utility cost (Rs. 6.25/kWh) and has a share of 63.1% of renewable energy.

Learning based cost optimal energy management model for campus microgrid systems

The introduction of microgrids has enabled an efficient energy management in the system with installation of renewable energy sources. As one of the representative models of microgrid, various studies on campus microgrids (CMGs) have been conducted. In operation of CMG, various energy consumption resources and renewable energy are considered to minimize overall cost or peak power in the system. However, most of conventional researches only deal with performance analysis in terms of simulation by collecting data from the different environments. In this case, there are lack of consideration in power regulation or electricity cost which make it difficult to apply the researched energy operation technology to the actual power system. To solve the problem, this paper build a test-bed in an actual CMG environment and collect dataset through the various IoT sensors. In addition, uncertainties that occur through the various power resources are analyzed and used to derive net energy consumption scenarios. In this way, we propose a new cost optimal energy management model with the detailed analysis of power generation and consumption using various auxiliary IoT devices. Based on the real-world datasets from the implemented CMG, we show that the proposed analytical models and energy management model are feasible for actual environments. With satisfying the constraints, we show that the daily electricity cost could be reduced up to 2.16% and peak power is reduced up to 3% compared to the case without considering the uncertainties in CMG.

Assessment of the Possibility of Using Various Types of Renewable Energy Sources Installations in Single-Family Buildings as Part of Saving Final Energy Consumption in Polish Conditions

The aim of this work is to develop a model of heat supply to buildings with almost zero energy consumption, indicating the significant importance of heat losses and gains in heating installations. The prepared model is to indicate the need for changes in the structure and topology of heating installations, resulting from the changing heat demand of buildings. The need to create a new model is heightened by changes that relate to tightening legal regulations related to energy consumption and demand, which must meet the standards of buildings in Poland from 2021. The article presents the assumptions and results of analyses of the use of energy installations in residential buildings that use renewable energy sources to balance energy consumption in various areas of its use. To achieve this goal, calculations were made using simulations of the impact of the use of installations using renewable energy sources on the energy performance of a building with different quality of partitions and improvement of energy efficiency in accordance with the Polish standard PN-EN 12831. The test results allow to choose the most advantageous, from the point of view of economic profitability, option of replacing installations in residential buildings, and they also allow to determine the possibilities of meeting national obligations in the field of final energy reduction and increasing the share of renewable energy sources in meeting its demand in accordance with the EU obligations imposed on Poland. Thermomodernization of buildings in the temperate climate zone allows for a reduction of 38% of energy demand over the entire life cycle of a building and a reduction of CO2 emissions by 99%.

MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL POST-PRODUCTION RESIDUES FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN RURAL AREAS - A CASE STUDY

The paper shows - from the point of view of the need to increase the share of energy obtained from renewable sources, examples of "good energy practices" for four locations. This goal is primarily related to the reduction of climate changes caused by high GHG emissions - but also fits in the "zero waste" strategy in the case of using post-production biomass as an energy source. Examples are described showing four RES installations in operation - two at the farm level and two at the municipal level. The data for the individual installations are summarized. All the described installations are located in north-eastern Poland - in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. Biogas installations in two farms are described - one micro installation and one large. A large installation has a power of 0.999 MWe and 1.1 MWt, and a small one – 11 kW of electric and thermal power. In the case of a large biogas plant, the investment cost for W is 21% of the investment cost for a micro biogas plant. Operating costs of biogas plant operation in relation to the installed capacity - micro-scale biogas plants are only 59% of costs for a large biogas plant. It was shown how a particularly large biogas plant can cooperate with the local community - by distributing heat from cogeneration to the municipal heat network. On the other hand, two municipalities that have invested in ecological heat sources are described. In one case, it is biomass-fired boilers - providing some of the residents of the commune and communal buildings with domestic hot water. and central heating - and in the second - installation of heat pumps to cover the needs of the municipal school. These examples show that it is possible to implement such solutions. At the same time - local communities, which are often opposed to investing in renewable energy source (RES) in their vicinity, should be made aware of what social, energy and general benefits are associated with such solutions. Due to the calculated factor of 0.2% of biogas installations in relation to the number of potential farms where such installations are possible and justified - the promotion of such "good energy practices" is absolutely necessary.

Coordinated Control of Demand Response for Large Installation of Renewable Energy Sources in Isolated Islands

Renewable energy sources are attractive for supplying electricity to isolated island power systems. When the penetration rate of Photovoltaic Systems (PVs) becomes large, the electricity demand cannot consume all of the PV output, but the PV output needs to be curtailed. Demand Response (DR) of heat pump water heaters and battery energy storage systems can reduce the curtailment. Waterworks systems are also suitable for DR resources because many of the waterworks systems have large tanks or dams as water storages. In order to utilize the large flexibility of waterworks systems fully, multi-daily coordinated control of the DR resources will be needed. This paper constructs the optimization model of the isolated power system with several DR resources as a first step of making coordinated control method. Comparing the operation of DR resources between 2-weeks optimization and 1-day optimization, the effect of long-term planning is analyzed with 5 PV capacity settings. Simulation results indicate that the suitable rules of DR coordinated control differ according to the seasons and installed PV capacity.

Flexible Active Power Control Strategy for Photovoltaic System Based on Current Limiting Control Method

India is country with abundant solar energy availability. The annual solar energy output exceeds the total energy output of India's non renewable energy sources. As increasing installation of renewable energy sources into the grid. The fluctuations of power based on operating climate conditions like solar insulation and temperature is highly depends as it is not possible to limit such installations with time the penetration level of renewable sources will increase to meet demand with green energy. This paper proposed a flexibly power point tracking (FPPT) control of active power in photovoltaic system to achieve reserve capacity with Power Limiting Control (PLC) which will provide high stability to existing system without overloading it thus a proper integration to the grid and to mitigate adverse negative effects of high level integrations are possible with modified grid codes in stand of replacement of existing grid . Matlab/Simulink software package is used to make the model and effectiveness of the propose system is tested with Simulink environment..

Carbon/air secondary battery system and demonstration of its charge-discharge

H 2 /H 2 O-power-to-gas-to-power (H 2 /H 2 O–P2G2P) systems that produce H 2 by water electrolysis and generate electricity from this H 2 are promising large-capacity electric energy storage systems for the extensive installation of renewable energy sources. However, such systems require complex thermal management and must be sufficiently large to improve the utilization of waste heat for higher system efficiency. Here we propose a “carbon/air secondary battery” (CASB) system that uses a C/CO 2 redox reaction with potentially higher volumetric energy density and system efficiency than those of H 2 /H 2 O–P2G2P systems. The CASB system is an electric energy storage system that combines CO 2 electrolysis for C charging and power generation of carbon fuel cells. For the first time, repetitive power generation (10 charge-discharge cycles) of the CASB system with Boudouard equilibrium is demonstrated without degradation. This system achieves maximum Coulombic efficiency of 84%, charge-discharge efficiency of 38%, and power density of 80 mW cm −2 at 800 °C and 100 mA cm −2 . • The CASB system is charged/discharged by CO 2 electrolysis/C power generation. • The CASB system has higher volumetric energy density than H 2 reaction. • Charge-discharge cycles of the CASB system were first demonstrated. • Boudouard decomposition occurred during CO 2 electrolysis. • Coulombic efficiency of 84% and charge-discharge efficiency of 38% were achieved.

A heuristic solution and multi-objective optimization model for life-cycle cost analysis of solar PV/GSHP system: A case study of campus residential building in Korea

Because of the unavailability of standard renewable power generation capacity and the ambiguous sales methods for each building type, there has been indiscriminate installation of renewable energy sources to increase the mandatory installation rate of renewable energy.Importantly, campus buildings are high energy-consuming buildings that have considerable energy-saving potential. Herein, we present a model that maximizes the total life cycle cost (LCC) of a building using energy simulation programs (EnergyPlus & DesignBuilder) by considering various costs and efficiencies depending on the capacity and efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) and ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) systems and optimization analysis using heuristic solution and multi-objective genetic algorithm. Based on economic factors, a Korean campus residential building was used as a case study, and the expense of the optimization models of seven applicable scenarios were analyzed. Each scenario is a method for selling renewable energy power, and it is possible to determine the building type and the effect of the sales method by analyzing the results of these scenarios.This method could be used to develop installation guidelines for integration of renewable energy systems into newly built buildings and provide the basis for decision-making by studying retrofitting of existing buildings to enhance energy efficiency.