Inspection Instrument Research Articles

Penerapan Understanding By Design dalam Perencanaan Pembelajaran Penegakkan dan Perlindungan Hukum di Indonesia

Understanding by Design (UbD) is a learning approach in education that prioritizes the learning objectives themselves. Based on observations at SMA Negeri 8 Semarang, not all of the teachers implemented the learning methods recommended in the Independent Curriculum, where lectures and the application of UbD were still the solution. This research aims to present information on how to implement the UbD framework. This research is important for teachers in helping to develop learning plans that are in accordance with the latest curriculum, namely the Merdeka Curriculum. The first stage is determining learning objectives which determine a total of 8 objectives which are guided by Core Competencies, Basic Competencies and Competency Achievement Indicators. The second stage is determining the evaluation which includes an assessment and contains evaluation questions to achieve the stated goals. The third stage in preparing a learning plan based on UbD regarding law protection and enforcement in Indonesia is the learning step. After the learning plan is prepared, it is then prepared for a review sheet as an inspection and assessment instrument for the reviewer

Wearable flexible eddy current instruments for defect inspection of curved surfaces

ABSTRACT The utilisation of curved structural components is prevalent, despite their proneness to degradation over time. This research introduces a wearable and flexible electromagnetic non-destructive testing instrument that is furnished with an eddy current sensor, multi-channel excitation and acquisition circuits, amplifiers, as well as signal processing circuits. A unique design for the flexible Eddy Current Testing (ECT) sensor is suggested to ensure its suitability for diverse curved surfaces. By combining the sensor with gloves, it facilitates wearable inspection. Leveraging the self-developed instrument system, this sensor can detect defects with a minimum depth of 0.1 mm while also being capable of identifying crack orientation accurately. Furthermore, it quantitatively determines the depth of defects on curved surfaces with high signal-to-noise ratios. The instrument system exhibits high portability, flexibility, and efficiency, rendering it readily adaptable for various applications.

Gauging and Imaging of Pipes using Water-Immersible Ultrasonic Instrumentation System

Abstract The purpose of this research work is to establish the functionality of the novel ultrasonic non-destructive inspection system and accurate gauging of pipes and to locate and visualise flaws in the form of B-Scan cross-sectional view (front-view) of the pipe under test. In this paper, presents a custom-made perspex inspection head assembly integrated with a stand-alone, Li-ion battery-powered and IP67-grade water-immersible ultrasonic instrumentation and gauging system, which enables an efficient assessment of the condition and health of pipes in stringent environments. Extensive inspection was carried out on six samples of 12” Inner Diameter (ID) type carbon steel (CS) pipes with length of 500 mm and having machined wall thickness to simulate loss of wall-thicknesses from 10 % over a length 150 mm of pipe, using 5 MHz spherically focused transducers. Further inspection were carried out on a 12” CS pipe with four notches and four flat bottom holes (FBH) machined on the OD side. Identical flaws were also machined onto 12” CS pipe of total length of 700 mm containing water inside the pipe in flowing condition with water flow rate of 100 litres per minute (LPM). The test results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed IP67 grade water-immersible ultrasonic pipe inspection and gauging instrumentation system for assessing the condition and health of long-length carbon steel pipes operating in harsh environments.

Analysis of the Development Status and Industrial Policies of the Hydrogen Energy Industry in Zhangjiagang City

China is currently building hydrogen refueling stations in Beijing, Shanghai, and Zhengzhou. Moreover, there are currently numerous medium-sized hydrogen refueling stations under construction with a capacity of over 400KG/D. From planning, design, construction to operation, hydrogen stations with long-term operational capabilities are required to analyze and develop the system, ensuring the scientific nature of technology and the economic efficiency of operation. The core facilities of the hydrogen refueling station are mainly gas storage tanks. Air compressors and various control systems. At present, the existing hydrogen production stations and core facilities under construction mainly adopt the form of "import+domestic products", basically establishing the conditions for national production. But it is necessary to strengthen the implementation of current standards, the establishment of inspection instruments, and supervision and management.

DEVELOPMENT OF A DATABASE CONCEPT FOR DIGITALISING THE EXPERIENCE OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES OPERATING

Problem statement. These days, the main method of monitoring the buildings and structures state is through periodic technical state assessment and monitoring. This is an important practice that guarantees the reliability and safety of the operation of buildings and structures, helping to identify and establish the obvious and possible causes of defects and damages. However, the current practice of storing the results of surveys and monitoring is often limited to records in paper reports, which makes it difficult to analyse over time. Thus, there is a need to create a digital information system designed to record and store the results of monitoring of buildings and structures. This will make the data accessible and organised for specialists, simplifying analysis and ensuring their effective use for decision-making. Such a system will significantly improve the safety and efficiency of buildings and structures management. The purpose of the article is the development of a database architecture for the digitalisation of information related to the inspection and monitoring of the technical state of buildings and structures. Conclusions. The developed database structure will allow storing information about buildings, their owners, location, structures, defects and damage identified during visual and instrumental inspections, as well as organisational and technical measures aimed at bringing structures back to normal technical state or reducing the impact of negative factors. This will contribute to more efficient management and help maintain the property in good working order, reducing the probability of emergency situations.

Voting based ensemble for detecting visual faults in photovoltaic modules using AlexNet features

This study proposes a novel approach utilizing a voting-based ensemble technique to diagnose visible faults in photovoltaic (PV) modules from aerial images captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), leveraging AlexNet features. The proposed method focuses on classifying commonly occurring visual faults such as glass breakage, snail trails, burn marks, delamination and discoloration. Two voting-based ensemble models, a two-class ensemble (combining support vector machines and k-nearest neighbor) and a three-class ensemble (integrating support vector machines, J48, and k-nearest neighbor) were developed and evaluated against individual machine learning classifiers. Results indicate that the two-class ensemble outperforms the three-class ensemble and other individual classifiers, achieving an accuracy of 98.30%. This approach not only enhances fault diagnosis accuracy but also reduces inspection costs and instrument monitoring efforts contributing to the sustainable and efficient operation of PV systems.

Extending UWOC System Applications through Photon Transmission Dynamics Study in Harbor Waters

Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) in harbor waters can facilitate real-time monitoring underwater instruments for environmental monitoring, underwater inspection, and maintenance tasks. This study delves into the complex dynamics of UWOC in four distinct harbor waters. The research employs Monte Carlo method incorporated with Fournier–Forand scattering phase function for simulating photon transmission. Key parameters such as the Transmitted full divergence angle, received aperture, and Field of View (FOV) are meticulously evaluated for their impact on power loss and time delay spread. Notably, the normalized power loss and time delay spread are found to be more significantly affected by communication distance than water quality, and the traditional Beer–Lambert law is ineffective in harbor water. The power loss of Harbor II, III, and IV are found to be 14.00 dB, 31.59 dB, and 41.59 dB lower than that of Harbor I, and the time delay spread of Harbor II, III, and IV is 30.56%, 9.67%, and 0.49% times that of the Harbor I under certain conditions. In addition, increasing the received aperture and FOV, particularly over longer distance, make little contribution to reduce the power loss and mitigate the time delay spread. Based on the fixed transmitted full divergence angle, the most applicable received FOV range is 1–3.2 rad, and the most ideal received aperture is 0.15–0.4 m. Under these conditions, the variation in normalized power loss is less than 2 dB. Additionally, the time delay spread remains within the same order of magnitude with the attenuation length (AL) held constant. These conclusions hold substantial technical relevance for the engineering design of UWOC systems in harbor waters.

Zynq SoC FPGA-based water-immersible ultrasonic instrumentation for pipe inspection and gauging

Abstract A re-programmable Zynq system-on-chip (SoC) FPGA-based water-immersible 2-channel ultrasonic instrumentation has been designed and developed and it is mounted inside the IP67-grade enclosures, which is suitable for ultrasonic pipe inspection and gauging applications. The novel, compact Zynq SoC FPGA-based ultrasonic instrumentation system, powered by lithium-ion batteries for its operation over five hours, exhibits its adaptability for challenging environments, including its ability to travel through pipes carrying oil or water. One of the salient features of the 2-channel system is the capability to acquire echo signals using 12-bit/100 MSPS digitizer to provide highly accurate values of the inner diameter (ID) and wall thickness (WT) of the pipe under test. The system has been utilised to acquire and store 256 MB of A-Scan data in the DDR3 memory module of FPGA. Subsequent to five hours of acquisition, data was transferred to the computer to reconstruct B-Scan cross-sectional images for 300 mm nominal bore (NB) Stainless Steel (SS), and Carbon Steel (CS) pipes machined with volumetric and planar standard flaws. The B-Scan images could reveal both types of defects along with the location and size of these flaws. Such ultrasonic instrumentation has become an advanced tool to acquire a large volume of gauging data for pipes operating in harsh conditions, making it a vital asset for the inspection of pipes containing crude oil or processed water for petrochemical and nuclear industries. This paper provides brief details about the ultrasonic PIG instrument, with few inspection results obtained for SS and CS pipes.

Detection of visual faults in photovoltaic modules using a stacking ensemble approach

Faults in photovoltaic (PV) modules may occur due to various environmental and physical factors. To prevent faults and minimize investment losses, fault diagnosis is crucial to ensure uninterrupted power production, extended operational lifespan, and a high level of safety in PV modules. Recent advancements in inspection techniques and instrumentation have significantly reduced the cost and time required for inspections. A novel stacking-based ensemble approach was performed in the present study for the accurate classification of PV module visible faults. The present study utilizes AlexNet (a pre-trained network) to extract image features from the aerial images of PV modules with the aid of MATLAB software. Furthermore, J48 algorithm was applied to perform the feature selection task to determine the most relevant features. The features derived as output from the J48 algorithm were passed onto train eight base classifiers namely, Naïve Bayes, logistic regression (LR), J48, random forest (RF), multilayer perceptron (MLP), logistic model tree (LMT), support vector machines (SVM) and k-nearest neighbors (kNN). The best performing five classifiers on the front run with higher classification accuracies were selected to formulate three categories of stacking ensemble groups as follows: (i) three-class ensemble (SVM, kNN, and LMT), (ii) four-class ensemble (SVM, kNN, LMT, and RF), and (iii) five-class ensemble (SVM, kNN, LMT, RF, and MLP). A comparison in the performance of the aforementioned stacked ensembles was evaluated with different meta classifiers. The obtained results infer that the four-class stacking ensemble model (SVM, kNN, LMT, and RF) with RF as the predictor achieved the highest possible classification accuracy of 99.04%.

ОЦЕНКА ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ СТАЛЬНЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ КОМПЛЕКСА «ЯМАЛ СПГ».

The article presents the results of scientific and technical support for the construction of a complex for the extraction, preparation, liquefaction of gas, shipment of it and its condensate, located at the Yuzhno-Tambeyskoye field. During the work, the following were performed: visual and instrumental inspection of steel structures of technological modules and related engineering structures; study and analysis of project documentation; verification calculations of frames. These works were carried out in order to assess the stressstrain and technical condition of the steel building structures of the complex and make recommendations for further development of construction and safe operation of structures at the field.

Feasibility of using colorimetric devices for whole and ground coffee roasting degrees prediction.

Coffee roasting is one of the crucial steps in obtaining a high-quality product as it forms the product's color and flavor characteristics. Roast control is made by visual inspection or traditional instruments such as the Agtron spectrophotometer, which can have high implementation costs. Therefore, the present study evaluated colorimetric approaches (a bench colorimeter, smartphone digital images, and a colorimetric sensor) to predict the Agtron roasting degrees of whole and ground coffee. Two calibration approaches were assessed, that is, multiple linear regression and least-squares support vector machine. For that, 70 samples of whole and ground roasted coffees comprising the Agtron roasting range were prepared. The results showed that all three colorimetric acquisition types were efficient for the model building, but the bench colorimeter and the smartphone digital images generally performed with good determination coefficients and low errors as measured by external validation. For the whole bean coffee, the best model presented a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.99 and a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 1.91%, while R2 of 0.99 and RMSE of 0.87% was obtained for ground coffee, both using the colorimeter. The obtained models presented good prediction capability, as assessed by external validation and randomization tests. The obtained findings point to an alternative for coffee roasting monitoring that can lead to higher digitalization and local control of the process, even for smaller producers, due to its lower costs. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Some Issues of Ensuring Completeness and Reliability of Operational Data Obtained in the Course of Instrument Inspection of Steel Underground Gas Pipelines

In the long term, along with the growth of nuclear power and related changes in the fuel and energy balance of the country, natural gas will retain an important place in the national economy, including in the production of heat and electricity Accordingly, the importance of gas distribution networks, which directly supply fuel to the Republic's consumers, will remain for a long time. According with the Concept of the National Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Republic of Belarus for the period until 2035, the main task in the gas sector is to maintain production assets at a level ensuring safe energy supply. Practice shows that corrosion factor has the greatest potential to influence the technical condition of steel underground distribution gas pipelines. To compensate for corrosion processes, steel underground pipelines are equipped with special protective means, in particular, insulation coatings. One of the key operational characteristics of insulation is its integrity, which is controlled through periodic (comprehensive) instrumental technical inspection. Based on the inspection results, statistics of identified defects of protective coatings is formed. The work examines the issues of ensuring the reliability of operational data, and highlights the experience of implementing specialized software packages in gas supply organizations of the Beltopgaz State Production Association for recording and processing the results of instrument surveys of gas distribution pipelines. The issue of the influence of organizational and production aspect (features of technology, local practice of planning and performing specific types of work on technical operation) on the structure of operational data, which requires separate study and accounting for their further statistical processing and use, has been considered in the paper.

Experimental and numerical investigation into the characteristics of continuously measured rail profiles and its influence on simulations of vehicle-track interaction

This study investigates the influence of variations in rail profiles along the operation direction on simulations of vehicle-track interaction by combining numerical and experimental approaches. For this purpose, a procedure for the evaluation of rail profile measurement data is proposed based on the GEKON 3D inspection instrument. By establishing a dynamic vehicle-track interaction model, a comparative evaluation is performed with the uniform rail profiles or variations in the rail profiles. The results indicate that the proposed procedure can process raw data from continuous measurements, and the indices in terms of rail section loss, curvature index, and wheel-rail contact geometry can be evaluated. Furthermore, the influence of the rail profile variations along the train operating direction should not be overlooked, especially in curved tracks where the symmetry of the left and right rail profiles is poor. By considering the influence of variations in rail profiles, the simulated results are more likely to reflect the actual situation of dynamic vehicle-track interaction. It is believed that the use of uniform rail profiles may result in accuracy loss when analyzing dynamic vehicle responses, especially under scenarios of long-distance wheel-rail contact status.

Automated, real-time material detection during ultrashort pulsed laser machining using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, for process tuning, end-pointing, and segmentation.

The rapid, high-resolution material processing offered by ultrashort pulsed lasers enables a wide range of micro and nanomachining applications in a variety of disciplines. Complex laser processing jobs conducted on composite samples, require an awareness of the material type that is interacting with laser both for adjustment of the lasering process and for endpointing. This calls for real-time detection of the materials. Several methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS) can be used for material characterization. However, these methods often need interruption of the machining process to transfer the sample to another instrument for inspection. Such interruption significantly increases the required time and effort for the machining task, acting as a prohibitive factor for many laser machining applications. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a powerful technique that can be used for material characterization, by analyzing a signal that is generated upon the interaction of laser with matter, and thus, it can be considered as a strong candidate for developing an in-situ characterization method. In this work, we propose a method that uses LIBS in a feedback loop system for real time detection and decision making for adjustment of the lasering process on-the-fly. Further, use of LIBS for automated material segmentation, in the 3D image resulting from consecutive lasering and imaging steps, is showcased.

Research on the technology of casing inspection through tubing in the Saertu Development Zone of Daqing Oilfield

With the further development of Daqing Oilfield, the occurrence of widespread casing damage in the Saertu Development Area has been on the rise annually.In order to promptly prevent, detect and address casing damage, the management departments of the oil extraction plants must schedule regular casing inspection operations. This approach not only raises production costs but also prolongs the well shutdown period, further impacting crude oil output.This article focuses on the technical needs of oilfield development and has developed tubing and casing detection technology, the radial magnetic scanning system is integrated with the sixteen arm wellbore diameter, the synchronous tubing and casing inspection instrument represents the latest in concurrent inspection technology, developed specifically for the technical demands of oilfield development Without displacing the tubing column, it simultaneously captures data on tubing inner diameter, tubing continuity, the extent of casing damage via magnetic scanning, and continuous 3D imaging of the tubing at standard inspection speeds, the workload of checking and matching tasks were significantly reduced. Between 2022 and 2023, the through-tubing casing inspection technology was utilized in 525 wells, with 356 wells verified by mobilizing the tubing column, achieving a predictive accuracy of 87.6% and generating economic benefits of 69.6 million yuan.

Comparison of the Methods for Diagnosing the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Background. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common and widespread peripheral neuropathy in the world. The diagnostic testing methods for the carpal tunnel syndrome are based on anamnesis data, objective and instrumental inspection. Electroneuromyography is the main instrumental test when carpal tunnel syndrome is suspected. An ultrasound imaging may also be performed. Objective. To determine the effectiveness, sensitivity and specificity of instrumental diagnostics methods used to diagnose the carpal tunnel syndrome, and to compare them. Methods. Diagnostic testing – ultrasound and electroneuromyography was applied to persons under study. The area of the median nerve (mm2) was assessed during the ultrasound examination. The results of the electroneuromyography study evaluated the response speed of the sensory impulse (ms), the speed of the motor impulse response (ms). Later, the tests, their sensitivity and specificity were evaluated and compared. Results. 30 patients participated in the study, of which 26 (86.7%) were women, 4 (13.3%) were men. Electroneuromyography was found to be both sensitive and specific for a measure of sensory propagation velocity, 76.2 and 75%, respectively (p = 0.042); of motor propagation speed – 100 and 75% (p = 0.040). Ultrasonography is sensitive (87.5%) but nonspecific (66.7%) (p = 0.008). The study showed that the ultrasound dimension strongly, directly and reliably correlates with the sensory impulse response rate (p < 0.001), and the ultrasound dimension moderately, directly and reliably correlates with the motor impulse response rate (p < 0.001). Conclusions. Carpal tunnel syndrome can be suspected by ultrasound measurement of the area of the median nerve, but the test is only sensitive but non-specific. Electroneuromyography can confirm the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome, as the test is both sensitive and specific. Comparing the studies, a strong, direct and reliable relationship between the results of the ultrasound and the electroneuromyography testing was established.

Analyzing Gas Turbine Performance Through Simulation and Performance Tests: Case Study of Gas Turbine Units in Jambi, Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to analyse and compare the performance of units 1 and 2 of the gas turbine (GT) power plant based on simulation results and tests in terms of performance, to identify factors causing a decrease in gas turbine performance, and provide recommendations to improve gas turbine. The study was carried out in GT units in Jambi, Indonesia. In this location, there are two identical GT units with a capacity of 34.25 megawatts electric (MWe). The analysis was carried out using three methods, namely performance test, inspection of the measurement instruments, and simulation of the thermodynamic performance using GT-Pro software. To improve the performance of the gas turbine, it is necessary to clean the compressor blades, online compressor washing or manual deposit cleaning on the compressor blades during the overhaul, calibrate manometers, and inspect the piping line of the differential pressure of Air Inlet Filter, and also carry out inspection and calibration of the exhaust gas thermocouple on numbers 1, 2, 5, and 8 of GT Unit 2. This research not only presents practical recommendations for improving the performance of GT in Jambi, Indonesia, but also contributes to the broader field of gas turbine technology. The findings and recommendations can be applied in the power generation industry worldwide, helping to enhance the efficiency and reliability gas turbine power plants.

Parametric Study for Runner Modifications of Die Casted Part with Venting Systems

High-pressure die casting (HPDC) is a process used for creating complex components by injecting the molten metal inside the cavity at high pressure. Failure in die casting may reduce product mechanical properties, surface quality, and life cycle. In this paper, the die-casting process of an inspection instrument – test piece is investigated for parametric study and Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Parameters used in the die-casting process are important since it affects the molten flow quality inside the cavity. Thus, a parametric study is done to investigate the optimum parameter use in the die-casting process of the test piece. Runner gating system design is also one of the important criteria to maintain the quality of products. This paper also investigated the effect of runner gating system design optimization in reducing gas porosity. The CT scan of the sample mold is included to compare the relationships between gas porosity occurrence with CFD results. This paper proposed a new runner design named outward curvature runner with an air vent that can improve velocity and temperature distributions in reducing die-casting defects. In addition to that, air vents are installed to extend the volume and promote higher suction, to eliminate gas bubbles entrapment inside the cavity.

GUI development for SSDL to calibrate photon measuring equipment

Current legislation mandates the inspection and calibration of operational survey radiation monitoring instruments used in nuclear medicine, radiotherapy departments, and other fields utilizing ionizing radiation sources. To comply with national and international radiation protection standards, Morocco's National Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory provides reliable calibration results with high accuracy and covers various measurement ranges using attenuators provided by the automated Gamma G10 irradiator or validated beam qualities produced by the X-ray irradiator type X80–320 kV.This study aims to develop a digital graphical user interface using Python programming language, designed for calibrating radiation protection measuring instruments . The interface is intended to facilitate all operations and calculations related to determining calibration factors and measurement uncertainties in accordance with the ISO 4037 standard, ensuring minimal processing time and minimizing potential error sources . The interface enables calculations to be recorded, as well as the establishment and electronic archiving of the calibration certificate and the report in PDF format using the Hypertext Preprocessor FPDF library (PHP FPDF). With the development of this interface, multiple instruments can be processed per day with high accuracy, streamlining the calibration process and improving efficiency.•The importance of compliance with international standards to ensure the quality and reliability of measurements in radiation protection was examined.•Description of X-ray and Gamma-ray irradiators designed for the calibration of radiation protection measuring instruments within the Secondary Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory (SSDL) which is a member of the WHO/IAEA network within the National Center for Radiation Protection of Morocco•Graphical User Interface using python for the calibration of photon measurement instruments for radiation protection purposes was developped.

Research and Design of Calibration Device for Medical Test Lung

In order to solve the problems of quality control and traceability of medical test lung for meeting the calibration conditions of JJF 1234-2018 Calibration Specification for Ventilators, the calibration device and method are researched for compliance and airway resistance of medical test lung in this paper. A calibration device for medical test lung is designed using constant volume active piston technology to simulate human breathing. Through comparison experiment, the deviation between this device and the similar foreign device can be found. The deviation is lower than 0.4% for lung compliance and lower than 0.7% for airway resistance. The calibration of lung compliance and airway resistance can be completed by this device. This device has a clear and complete traceability path to ensure quality control from the source. The calibration of ventilator is improved. This paper provides a reference for related metrology departments and medical institutions to study on quality inspection of respiratory medical instruments.