Installation Of Equipment Research Articles

A Machine Learning-Based Approach for Predicting Installation Torque of Helical Piles from SPT Data

Helical piles are advantageous alternatives in constructions subjected to high tractions in their foundations, like transmission towers. Installation torque is a key parameter to define installation equipment and the final depth of the helical pile. This work applies machine learning (ML) techniques to predict helical pile installation torque based on information from 707 installation reports, including Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data. It uses this information to build three datasets to train and test eight machine-learning techniques. Decision tree (DT) was the worst technique for comparing performances, and cubist (CUB) was the best. Pile length was the most important variable, while soil type had little relevance for predictions. Predictions become more accurate for torque values greater than 8 kNm. Results show that CUB predictions are within 0.71,1.59 times the real value with a 95% confidence. Thus, CUB successfully predicted the pile length using SPT data in a case study. One can conclude that the proposed methodology has the potential to aid in the helical pile design and the equipment specification for installation.

Revolutionary Design and Optimization of Railway Electrification Overhead Equipment in High-Altitude Tunnels: A Case Study of the Magnificent T-80 Tunnel

Railway electrification systems are critical for modernizing railway infrastructure, enhancing efficiency, and reducing environmental impact to obtain zero emissions targets. In high-altitude regions, such as mountainous terrains, unique challenges arise due to extreme weather conditions, terrain complexities, and operational requirements. This case study focuses on the innovative and optimized design of overhead equipment (OHE) for railway electrification in high-altitude tunnels, presenting a comprehensive analysis of the planning, design, and implementation process for 25kV AC Overhead equipment. The study begins with an overview of significant considerations in designing 25kV AC OHE systems for high-altitude tunnels, including altitude effects on electrical performance, weather effects, structural safety checks, fire scenarios, vibration effects, and tunnel bolt drilling for OHE equipment installation. It also covers aspects such as the selection of auto tensioning devices, electrical clearances, and earthing & bonding according to railway/EN/IEC standards. Also, the paper examines the monetary feasibility and environmental sustainability of the proposed OHE design, emphasizing the importance of life-cycle cost analysis and environmental impact valuation. It underscores the significance of adopting a holistic approach that balances technical requirements, operational efficiency, and environmental stewardship in railway electrification projects.

Research on high power and heat flux aerospace electronic products of integrated thermal conduction technology

In response to the increasing demand for enhanced computational capabilities within satellite systems, there has been a simultaneous rise in the heat flux density of onboard electronic components. The thermal output of these components has significantly increased compared to traditional satellite processing electronics, leading to a concurrent elevation in the heat flux density related to processing chips and the surfaces accommodating equipment installations. This paper establishes a model for conduction heat dissipation in aviation electronic products. The outlined calculation methodology facilitates a preliminary assessment of the system’s heat dissipation capacity. The article further examines the inherent heat dissipation capabilities in two commonly employed structural configurations. Additionally, it introduces an integrated design approach for structural heat dissipation, including experimental considerations and validation outcomes. The assessment methodologies and design principles detailed in this article are particularly relevant and applicable to the thermal design imperatives associated with high-power electronic products deployed for the extended operational durations typical of spacecraft.

The effect of refrigerant filling pressure on split AC performance with variations in refrigerant R22, R134A, and R290

R-22 refrigerant has been recognized as a major cause of climate change and ozone layer depletion, leading to increased interest in finding more environmentally friendly alternatives. Two alternatives being considered are R-134a and R-290. The main objective of this research is to compare the Coefficient of Performance (CoP) performance of split ACs using three types of refrigerants, namely R-22, R-134a, and R-290, taking into account the environmental impact and operational efficiency. The research method involved retrofitting a 1 PK split AC which initially used R-22 with three different types of refrigerant as an experiment. The research process includes test equipment design, equipment installation, and feasibility testing before carrying out experimental testing. Tests were carried out with variations in refrigerant charging pressure of 70 psi, 75 psi, 80 psi, 85 psi, and 90 psi. The research results showed that the largest COP was found in the R-290 refrigerant, reaching a value of 0.86 at a filling pressure of 90 Psi. The largest COP value for R-22 was also found at a filling pressure of 90 psi, namely 0.66. Meanwhile, R-134a achieved the highest COP value at a filling pressure of 90 psi, with a value of 0.57 at a variation of refrigerant filling pressure of 90 Psi. In conclusion, this study provides better insight into the efficiency and environmental impact of the three types of refrigerants discussed. It also provides a useful information basis for the selection of suitable refrigerants in split air conditioning systems, with the aim of environmental conservation and achieving optimal performance

GEOMONITORING OF THE OPEN-PIT MINE SLOPES DURING SUBSOIL DEVELOPMENT

The concept of geomonitoring and its role in developing the mining industry as a case study of the development of copper and zinc deposits in central Kazakhstan ("East Saryoba" mine) has been considered. As a crucial element of the geomonitoring concept, the control of the open-pit mine's slope stability has been examined. Geomonitoring is being treated as a combination of geodetic monitoring data and geomechanical properties of the surrounding rocks to analyze the possible slopes' collapses. The refined approach of geomonitoring has been developed to provide appropriate reliability and accuracy. The technology is based on complex knowledge about the geological structure of the object of monitoring and applying state-of-the-art geodetic methods. Research on the geomechanical properties of the open-pit mine has been carried out. The results of these studies have been used to determine the collapse zones of the slopes of the open-pit mine. The limit values for the slopes' collapse zone and inclination angle for the prospective excavation regions in the open-pit mine have been calculated using the equilibrium state equation. Those values, namely, the size of the collapse zone and the slope's inclination angle, were used for the geodetic target setup. As a case study, the displacements of these targets were measured using robotic total stations placed on the control points over the geodetic network. For the installation of both geodetic equipment during the geomonitoring design and accomplishment, the authors developed the permanent measuring station construction, which provides fast and accurate centering. The first results showed that the problem of the geomonitoring design could be solved based on geomechanical rock properties accounting and their combination with the results of geodetic measurements.

Матричное моделирование и диагностика состояния регенеративных подогревателей высокого давления

Increasing the efficiency of heat exchangers is a promising area of energy saving, which is one of the priority areas of the development of science, engineering, and technology in the Russian Federation. Improvement of heat and mass transfer in regenerative heaters and condensers of turbine units of thermal power plants can significantly increase the operating efficiency of power equipment. Diagnostics of the condition and improvement of operating modes of the high-pressure regenerative heater which are an integral part of regenerative heating systems for feedwater of turbine units, are urgent scientific and practical tasks. To develop a model of a high-pressure regenerative heater, the methodology of matrix formalization of the description of heat and mass transfer processes has been used. To solve problems of diagnosing the state of heating surfaces of heat exchange equipment, mathematical programming methods have been applied. Within the framework of the matrix formalization methodology, an approach to modeling and solving diagnostic problems of multi-stage heat exchangers considering the phase transition in coolants has been developed. The sensitivity of the resulting model to input signals has been studied. Solutions of the problem of diagnosing the state of a high-pressure regenerative heater have been obtained and analyzed. Analysis of the obtained calculated results has shown an adequate description using the model of the real heat exchange process for the analyzed heater and the possibility to use the proposed model for monitoring and operational diagnostics of power equipment. The proposed approach allows us to formulate and solve inverse problems of diagnosing the state of equipment of heat exchange installations for various purposes.

Selection of Renewable Energy Sources for Modular and Mobile “Green Classroom” Facilities

This article aims to demonstrate the technical capabilities and effectiveness of an energy production and management system for school facilities using a modular solution. The system is assumed to generate electricity from renewable sources, such as wind or sun. The potential of renewable energy sources in Cracow, Poland, was assessed, with a focus on solar energy (photovoltaic panels, PV). Taking into account the installation of heating and other equipment, an analysis of the facility’s electricity demand was carried out. The study recommended the use of a heat pump system to heat and cool the facility. Renewable energy sources will meet 81% of the facility’s projected annual demand, according to the study. An analysis of the energy consumption and production profiles shows that almost 69% of the energy produced by the PV panels is consumed on site. Of the remaining energy, 31% is fed back into the grid and sold to the grid operator or used by other facilities within the shared settlement. The overall balance results in a small electricity deficit that must be covered by the grid. If suitable sites are available, the facilities under study could consider installing a wind turbine as a potential supplement to the energy deficit.

Older people’s views and usage of recreational spaces in parks with age-friendly outdoor exercise equipment

ABSTRACT Recreational spaces are important public spaces for people of all ages to engage in leisure and physical activities, however older people remain one of the lowest users of park. This study investigated older people’s perceptions and reasons for visiting parks that have undergone refurbishment with the installation of age-friendly outdoor exercise equipment, the Seniors Exercise Park. On-site intercept surveys took place in six parks in Victoria, Australia. Seniors Exercise Park equipment usage was audited over 12 months using on-site Quick Response (QR). A total of 139 older people were surveyed, 55.4% reported visiting to exercise, 25.9% for walking and 21.5% for fresh air/nature. Proximity to home/family (37.4%) and the availability of the Seniors Exercise Park equipment (36.7%) were the main reasons for visiting these parks. The availability of age-suitable exercise equipment in recreational spaces can support and encourage older people to access local parks and engage in physical activity.

Railway Signal Electronic Control System Based on BP Neural Network

Railway signal system is the core system of railway command train operation. After the installation of the system equipment is completed, a comprehensive test shall be carried out through joint debugging and joint testing, and the applicability of the system to the design requirements shall be generally evaluated according to the test results. This paper focuses on the research of railway signal electronic control system. Based on BP neural network, fault information can be quickly and accurately identified in a relatively short time, and accurate electronic signal control can be realized in a complex system environment. The final result of the study shows that the difference in delay error of railway signal transmission under BP neural network technology is small, there are some subtle differences in 5 different modes, but the impact is small, in mode 1, the target time value is 0.236s, The actual reflection time is 0.322s, it can be seen that the error is controlled within 0.2s, which is feasible. Through the analysis of delay error of railway signal electronic control system, BP neural network has certain advantages in railway signal transmission.

Application of non-contact video quantitative measurement method in reservoir bank landslide monitoring

The geological structure of the reservoir bank landslide is complex and intricate. After deformation and damage, it causes river blockage, surges, and loss of people’s lives and property, posing a huge threat. At present, in academia and engineering applications, a large number of techniques such as inclinometers, rain gauges, and surface GNSS deformation monitoring are still used for monitoring landslides on reservoir banks. This type of monitoring method has the problem of “point to surface” which can easily lead to missed detection and reporting in some areas, some disaster points are close to water and steep, difficult to reach, and equipment installation is difficult. This work designs and implements a non-contact video quantitative monitoring system for surface deformation of geological disaster. By constructing a deep learning neural network, deformation area recognition and displacement quantitative calculation are achieved; By obtaining continuous images for a long time, draw the surface displacement-time curve, and output the surface deformation data and landform changes of the disaster. Meanwhile, this work explores the impact of different lighting conditions on the recognition results of target areas. This work can provide non-contact monitoring methods and dynamic warning support for large-scale monitoring of geological disasters.

ТЕХНИКО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ УСТАНОВКИ СОЛНЕЧНЫХ КОЛЛЕКТОРОВ ДЛЯ ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНЫХ ДОМОВ

The hot water supply system of Perm uses solar energy. The aim of the study was to substantiate the economic efficiency of solar collectors and determine their payback period taking into account climatic conditions, equipment cost and economic criteria. The proposed technical solutions of solar energy using were analyzed and compared with electric heating. During the study, the authors defined the required minimum solar collector area for a household (taking into account the hot water standard for Perm) as a functional dependence of the amount of incoming solar insolation on the amount of using heat energy. We evaluated domestic and imported solar collectors on the required parameters. The value of the reduction in the payment for electric energy was taken as the income for the households. The economic efficiency was calculated based on the forecasted average electricity tariff, taking into account inflation from 2 to 16 %. The payback of a solar hot water heating system depends primarily on the cost of purchase, installation of equipment and on the discount rate. The practical significance is to substantiate the economic efficiency of solar collectors for consumers. The methodology and results of the study can be used in private residential construction and in justification of the use of alternative energy sources for Russian regions with low insolation.

The design of a linear voltage divider based on metal oxide arresters.

In recent years, linearization technology for nonlinear devices has become a hot topic in many fields. In this study, a linear voltage divider based on metal oxide arresters was designed by combining linearization technology and electrical measurement technology to solve the objective problems of online voltage monitoring. These problems include high difficulty in equipment installation, low measurement accuracy, and poor economic benefits. Based on a summary of linearization theory, the sufficient and necessary conditions for the linearization of the voltage divider were deduced in detail. The relevant circuit simulations were conducted, along with voltage divider experiments under power frequency AC voltage, operating overvoltage, and lightning overvoltage. The results revealed that the voltage divider was able to realize linearized measurements and meet the relevant standards of online voltage monitoring. The measurement errors were concentrated in the transition region between the pre-breakdown region (small current region) and the breakdown region (nonlinear region) in the volt-ampere characteristic curve. The main influencing factor of errors was the consistency of the nonlinear characteristics of the high- and low-voltage arms of the voltage divider. The voltage divider designed in this study can be applied in many scenarios, such as power plants, substations, high-voltage electrical equipment manufacturing plants, and high-voltage laboratories.

ISSUES OF CREATING A SYSTEM FOR EARLY DETECTION OF FOREST FIRES BASED ON UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES

The urgent importance of the task of monitoring the state of forests lies in the danger of forest fires. Forest fires are a frequent occurrence in almost all continents. Despite the high information content of the spectral signs of a forest fire, the corresponding functionality is not fully used in the known implementations of the forest fire early detection system. The spectral region in which it is possible to distinguish forest areas in a state of fire from their usual state is quite wide and covers the middle and thermal zone of the infrared part of the spectrum. The installation of spectral equipment (multi- and hyperspectrometers) on board the UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) can certainly expand the functionality of unmanned equipment in the early detection of forest fires. The optimal procedure for using UAVs equipped with hyperspectral equipment for early detection of forest fires is proposed. An optimization problem has been formulated and solved to determine the most appropriate mode of changing the UAV flight altitude with an increase in the wavelength of the measurements being carried out. According to the proposed method, on the right branch of the Planck curve, with increasing wavelength, the flight altitude should be increased, and on the left branch it should be reduced. This order corresponds to the case of increasing the wavelength on both branches and follows from the integral restriction set on the function of the dependence of the flight altitude on the wavelength, which comes from the limited real energy resources on board the UAV. Based on the developed method, a new technique for early detection of forest fires based on the use of hyperspectral method is proposed.

IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FACTORS ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES IN ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION

The influence of economic factors on the design and construction processes in the architecture and construction industry is under consideration and theoretically underpinned. The following aspects (factors of influence) were found to be among the economic problems faced by Ukrainian architects, developers and urban planners. Design and construction costs are the first problematic and applied area. The general classification of design and construction costs has been presented. It is noted that a project can be made more affordable and efficient through effective project cost management and finding ways to optimise costs. The economic feasibility of using the latest technologies is the second area of concern and application. The authors argue that the introduction of modern technologies such as BIM (Building Information Modelling), 3D printing in architecture and intelligent systems in buildings often faces economic barriers. However, by increasing process efficiency and reducing time and financial costs, they believe these technologies can be cost effective in the long term. Another problematic, applied area is energy efficiency. It has been noted that energy efficiency in construction requires up-front investment that can significantly reduce future building maintenance costs. Both the long-term savings and the improvement in the quality of operation of the facilities should be taken into account when assessing the profitability of such investments. It has been found that there are a number of ways to optimise the activities of a construction company. One of these ways is to implement an energy saving strategy in the company. This strategy consists of several stages. The first stage, based on the parameters of the company’s energy status, is to formulate a set of objectives. This means calculating and setting targets for reducing the energy consumed and improving energy efficiency. The second stage is the planning and implementation of a series of measures to save energy in the building. These may include the installation of energy-saving equipment, the modernisation of heating and air-conditioning systems, the introduction of energy-efficient technologies in the construction process, the integration of energy-saving management systems, etc. The third step is to monitor the energy-saving processes. This includes systematic analysis and evaluation of the results of the implemented measures, monitoring energy consumption, identifying and eliminating potential problems. According to the authors, intensifying the introduction of new energy-saving technologies is the innovative component of a construction company’s energy-saving activities. It is also important to develop scientifically based means of organising and managing the energy saving process in construction. The fourth problematic and applied area is the development and implementation of cost-effective norms and standards. It should be noted that improving the quality of design and construction, as well as improving economic performance by optimising the use of resources, can be achieved by updating the regulations and standards governing construction and architectural processes through the integration of new knowledge and technologies. In particular, the cost of running construction projects can be optimised by considering economic parameters in the development of norms and standards.

Geoelectric model of the exposure of basement rocks to the surface in the Uimon depression of Gorny Altay based on three-dimensional numerical modeling

In the western part of the Uimon depression of the Altai Mountains, during the 2023 field season, additional measurements were carried out using electrical tomography along three profiles to clarify the structure of the area with basement rocks exposed to the surface. During the study, the results of three-dimensional inversion were obtained taking into account new electrical tomography data, and a refined geoelectric model of the study area was constructed. To verify the resulting model, 2D and 3D numerical modeling was performed with the help of which the geometric dimensions and electrical resistivity of bedrock outcrops were justified. The influence of the daytime surface topography on geoelectric sections in mountainous regions with significant differences in elevation on the earth's surface has been shown. Determining the structure of the depressions is necessary to understand the stages of neotectonic formation of the Uimon depression and the entire region, as well as to assess the seismic hazard of the Altai Mountains. In the course of further research, it is possible to trace the object to a greater depth (~100 m) using a three-electrode electrical tomography installation or alternative equipment with an increased size of the measuring-generator cable.

A supplementary labor cost model for estimating the fixed capital cost of commercial-scale algae photobioreactors plants

Scaling up algae photobioreactors (PBR) for commercial production presents challenges in estimating fixed capital investment costs, particularly the labor costs associated with installing low-cost equipment. Using fractions of the equipment cost to estimate the installation labor cost does not necessarily provide a representative estimate for the labor cost as the labor required is no longer proportionate to the equipment cost. In this study, we developed a supplementary labor cost model to estimate equipment installation and overhead costs for scaling up algae PBRs using a manufacturing cost estimation approach. The model consists of four main steps: identifying and sequencing all processes, estimating labor time using the Methods-Time Measurement procedure, estimating process time, and calculating the overall labor cost. As a proof-of-concept, a pilot-sized PBR has been adapted from the literature to illustrate how to implement these four steps to estimate the labor cost for the commercial size. The model provides more accurate labor cost for fixed capital cost estimation to supplement existing fixed capital cost estimation methods. The model also provides insights into the main cost drivers in the equipment installation process that can be used for bioreactor redesign and further capital cost reduction.

Biomedical Engineering Education in Nigeria

In the past five decades, Nigeria has witnessed a range of Biomedical Engineering (BME) and technology activities within private and public hospitals, research institutions, and a limited number of universities. These have mainly centred on the procurement, installation, and maintenance of medical equipment and devices. Trained technologists and technicians, equipped with relevant skills and certification, have primarily spearheaded these efforts. Consequently, the country has made a minimal contribution to the global knowledge base in BME research. However, academic programmes leading to degrees and dedicated research in BME have recently emerged within Nigerian universities. This article assesses the current state of BME education in the country, including the milestones achieved, ongoing challenges, and prospects for future development. It draws on a critical analysis of the existing literature on BME practices and education in Nigeria as well as the author’s informed perspective. The findings highlight that BME education in Nigeria is yet to match international standards. To further develop these programmes, it recommends that attention focus on seven key areas that have proven instrumental in the development of similar university programmes in developed nations. Strategies are also proposed to foster collaboration among universities, researchers, the health sector, and government entities that would promote interdisciplinary BME education, ultimately enhancing the healthcare delivery system, and research and development (R&D) in Nigeria.

ГАЗОВОЕ ОБОРУДОВАНИЕ В БЫТУ – РИСК ОТРАВЛЕНИЯ УГАРНЫМ ГАЗОМ

Currently, the number of cases of carbon monoxide poisoning continues to remain high. The article provides examples of the occurrence of carbon monoxide and the reasons for its accumulation in the room. According to statistics, in Russia gas poisoning ranks second in the structure of causes of death from acute poisoning of chemical etiology. Over the 6 months of 2023, 19 cases of poisoning were registered, 6 of which (31.6 %) resulted in the death of the victims. In the structure of violent death (8078 cases), fatal poisoning ranks third after mechanical injuries and mechanical asphyxia and accounts for 6.3 % (513 cases). The article presented measurements and calculations from which conclusions were drawn about the immediate causes of the formation of carbon monoxide in the room. Data from technical examinations and world literature on CO poisoning were studied and analyzed. It was found that the most common reasons for the formation of carbon monoxide in the premises were insufficient air exchange in the premises, the use of mechanical ventilation systems in apartments where this was not provided, the inoperability of ventilation ducts, the shutdown of gas equipment safety systems and violations in the installation of gas equipment. This article also provides recommendations that will allow defending yourself and your loved ones from the danger of carbon monoxide poisoning. The problem of carbon monoxide is global; in order to prevent poisoning from combustion products, everyone needs to know the rules for using gas equipment and the basic principles of air exchange.

Strategic Design of a Business Model for Providing Services over the 5G Network in Peru

The advance of the fifth generation (5G) network globally has completely changed business models, giving rise to the birth of new companies with their business models and the adaptation of existing companies. This change is greatest in developing countries where 5G network deployment is scarce and key to their economy. This article aims to analyze the strategic design of a business model to provide 5G network equipment installation services in Peru. In addition, the article includes the design of a business structure for the implementation of the business model, as well as the evaluation of economic and financial projections to determine the economic viability of its implementation. The methodological approach covers business management applied to business design, examining several key areas such as business management, human resource management, finance, accounting, marketing, and operations management. The study of the business model is based on business management theory, using accounting and finance concepts to analyze the most significant financial indicators. The information and data used to analyze the aspects of the business model are extracted from the databases of Peruvian institutions. Our results reveal that implementing a business model for providing 5G network equipment installation services in Peru is economically viable since the economic and financial projections show that a Net Present Value of 146,931.02 monetary units is obtained. Also, the results justify the design of the business structure based on the value proposition of experience and specialization focused on 5G networks in Peru.

A Diagnostic Curve for Online Fault Detection in AC Drives

The AC drive is an important component and the most common element of any manufacturing process. A particularly serious task is the proper assessment of the AC drive’s technical condition, as its failure can cause problems for entire units and complexes of industrial enterprises. At present, there are several approaches either to determine electric drives’ condition or to find certain defects. Frequently, these methods require the installation of additional equipment that exceeds the price of the electric drive by several times. In this work, a simple approach is proposed. It includes the use of a diagnostic curve to assess the condition. This diagnostic curve is produced from the measurement results of the current sensors on the drive. Based on the Park vector modification, this is a simple and affordable way to obtain real-time information. The obtained curve can be used for the following purposes: directly for condition assessment by visual monitoring, as a sign for diagnostic systems built on artificial intelligence methods, for dynamic tuning of the drive control system. The article gives the algorithm for obtaining the diagnostic curve, showing its efficiency for model and field experiments. In model experiments, the faults in the rotor and stator of the drive were simulated; in field experiments, the state was analyzed by changing the load on the motor.