Inspection Procedures Research Articles

NEW PROCEDURE BASED ON OBTAINING THE AVERAGE DECELERATION FOR IMPROVING THE SPANISH NATIONAL INSPECTION OF TRACTOR SERVICE BRAKES

This study addresses the status and proposes key aspects relevant to refining of the procedure for the Spanish National Inspection of Vehicles relative to tractor service brakes, specifically focusing on obtaining the average deceleration. The current inspection method lacks a clear definition of the calculation process for average deceleration in the Spanish Official Manual of Procedures of Inspection of Vehicles. This lack of clarity results in varying outcomes and potential acceptance or rejection of the inspection based on the selected equipment and procedure. To address this issue, a comprehensive series of tests were conducted on different vehicles, using various equipment and calculation methods. The objective was to derive meaningful conclusions regarding the calculation method, measuring equipment, and other relevant factors. This study reveals the inadequacy of the current average deceleration calculation method as outlined in the official inspection manual. The findings highlight the crucial role of accurate equipment selection, appropriate calculation methods, and skilled personnel experience in ensuring reliable and consistent results. To address this, a new standardized procedure is proposed to streamline the process of obtaining the average deceleration in the inspection of tractor service brakes. The recommended procedure encompasses the use of a secure, well-defined track, clearly marked acceleration and braking points, a GPS decelerometer, a portable or on-track speedometer, and data processing that excludes the initial and final sections of the deceleration curve. Furthermore, this study highlights the need to update the acceptance thresholds for the inspection, as the current thresholds may no longer align with the proposed procedure. A revision of these thresholds is suggested to establish new criteria that are more appropriate and in line with the proposed method and for tractors manufactured after 01/01/2016. Keywords: Tractors, brake testing, vehicle inspection, road safety.

One-dimensional N-layer thermal modelling for effective machine learning training data generation for nondestructive testing of composite parts with infrared thermography

The analytical solution of the one-dimensional N-layer thermal model (NLM) was successfully employed to generate training data for a machine learning (ML) based procedure for the nondestructive inspection of carbon fiber reinforced composite parts with infrared thermography (IRT). The main objective was to identify a reliable correlation between the experimental data of a pulsed IRT experiment and the NLM prediction, thereby enabling the use of simulated data for ML training. This paper focuses on the initial stages of this process, in more detail on the analytical modelling and experimental data preprocessing, such as normalization, correction of experimental shortcomings and feature selection for machine learning. For pulse phase thermography (PPT) simulated and experimentally derived phase data was compared directly in the frequency domain. Therefore, the features for training and validation of ML were defined from those phase spectra in frequency domain. The suitability of these features for automated and reliable defect depth and/or defect material detection was investigated in both simulated and measured IRT test data. As a basis for feature selection, we used referenced and normalized phase-frequency curves as a function of defect depth. A correlation was identified between the results of the experimental and the simulated feature sets, both qualitatively and quantitatively. To demonstrate the practical applicability of this method, two different, generic ML techniques, multilayer perceptron and random forest regression, were tested as examples. The investigation was performed on plates made of multidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) with artificial defects made from three different materials.

ISETECH-Analysis Detection of Real-Time Metallic Surface Defect using MobileNetv2 and YOLOv3 on Raspberry Pi

This work presents an innovative solution utilizing a Raspberry Pi detection system to identify any defects on metallic surfaces in real-time. Manual inspection has several limitations, including time-consuming, subjective assessments, and a higher probability of human error could compromise product quality, lead to potential failures, and result in substantial costs for manufacturers. The primary focus of this endeavour is to enhance manufacturing efficiency and reduce labour expenses by automating the defect identification process. This objective is realized by employing the YOLOv3-tiny and MobileNetv2 algorithms which are subsequently deployed on a Raspberry Pi to enable precise and swift defect detection on metallic surfaces. The implementation process involves training and testing the models on a computer, followed by their deployment onto the Raspberry Pi. Upon proper setup, the trained models are employed for real-time inferences, effectively identifying defects. Notably, while the MobileNetv2 exhibits impressive accuracy in classifying defect types above 0.9, it is found to be less efficient for real-time detection on the Raspberry Pi. In contrast, the YOLO model proves to be well-suited for real-time detection on this platform with above probability of 0.8 for selected types of defects. The successful integration of this model significantly transforms quality control and inspection procedures across various industries.

Empowering decentralized production: A distributed manufacturing system for additive manufacturing processes

This work presents a pilot distributed manufacturing system for decentralized additive manufacturing, focusing on the Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Manufacturing Systems (ICAMS) capabilities at Auburn University. The paper outlines the first phase of a multi-phase implementation plan and demonstrates the developed capabilities. The vision is to coordinate geographically separated manufacturing facilities as a cohesive unit. In our work, we prioritize instantaneous communication for file and information sharing. The Manufacturing Hub and Remote Cell, two facilities within driving distance, are coordinated in terms of part design, printing, and inspection procedures for a distributed Additive Manufacturing process. To enable coordination between the two facilities, ICAMS addresses three technological needs. These needs consider information sharing, process standardization, and data collection and monitoring. A network attached storage facilitates information sharing, a database-connected graphical user interface streamlines and standardizes the manufacturing process, and a data collection system facilitates process monitoring. The graphical user interface allows for order placement, progress monitoring, and communication updates. The developed phased plan, collaborative workflow, technological solutions, and production protocols demonstrate the potential for decentralized additive manufacturing. Successful integration of communication, design, printing, and quality assurance processes sets the foundation for future advancements in decentralized manufacturing systems.

Role of law enforcement, governance, and digital transformation in risk control and management at Vietnamese commercial banks

Risk control and management are essential tasks necessary to ensure the safe and sustainable development of commercial banks, especially in today’s digital business environment. This study aims to identify the factors and their impact on risk control and management through intermediary variables, including law enforcement, corporate governance, and digital transformation, using the partial least square – structural equation modeling. Data for the study were collected through interviews assessing the perceptions of 765 managers in 35 Vietnamese commercial banks. The results indicate that factors directly affecting law enforcement include digital transformation, awareness of risks related to new technologies, training in law and technological knowledge, employee capabilities, monitoring and inspection procedures, size and complexity of bank operations, and corporate governance. However, only law enforcement and corporate governance have an indirect intermediary impact on risk control and management (digital transformation did not show a statistically significant impact). These findings highlight that, according to managerial perceptions in commercial banks, current digital transformations have not significantly influenced risk control and management, emphasizing the need for further enhancement in this area moving forward. This study makes a positive contribution to the development of models and measurement systems, laying the foundation for similar experimental research in the field of commercial banking in various countries in the future. AcknowledgmentThis study is the result of collaboration between a group of scientists from the Faculty of Law – Hue University and Duy Tan University. The authors would like to acknowledge the support and facilitation provided by both institutions for the publication of this research. Furthermore, this work is conducted within the framework of project code B2023-ĐHH-03 under decision No. 2036/QĐ-BGDĐT dated July 22, 2022.

Prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis clinical laboratory diagnostic pathway

Congenital defects and genetic diseases in the fetus are the focus of prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis. Obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, medical imaging (ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging), clinical laboratory, pathology, and other disciplines are mostly involved in this multidisciplinary work on maternal and infant health care, which aims to prevent birth defects in strict accordance with laws, regulations, and pertinent industry standards, such as the Notice of the National Health Commission on Issuing the Basic Standards for Prenatal Screening Technical Medical Institutions and the Basic Standards for Prenatal Diagnosis Technical Medical Institutions (Guowei Maternal and Child Letter [2019] No. 297). To further support the implementation of prenatal screening and diagnosis work and streamline workflow, this study has compiled the timing, inspection, and testing procedures of various projects in each link from the standpoint of the disease clinical laboratory diagnostic pathway. This approach improves communication amongst various disciplines in prenatal screening and diagnosis work and offers clinical service quality, and it also helps improve the standard of the birth population and prevent and controll severe birth defects.

Analysis of the progressive collapse of a parking garage concrete structure due to punching shear

This work aims to clarify the causes leading to the structural collapse of the garage of a residential development located in Santander, Spain, in 2020. Visual inspections of the collapsed area were carried out to establish the first hypotheses about the collapse. Subsequently, the materials, geometry and acting loads were studied to compare them with the original project. The main conclusion was that the slab was subjected, in the area where the collapse began, to gravity loads of 34 kN/m2 when it was designed to support 15 kN/m2. Then, structural verifications were performed in accordance with EHE-08 and Eurocode 2, in force during project design, to identify the failure mechanism(s) that caused the progressive collapse of the structure. Unacceptable safety factors were observed for punching shear, which was the main failure mechanism. Punching was aggravated by cavities detected in the concrete, which caused both a decrease in the slab strength (lower effective depth of the slab) and an increase in the stresses in the compression struts of about 20 % to 30 %, which considerably reduced the punching safety levels. This calculation was carried out by means of a finite element analysis with SAP2000. The assessment of this type of defect, very common during the execution phase, is not well developed either from a theoretical or regulatory point of view. This paper proposes, as a corrective measure, the inclusion both in the European and National Standards of a mandatory inspection procedure based on Ground Penetration Radar or ultrasounds, during the execution phase, to detect and correct this type of defect, not detectable by visual inspection. Finally, a bending and cracking analysis were also conducted, giving values of the corresponding safety factors of less than unity. Therefore, they also contributed to both the progressive loss of strength of the slabs and the final punching failure. These last two causes are also crucial to understand why the collapse occurred 15 years after its commissioning.

ESPAÇO MARÍTIMO BRASILEIRO E SEGURANÇA NO TRÁFEGO AQUAVIÁRIO

Maritime Traffic in Brazilian Jurisdictional Waters (BJW) is essential for trade, research, and recreational activities. However, it requires strict compliance with national and international regulations to ensure navigational safety, protect human life at sea, and preserve the marine environment. This abstract addresses the challenges and procedures related to the enforcement and application of these regulations. The objective of this work is to highlight the importance of maritime surveillance in BJW and how it contributes to maintaining a safe waterway environment. To achieve this goal, we examined legislation, the roles of maritime authorities, and inspection procedures, emphasizing the roles of naval inspectors at diferente levels. The methodology involved the analysis of regulations, laws, and documents related to waterway traffic safety, as well as the description of activities performed by naval inspectors at different levels of operation. We also highlighted the administrative measures and penalties that can be imposed in case of violations. To summarize, maritime surveillance plays a fundamental role in maintaining navigational safety, preventing environmental pollution, and protecting human life at sea in Brazilian Jurisdictional Waters. Through this constant surveillance, waterway traffic in BJW can be conducted efficiently and safely.

ANALISIS PROSEDUR AUDIT KAS DAN SETARA KAS PADA PT ABC OLEH KAP BUNTARAN & LISAWATI

Audit of cash and cash equivalents is a procedure used to examine the fairness of the presentation of cash and cash equivalents balances in the company's financial statements. This study aims to determine whether the audit procedures carried out by KAP Buntaran & Lisawati at PT ABC are in accordance with generally accepted standard audit procedures for cash and cash equivalents. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research method by presenting conclusions or results from the data collected based on a theoretical concept. The results showed the procedures carried out by KAP Buntaran & Lisawati auditors during the examination of cash and cash equivalents at PT ABC. The conclusion of this study is that the inspection procedures for cash and cash equivalents carried out by KAP Buntaran & Lisawati auditors are in accordance with generally accepted procedural standards, so that auditors are expected to be able to detect material misstatements during the audit of PT ABC

Determination of Single Sampling Attribute Plans Based Upon Dodge Roaming Model with Application

Bayesian sampling plans for production inspection involve using a sampling method to assess the features of the plan, under the assumption that defect rates fluctuate randomly among different production batches. This results in a likelihood distribution that can be established through experience and the quality information at hand. In this study, the parameters of a single Bayesian sampling plan were determined using the Beta-Binomial distribution, and were subsequently contrasted with parameters from other single sampling plans. Based on research findings, (Ala corporation for soft drinks) oversees the control of product quality. Since the variable fluctuates randomly between manufacturing batches, 120 batches were selected to calculate the defect rate by analyzing batch size and number of defective items. Applying Bayesian and decision-making models can lead to the development of a single sampling inspection procedure that closely approximates the actual quality level. When the decision-making model was used, the researchers discovered that the sample size was smaller and led to lower inspection costs compared to other inspection plans.

Printed circuit board and printed circuit board assembly methods for testing and visual inspection: a review

Testing and visual inspection of printed circuit boards (PCBs) and printed circuit board assemblies (PCBAs) are important procedures in the manufacturing process of electronic modules and devices related to locating and identifying possible defects and failures. Earlier defects detection leads to decreasing expenses, time and used resources to produce high quality electronics. In this paper an exploration and analysis about the current research regarding methods for PCB and PCBA testing, techniques for defects detection and vusial inspection is performed. The impact of machine and deep learning for testing and visual inspection procedures is also investigated. The used methodology comprises bibliometric approach and content analysis of papers, indexed in scientific database Scopus, considering the queries: “PCB and testing” and “PCB and testing”, “printed circuit board assembly and testing” and “PCBA and testing”, “PCB defect detection” and “PCBA defect detection”, “PCB and visual inspection”, and “PCBA and visual inspection”. The findings are presented in the form of a framework, which summarizes the contemporary landscape of methods for PCBs and PCBAs testing and visual inspection.

Golay coded thermal wave imaging for inclusions inspection in titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V): an analytical study

Detecting and characterizing inclusions in metallic materials is crucial in nondestructive testing (NDT) and imaging to ensure structural integrity and reliability. In the field of nondestructive material assessment, infrared thermographic imaging is a well-established technology. This approach analyzes the thermal profile collected over a test specimen to find surface and sub-surface abnormalities. Infrared thermography has demonstrated rising interest in coded thermal excitation techniques and the accompanying data processing technologies in recent years. However, using coded excitations in thermal NDT is still uncommon. This research investigates the viability of using complementary Golay-coded excitation in active thermography. This unique method displays its usefulness in improving the detection sensitivity and resolution by efficiently minimizing the side lobes of the compressed pulse. The current analytical study demonstrates the flaw detection capability of Golay-coded thermal wave imaging (GCTWI) for analyzing titanium alloy materials with anomalies such as inclusions. The research replicates thermal wave propagation and interaction with various inclusion geometries and sizes at the same depths. Furthermore, a comparison study is done between GCTWI analytical and simulation models to validate these models. The correlation coefficient is used as a figure of merit to assess GCTWI’s ability to identify and precisely localize these inclusions. The results show that GCTWI has better fault detectability and spatial resolution capabilities, making it a viable approach for inclusion inspection. Overall, this study advances NDT and imaging approaches by proving the capability of GCTWI for the reliable and efficient identification of inclusions in Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). The study’s findings can help to develop more effective inspection procedures for assuring and maintaining the structural integrity of Ti-6Al-4V components in various sectors, including aerospace, automotive, and biomedical engineering.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy as a method for millimeter-scale inspection of surface flatness

A non-contact method for millimeter-scale inspection of material surface flatness via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is investigated experimentally. The experiment is performed using a planished surface of an alloy steel sample to simulate its various flatness, ranging from 0 to 4.4 mm, by adjusting the laser focal plane to the surface distance with a step length of 0.2 mm. It is found that LIBS measurements are successful in inspecting the flatness differences among these simulated cases, implying that the method investigated here is feasible. It is also found that, for achieving the inspection of surface flatness within such a wide range, when univariate analysis is applied, a piecewise calibration model must be constructed. This is due to the complex dependence of plasma formation conditions on the surface flatness, which inevitably complicates the inspection procedure. To solve the problem, a multivariate analysis with the help of Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) algorithms is applied to further construct the calibration model. By detailed analysis of the model performance, we demonstrate that a unified calibration model can be well established based on BPNN algorithms for unambiguous millimeter-scale range inspection of surface flatness with a resolution of about 0.2 mm.

Enhancing port security in Taiwan by establishing security inspection procedure to combat Fisheries-Related Crimes

Fisheries-Related Crimes (FRC) pose a significant threat to any country’s national security, with illicit activities often concealed within the expansive and seemingly innocuous domain of fishing vessels. This paper explores the need to strengthen port inspection protocols to counteract illegal activities utilizing fishing vessels as conduits. The fishing vessel Inspection Criteria (ICs) were developed based on port inspection features and relevant literature. The Best-Worse Method (BWM) is then used to weigh those ICs, creating a new inspection checklist. Finally, based on the checklist, an improved inspection procedure is proposed. The results may provide government authorities and policymakers with practical information on effectively and efficiently conducting port security inspections on fishing vessels and preventing FRCs.

Characterization of Anopheles Mosquitoes Larvae Breeding habitats in Selected Six Local Government Areas in Ekiti State, South-West Nigeria

This study explored the spatial distribution and attributes of Anopheles mosquito larvae breeding sites in six local government areas of Ekiti State, Nigeria. It employed a cross-sectional design, randomly sampling larvae habitats across three distinct locations, resulting in the assessment of a total of 18 breeding sites. The assessment of habitat characteristics and physico-chemical parameters of larvae breeding water-bodies was conducted through visual inspection and laboratory procedures, adhering to the standard protocol outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO). The objective of this study is to characteriseAnopheles mosquito larvae breeding habitats in six selected local government areas in Ekiti State using WHO protocol.. Two local governments were selected each from the three senatorial districts in the state and a survey was conducted to identify dams, rivers, swamps, marshlands, and temporary water ponds within each zone for Anopheles mosquito larvae using WHO protocols. Measurements of water temperature and pH were conducted twice in a week using a multi-parameter meter (PHB500- ww portable ph meter).Anopheles mosquito larvae were collected across the eighteen breeding sites in the selected six LGA in Ekiti using standard dipper, pasteur pipettes and scooping techniques and reared to adult in the laboratory. Most of the larvae habitats encountered were stagnant water bodies 10(56%) with the mean of 122.2 ± 41.20 followed by Tyre track 4(22%) with the mean of 129.8 ± 41.20, slowly flowing 2(11%) with the mean of 186.0 ± 16.97 and gutter 2(11%) with the mean of 170.0 ± 98.9. Types of breeding site across the six study area were all temporary sites 18(100%), more than half 13 (72%) of the habitats origin of water were natural, 11(61%) of the breeding habitats’ specific water body were stagnant water bodies. Furthermore, majority 14(78%) of the water bodies were polluted, 16(89%) were exposed to sunlight and it was also discovered that the all the breeding habitats across the six study area were around settlements (houses). Therefore physicochemical characteristics such as Temperature (r=0.896, p=0.016), pH (r=0.865, p=0.026) and Electrical conductivity (r=0.865, p=0.045) were significantly associated with larvae abundant with a strong positive correlation while the physicochemical characteristics such as DO and TDS were not significantly associated with larvae abundance .

DNA-BASED IDENTIFICATION OF PROCESSED MEAT ADULTERATION WITHIN KADUNA METROPOLIS

Processed meat adulteration poses significant risks to consumer’s health and trust, with fraudulent practices like meat substitution, filler addition, and false labeling compromising product quality and authenticity. Insufficient regulatory oversight exacerbates these issues, necessitating stricter regulations, improved inspection procedures, and increased consumer awareness to ensure the safety and transparency of processed meat products. This study employed a DNA-based approach to detect adulteration in processed meats using primers specific to cattle cytochrome C oxidase, pig cytochrome C oxidase, and chicken 12S rRNA. Forty-four processed meat samples, including beef meat pie (8), chicken meat pie (8), beef minced meat (9), chicken minced meat (9), pork steak (5), and pork balangu (5), were randomly collected from stores in four Kaduna Metropolis markets: Central Market, Sabon Tasha, Barnawa, and Kawo. Results showed that 25.0% of beef meat pies and 77.8% of beef minced meat were adulterated, with an overall adulteration level of 52.9% for processed beef. For processed chicken, 37.5% of chicken meat pies and 44.4% of chicken minced meat were adulterated, yielding an overall 41.2% adulteration rate. All ten processed pork samples were authentic. Central Market samples had a 40% adulteration rate, with 50% involving beef and 50% chicken. Sabon Tasha showed 9.1% beef adulteration. Barnawa had 30.8% adulteration, with 25.0% beef and 75.0% chicken. Kawo recorded a 70.0% adulteration rate, with 42.9% beef and 57.1% chicken. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of DNA-based methods in detecting processed meat adulteration.

The Extent of Adherence to the Inspection Stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Law by Members of the Judicial Police with the Constitutional Texts in Jordan

Backgrounds: The Extent of Adherence to the Inspection Stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Law by Members of the Judicial Police with the Constitutional Texts in Jordan Objective: Identify the legal articles contained in the Jordanian Code of Criminal Procedure, which include inspection procedures Theoretical framework: The study relied on the descriptive approach, relying on a review of the legal legislation in the Jordanian Code of Criminal Procedure and the extent of its compatibility with the constitutional texts as a guarantee for the preservation of human rights in Jordan. Method: The study relied on the descriptive approach, relying on many sources and information in addressing the theoretical framework of the study to the main sources Results and conclusion: Commitment to procedures for searching people and places in accordance with the provisions of the law based on the provisions of the Jordanian Constitution. Commitment to international treaties and conventions that have been signed and which stipulate respect for personal rights related to the inspection of people and places. Implications of the research: The theoretical importance emerges from the importance of the information added in the research in addition to the importance of the concepts that will be used in this study, and leads to increased researchers’ interest in the concept of the extent of compliance with inspection stipulated in the Jordanian Code of Criminal Procedure by the judicial police with the constitutional texts in Jordan. Originality/value: Increasing the interest of researchers in the concept of the extent of compliance with the inspection stipulated in the Jordanian Code of Criminal Procedure by the judicial police with the constitutional texts in Jordan.

Osteomyelitis in Pig Carcasses at a Portuguese Slaughterhouse: Association with Tail-Biting and Teeth Resection.

Osteomyelitis is the leading cause of total carcass condemnation in finishing pigs in Portugal, causing significant economic losses in swine production. The present study sought to determine a possible link between osteomyelitis in pig carcasses, pre-slaughter factors, and concomitant post-mortem inspection findings. For this purpose, meat inspection data were collected from 100,489 finishing pigs slaughtered in a northern Portuguese abattoir. Information regarding total carcass condemnation, slaughter season, origin, sex, tail-biting lesions, and husbandry invasive procedures (tail docking and teeth resection) was collected. The main cause of total carcass condemnation was osteomyelitis (61.03%). A total of 36.16% of osteomyelitis cases were present in the anterior region and 52.20% in the posterior region. In the anterior region, 94.78% of osteomyelitis cases were in the mandibular bone. Pigs with clipped teeth and carcasses with pleurisies were associated with a higher occurrence of osteomyelitis (p = 0.00262 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Second- and third-grade tail-biting lesions were also linked to a higher occurrence of osteomyelitis (p = 0.00128 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Slaughter inspection and monitoring procedures should be revised to better assess welfare factors and correlate management practices with the occurrence of osteomyelitis in pig carcasses.

Development and validation of graphics‐based digital twin framework for UAV‐aided post‐earthquake inspection of high‐rise buildings

SummaryTraditional post‐earthquake inspection of civil infrastructure is conducted manually, taking a considerable amount of time and often putting inspectors in harm's way. This problem is exacerbated in modern cities, where millions of people can be left homeless until their residences are deemed safe to reinhabit. Image collection enabled by commercial unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) combined with computer vision‐based techniques has provided an alternative with high potential for rapid post‐earthquake inspection. However, the extracted images of the damage alone are inadequate to evaluate the system‐level safety condition of a structure. The quality of the visual information also heavily relies on the effectiveness of the UAV inspection scheme which is susceptible to environmental uncertainties. To this end, a graphics‐based digital twin (GBDT) framework is developed for UAV‐aided post‐earthquake inspection of high‐rise buildings and validated using a high‐rise building in Guangzhou, China. The GBDT is comprised of a finite element (FE) model and a photorealistic computer graphics (CG) model, with the latter being informed by the former, jointly providing as a comprehensive virtual representation of the structure so that every step of the post‐earthquake inspection procedure can be planned and evaluated virtually. First, to avoid the cumbersome nature of constructing the graphical representation of the numerous components in high‐rise buildings, the CG model in the GBDT is created by automatically importing structural components from the FE model and adding nonstructural components according to the dimensions of the as‐built structure. This fast modeling process as well as the accuracy of the virtual presentation are validated by point cloud comparisons between the CG model and the as‐built structure. Subsequently, the GBDT is used to showcase the evaluation of UAV flight schemes for post‐earthquake inspection of high‐rise buildings. To shorten flight time and place more emphasis on potential damage, FE analysis is conducted to determine the earthquake‐induced damage locations. Consistent damage hotspots are then marked on the CG model, along with restrictions from the real environment such as obstacles, weak satellite signal, wind speed, and lighting conditions considered in the synthetic environment. Finally, applying the synthetic environment as the testbed, three UAV‐aided inspection schemes are implemented virtually and the best UAV flight scheme is determined for the assumed field inspection. This example demonstrates the flexibility of the GBDT in representing the real‐world structure and environmental conditions and its efficacy in assisting decision making for rapid and effective structural inspection in the aftermath of an earthquake.

PENERAPAN LEAN SIX SIGMA DALAM PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS PRODUK: STUDI KASUS PERUSAHAAN TEKSTIL

The increasing number of fabric defects over the past three years has caused the company's performance to decline in terms of production. The data obtained is defect data in the period December 2019 to January 2023 from internal company data, while waste data is obtained by waste assessment questionaire and waste relationship matrix. The DMAIC method is the main method in this study, starting from defining problems and measuring process capabilities based on defects, continued with WRM and WAQ for waste type analysis, and the root of the problem in defects and waste is analyzed with fishbone diagrams. The results of this study show that the most common types of defects are holes, broken threads, and broken needles, while the types of waste that occur are waiting, overprocessing, defects, and overproduction. The root of the problem is that there are no QC procedures for raw materials, machine operating procedures, and periodic inspection procedures. By providing improvement proposals and implementing improvements, it was concluded that there was a reduction in production costs of up to 4%, an increase in work efficiency of up to 2.48%, and a manufacturing lead time of up to 35.98%.