Insoluble Substances Research Articles

The Individual and Simultaneous Adsorption of Co(II) and Ni(II) Onto Directly Alkaline‐Activated Steel Slag

ABSTRACTSteel slag activated directly with alkaline treatment (AAS) was utilized for the individual and simultaneous removal of Co2+ and Ni2+ from the aqueous solutions. The characteristics of AAS were analyzed using x‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), SEM, and EDS techniques. The results revealed that AAS had a crystalline structure of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH). The optimal conditions for removing Co2⁺ and Ni2⁺ were found at pH 6, with a contact time of 120 min for individual adsorption and 150 min for simultaneous adsorption. The Langmuir model indicated that the maximum adsorption capacities for individual adsorption were 108.6 mg/g for Co2⁺ and 111.7 mg/g for Ni2⁺. However, in simultaneous adsorption, competition between the metal ions reduced the adsorption capacity, with maximum removal capacities of Co2⁺ and Ni2⁺ on AAS calculated as 58.2 and 72.3 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption of Co2+ and Ni2+, both individually and simultaneously, best conformed to the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. In both the individual and simultaneous systems, the adsorption capacities followed the order of Ni2+ > Co2+. However, the adsorption process of Ni2+ onto AAS was more sensitive than that of Co2+, as evaluated by analyzing the effect of Co2+:Ni2+ concentration ratios on the adsorption process. The potential mechanisms of Co2+ and Ni2+ removal by AAS included cation exchange, complex formation with surface‐active groups, precipitation of new insoluble substances on the adsorbent surface, and competition between metal ions during simultaneous adsorption. The high adsorption efficiency can be attributed to the release of Ca2+ and OH− from the CSH crystals. These results suggest that AAS is a promising adsorbent for the removal of Co2+ and Ni2+ from water.

Mechanism of cadmium (Cd) enrichment in the soil of karst areas with high geochemical background in Southwest China

Karst areas are formed from the dissolution of carbonate rocks and are present worldwide. The soil found in such areas is enriched in heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As), and has geological high-background characteristics. However, this enrichment is anomalous depending on the type of bedrock, and the mechanism of enrichment has not yet been comprehensively elucidated. To explore the mechanisms of Cd enrichment in these soils, we investigated the distribution patterns and migration characteristics of Cd during the weathering and pedogenesis of carbonate rocks, and the causes of Cd enrichment and associated ecological risks were determined. The conclusions were as follows: (1) In the process of natural evolution, the boundary between the dissolution of carbonate rocks and the weathering of insoluble substances is unclear, resulting in the overlap of and interaction between the processes of dissolution-accumulation-weathering and pedogenesis. (2) In addition to the enrichment effects caused by the dissolution of carbonate rocks and the inheritance, the readsorption of insoluble substances and the retention of secondary carrier minerals are the main driving forces of Cd enrichment. (3) During the late stage of weathering of insoluble materials, soil acidification significantly promotes the Cd activation process. When the proportion of active Cd significantly increases, the ecological risk potential increases, especially in geological high-background areas rich in Cd.

Study of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of lipsticks and soaps made with phycoerythrin coated with chitosan extracted from the cyanobacterium Aliinostoc oryzae

The use of various artificial dyes in the preparation of cosmetics for over half a century has led to an increase in cancer diseases in humans. On the other hand, the excessive use of synthetic antibiotics available on the market, which have been used for treating humans and animals for over half a century, has significantly reduced the efficacy of many antibiotics due to the development of bacterial resistance. In contrast, phycoerythrin (PE) as a natural pigment possesses potential antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, this article aims to use PE to create soap and cosmetic lipsticks that not only ensure consumer health but also avoid the harmful effects of chemical compounds present in cosmetic products. In the present study, PE extracted from the cyanobacterium Aliinostoc oryzae was microencapsulated with chitosan and added to the formulation of solid soap and lipstick. All standard tests were performed at intervals of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days and compared with controls. The percentage change in the hardness of lipsticks enriched with PE was significantly higher than the control (p ≤ 0.05), while the amount of force required during use was significantly lower than the control (p ≤ 0.05). In soaps enriched with PE, the moisture reduction trend over time was steeper in soaps without PE. Additionally, the antioxidant activity and insoluble substances in alcohol in PE-enriched soaps were significantly higher than the control sample, while the percentage of lipid compounds and the unsaponifiable matter of free alkali in the control sample were significantly higher than the Soap + PE sample (p ≤ 0.05). Over time, the L* color component of all enriched products decreased significantly, while the a*, b*, and ΔE color components increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the total microbial population, inhibition zone diameter, and peroxide index in enriched products were significantly lower than the control. Overall, the enriched products did not cause any skin sensitivity, and color changes and stability remained consistent over time. All these results confirm the claim that chitosan-coated PE, as an effective additive, has significant efficacy in cosmetic products.

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Cardiac Amyloidosis in the Aging Heart.

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) is one of the most frequent causes of heart failure in the world's population (about 19-55%), and is commonly associated with a high rate of hospitalization (almost 70-80%) and with increased mortality (40-50% in a 5-year timeframe). The elderly are more often affected, with higher rates of hospitalizations than young people, and currently almost 70% of the population aged 65 years old has HFpEF. An increase in cardiomyocyte stiffness, thus resulting in diastolic dysfunction, increased filling pressures and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction are characteristics features of the disease. In addition, among the various causes of HFpEF, cardiac amyloidosis (CA) can provoke diastolic dysfunction and increased wall stiffness directly from intercellular deposition of insoluble proteic substances and their toxic activity. Totally, almost 30 different proteins are able to form deposits, but the most frequently involved are transthyretin and misfolded monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains, which bring to two clinical conditions called transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) and light-chain amyloidosis (AL). Although there has been increasing attention on ATTR-CA in recent years, the actual prevalence remains underestimated, especially in people of advanced age, as well as its real impact as a cause of HFpEF, and only data derived from autoptic exams are currently available. Moreover, CA itself often mimics HFpEF, and some conflicting data on the use of predictive scores are described in the literature. The close relationship between HFpEF and CA, especially in older population and the main pathophysiological mechanisms which bond these two conditions are described in this focused review. The need to screen red flags for ATTR-CA in elderly patients with HFpEF is urgently advised, because a prompt recognition of the disease can optimize the approach to the disease with an early therapeutic, life-saving choice.

COMPOSITES BASED ON OYMASH SALT

In recent years, an urgent task is to find materials of domestic origin and create on their basis affordable and cheap, easy-to-use, reliable composite compositions for the preparation of well killing fluid. Nowadays, the need for process fluids that help preserve and restore reservoir properties always remains. Available and inexpensive natural salt from the Oimash deposit (Mangistau region) can create the required density in the well killing fluid and be its main component. The aim of the work is to develop compositions based on Oimash salt for the preparation of well killing fluids, which include all necessary additives. Methodology: The physicochemical characteristics of the composite compositions for the preparation of well killing fluid (bulk density, mass fraction of insoluble substances in water, mass fraction of moisture, solubility) and using standard methods corrosion activity studied. Results. The physicochemical parameters of Oimash salt showed that the salt is not prone to caking, the proportion of insoluble substances in sea water is 0.45%, and in waste water - 0.54%. The solubility of the developed compositions depending on the types of water was studied. All compositions are soluble in various types of water. The solubility of all compositions in seawater is 96.64-97.56%, and in wastewater from 95.59% to 95.97%. The optimal composition of the salt composition is the composition of sample No. 1 with the percentage content of components TPPF: NTF: PAA = 0.5: 0.5: 0.1:30, with a bulk density of 0.7055 t/m3, a mass fraction of insoluble substances in water - 1.4334%, well soluble in sea and waste water 97.56 and 95.66%. As the results of samples No. 1 showed, the corrosive environment is slightly aggressive in terms of aggressiveness.

Effect of synergistic CeO2/MoS2 abrasives on surface roughness and material removal rate of quartz glass

Cerium oxide (CeO2) is a primary abrasive frequently used in quartz glass polishing slurry for facilitating glass surface planarisation. However, due to its exorbitant synthesis costs and extremely corrosive as well as toxic reagents in the system, the chemical modification of CeO2 abrasives have limited practical applications. In this work, a novel chemical mechanical polishing slurry for quartz glass incorporating potassium oleate (KOL), deionised water (DIW), cerium dioxide and molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) was developed in this paper to enhance the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) performance of CeO2-based polishing slurry. KOL creates an alkaline environment for the system, further develops silicate insoluble substances on the quartz glass surface and boosts the material removal rate (MRR) in CMP. MoS2 exhibits a two-dimensional layered nanosheet structure between the abrasive and quartz glass, and then acts as a solid lubricant to prevent excessive mechanical damage, thus increasing the abrasive's wettability. This characteristic helps avoid scratches and other defects on the quartz glass surface. Notably, when the content of KOL and MoS2 in the system is 0.2 wt% and 0.3 wt%, respectively, the surface roughness of the quartz glass surface is 0.48 nm under the scanning area of 15 × 15 μm2 and the MRR is 24.03 μm/h following CMP. The synergistic interaction between CeO2 and MoS2 significantly enhances the abrasive performance on the glass substrate, offering a novel approach for developing polishing fluids that leverage the collaborative effects between abrasives and two-dimensional materials.

UTILIZATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN VETERINARY MEDICINE

In veterinary medicine, particularly in diagnostics, drug administration, and reproductive biology, nanotechnology has made significant contributions. By enabling the precise delivery of unstable or insoluble substances, reducing systemic toxicity, and prolonging the action of the active ingredient at the desired site, nanoparticles enhance the effectiveness of treatments. This translates to fewer doses, reduced costs, and less waste from animal-derived products. Furthermore, nanotechnology aids in diagnostics by detecting pathogens and mapping molecular profiles related to diseases. The sensitivity of tests, increased by nanoparticles, allows for more effective detection of contaminants and microbial agents in animal-derived products, which is crucial for food safety. Nanoparticles and nanotubes are also used in reproductive biology to improve fertility, extend sperm longevity, and facilitate semen purification for artificial insemination. Additionally, implanted nanotubes can monitor hormone levels, aiding in the identification of estrus and the selection of breeders. Despite these advancements, it is crucial to monitor the risks and environmental impacts of nanotechnological technologies to ensure their safety and effectiveness in veterinary medicine. The objective of this work is to explore and evaluate current applications of nanotechnology in veterinary medicine, highlighting its benefits, challenges, and potential for future advancements.

Mechanism of sodium alginate synergistically improving foaming properties of pea protein isolate: Air/water interface microstructure and rheological properties

The synergistic effect of polysaccharides plays a crucial role in regulating the foaming properties of protein based aerated foods. In this study, the synergistic improvement mechanism of pea protein isolate (PPI)-sodium alginate (SA) composite on the foaming performance was determined through multi-component interaction, air/water interface adsorption behavior and foam properties. The results of interactions between PPI and SA indicated that SA and PPI could form smaller and more stable soluble composite through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions. The α-helix content of PPI significantly decreased, and PPI exhibited a more flexible secondary structure. In depth research on the air/water interfacial behavior and interfacial microstructure through adsorption kinetics, surface dilatational rheology and Lissajous plots indicated that the PPI-SA composite could accelerate the adsorption process, constructing a highly viscoelastic interface mainly based on elasticity. The results of foam properties showed soluble PPI-SA composite could prepare smaller and more dense foam with thicker and smoother interface film, which was beneficial to the foam stability. The results of small amplitude oscillatory shear and large amplitude oscillatory shear suggested that foam prepared by soluble PPI-SA composite showed stronger ability to resist deformation whether in linear or nonlinear viscoelastic region, revealing the good mechanical properties of these foam under extreme processing conditions and feasibility to improve the quality of aerated food. When the mass ratio of PPI/SA was 1:0.3, the foam properties was strongest. When the mass ratio of PPI/SA exceeded 1:0.3, insoluble substances appeared in the composite system, which was disadvantageous to foam properties and deformation resistance. Therefore, the complexation of PPI and SA was an effective way to improve the air/water interface and foaming properties of PPI, providing theoretical guidance for targeted regulation of the foaming properties of protein based aerated foods.

Research on the co-pyrolysis of biomass and coal

Abstract Co-pyrolysis of biomass and coal has attracted much attention as a potential energy conversion technology. In this paper, the significant effects of n-hexane insoluble substance (INS) on tar, water, and coke residue yields were analyzed in depth using statistical analysis. With INS and mixing ratio as independent variables, multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to comprehensively investigate the effects of the interaction between the two on the yields of different pyrolysis products, revealing the significant interaction between different pyrolysis products. The genetic algorithm was used to establish an optimization model to optimize the mixing ratios of the co-pyrolysis, and the considerable differences between the experimental and theoretically calculated values of the product yields of the co-pyrolysis compounds were analyzed by statistical tests, and subgroup analyses were carried out to determine the specific differences under different mixing ratios. CNN prediction model was established, and model optimization confirmed the differences between the experimental and theoretically calculated values for different pyrolytic coupling ratio-specific ratios by data validation and subgroup analysis. The further extension and optimization of the model provide a new theoretical basis and idea for further research on the co-pyrolysis of biomass and coal, which can help to improve the energy conversion efficiency and product quality.

Characterization of Organic Soap Synthesized from Samia cynthia ricini Cocoon Extract and Its Antibacterial Potential

In a modern era that increasingly values health and sustainability, the demand for natural and environmentally friendly personal care products continues to grow. One response to this trend is the development of organic soaps produced from various natural ingredients. In this study, organic soap using Samia cynthia ricini silkworm cocoon extract has been synthesized. This study aims to assess the quality of organic soap synthesized from silk cocoon extract based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) quality criteria and its antibacterial potential. Silk cocoon soap is made from a mixture of silk cocoon extract with palm oil, coconut oil, olive oil, sodium hydroxide, and water. The quality measurements include organoleptic tests, pH, moisture content, total fat, insoluble substance in ethanol, and free fatty acids, based on SNI No. 4085: 2017 and 3532: 2016. Antibacterial testing is conducted by disc diffusion. The results showed that the synthesized silk cocoon soap has a yellowish-white color, a hard density, and no odor. The quality criteria of the soap meet the established standards, with a pH of 9.66, a water content of 11.47%, total fat of 75.00%, ethanol-insoluble substances of 0.52%, and free fatty acids of 1.58%. The soap also demonstrates antibacterial potential that describes by a larger diameter of the inhibitory area against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Comparative Analysis and Characteristic Verification of the Quality Standard of Milk Thistle Extract

Introduction:: Milk thistle extract is widely used in dietary supplements due to its strong hepatoprotective effect. There are some differences in the quality characteristics and standard values of milk thistle extract set by pharmacopoeias and standards in various countries and regions. Method:: To promote the standardization of quality standards for milk thistle extract, this paper summarized and compared the standard characteristics and related values settings in four different standards. At the same time, actual samples were tested for the characteristics that appeared more frequently in standard. We found that the ratio algorithm of silymarin set in the pharmacopoeia standards was not reasonable and could blur the quality of related products from the test results, especially without limiting the total amount of silymarin in the standard. Results:: We suggested setting standard values for all six silymarin characteristics, establishing more universal detection methods, and preparing relevant reference materials to match the detection methods. Based on the comparison of standards and test data, the characteristics of the ethanol content, ethyl acetate content, methanol insoluble substances, heavy metal content, and microbial characteristics should draw more attention and should be considered in the future for setting newly formulated standards. Conclusion:: This paper lays the data foundation for developing higher quality standards for milk thistle extract, which plays an important role in promoting the international trade of milk thistle extract.

Ultrasonically enhanced zinc powder replacement method for cobalt removal: Electrochemical behavior, numerical simulation

The zinc powder replacement method for Co removal is characterized by several challenges, such as poor mass transfer and agglomeration. To solve this problem, the ultrasonically enhanced zinc powder replacement method was developed and used to remove Co from the sulfate solution, and a 95.02% removal rate of Co was achieved under the optimized condition. Compared with conventional conditions, the removal rate increased by 24.5%. The behavior and mechanism of zinc powder replacing Co were comprehensively analyzed through electrochemistry and COMSOL Multiphysics. Chronoamperometry curves showed that after the introduction of ultrasound, the reaction current increased by approximately two times compared with the conventional condition. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves showed that the reduction potential of Co positively shifted, accompanied by an increase in peak current. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests showed that the nuclear transmission resistance decreased by approximately 1.6 times compared with conventional conditions. In addition, the COMSOL simulation revealed that, after the system was subjected to ultrasonic conditions, the temperature, flow rate, and sound pressure physical field increased, which accelerated the heat and mass transfer process in the solution. The removal behavior of the system was studied using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Ultrasonic waves decomposed the insoluble substances on the surface of zinc powder, refined the particles, and improved the removal rate of Co. This provides new insights into the ultrasound-enhanced reaction.

Enhancing biodegradation of vegetable oil-contaminated soil with soybean texturized waste, spent mushroom substrate, and stabilized poultry litter in microcosm systems.

Industrial activities contribute to environmental pollution, particularly through unregulated effluent discharges, causing adverse effects on ecosystems. Vegetable oils, as insoluble substances, exacerbate this pollution, forming impermeable films and affecting the oxygen transfer, leading to serious habitat disruption. Organic wastes, such as soybean texturized waste, spent mushroom substrate, and stabilized poultry litter, were assessed for their efficacy in enhancing the degradation of vegetable oil in contaminated soil. For this purpose, contaminated soil was amended with each of the wastes (10% w/w) using microcosm systems, which were monitored physico-chemically, microbiologically and toxicologically. Results indicate that the wastes promoted significant oil degradation, achieving 83.1, 90.7, and 86.2% removal for soybean texturized waste, spent mushroom substrate, and stabilized poultry litter, respectively, within a 90-day period. Additionally, they positively influenced soil microbial activity, as evidenced by increased levels of culturable microorganisms and hydrolytic microbial activity. While bioassays indicated no phytotoxicity in most cases, soybean texturized waste exhibited inhibitory effects on seed germination and root elongation of Lactuca sativa. This study significantly enhances our comprehension of remediation techniques for sites tainted with vegetable oils, highlighting the critical role of organic waste as eco-friendly agents in soil restoration. Emphasizing the practical implications of these findings is imperative to underscore the relevance and urgency of addressing vegetable oil contamination in soil. Moving forward, tailored strategies considering both contaminant characteristics and soil ecosystem traits are vital for ensuring effective and sustainable soil remediation.

Redox transformation of bismuth active units encapsulated on carbon nanorods for efficient fluoride Electrosorption: Synergistic roles of Faradaic effect and EDL capacitance

Remediation of fluoride in groundwater through electrosorption to cope with its high charge density and the smallest anion radius remains a promising strategy. Composite carbon materials obtained by calcining metal–organic frameworks contribute to the performance of conventional fluoride electrosorption systems. This study provides a redox-active electrode (MBiC@tE) that incorporates the Faradaic ion trapping effect for fluoride removal. Under potential control, MBiC@tE reversibly traps/releases fluoride anions from the aqueous solution through the combined roles of Faradaic pseudocapacitance and electrical double layer capacitance, with an electrosorption capacity of approximately 37.9 mgF- gelectrode-1. The target contaminant anions are directly involved in the Faradaic reaction on the bismuth sites, with the formation of Bi-F bond excited by an electric field, thus resulting in the removal of fluoride as a consequence of the generation of insoluble substance (BiF3). Furthermore, as expected (Bi0 + 3F- ⇌ BiF3 + 3e-), the working electrode exhibits good reversibility and maintains a high fluoride removal capacity even after multiple cycles. This study presents a comprehensive elucidation on the synergistic roles of Faradaic effect and electrical double layer capacitance induced by the electric field, and offers profound insights into the phase transition of bismuth and its affinity for fluoride during the electrosorption.

Methods for obtaining phospholipid vesicles to improve the bioavailability of sparingly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients

Low bioavailability of practically insoluble pharmaceutical substances is a serious issue in the field of drug development. The article provides an overview of the main methods for preparing liposomal drugs, such as the lipid film hydration method, ultrasonication method, extrusion method, high pressure homogenization method, solvent injection method, detergent removal method, and the reversephase evaporation method.

Micellar Matrices for Spectrophotometric Determination of 5-Aminosalicylic Acid in Medicinal Preparations Using Response Surface Methodology and Box-Benken Plans

Determination of the content of insoluble pharmaceutical substances in dosage forms is an urgent task, since their dosage is very important for the optimal ratio between the therapeutic effect and ensuring the necessary bioavailability. The use of micellar media as a matrix allows increasing solubility. This report presents the results of the influence of the micellar system consist from cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB, dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO and water on the determination of the content of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) in pharmaceutical substances and in dosage forms. 5-ASA is widely used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. To obtain the optimal matrix, the methodology of the response surface (MRS) and three-level Box-Benken plans (BBP) were used. The intensity of the absorption band of 5-ASA (A330), which reflects the acid content, was used as the target function. The independent factors were: the concentration of CTAB (pC(CTAB), mol/l); the acidity of medium (pH); the proportion of DMSO in the binary solvent (αDMSO). The BBP consisting of fifteen compositions were compiled and response surfaces constructed. Optimal conditions for the determination of 5-ASA by the absorption band A330 are: pC(CTAB) = 1.1, pH = 7.6, α(DMSO) = 0.3. In this matrix, the content of 5-ASA in the pharmaceutical substance was established and good metrological performance was achieved. The use of MRS and BBP contributes to the development of effective methods for quality control of 5-ASA dosage forms from different manufacturers.

Efficiently removing dissolved organic pollutants in landfill leachate concentrate using dual-anode Fe2+/HClO system: The significance of insolubilization based on oxidative coupling of organics

The strategy to mineralize dissolved organics for the decontamination of landfill leachate concentrate (LLC) is expensive. Because mineralization requires high stoichiometric ratio of oxidants (e.g., •OH) or electron transfer (i.e., energy) to the pollutant molecules. Whereas, transferring the dissolved organic pollutants into separable insoluble matters is an energy-saving strategy. Herein, we developed a dual-anode Fe2+/HClO system for removing dissolved organic pollutants in LLC through insolubilization based on oxidative coupling. In this system, the majority of dissolved organic pollutants were transferred into insoluble substances, which could be removed easily. As a result, 89.8 % of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in LLC was fast removed in 3 h with a low specific energy consumption (SEC, 4.0 kWh kg−1 COD and 17.6 kWh kg−1 DOC), and the formation of toxic by-products can be well controlled to total organic chlorine (TOCl) < 0.1 mg/L. The formation of insoluble substances was attributed to the oxidative coupling of organic small molecules into the macromolecular ones. This was evidenced by the generation of insoluble compounds with the larger molecular mass, and the formation of coupling or polymerization products of the model pollutant (guaiacol). The predominant mechanism was proposed that Fe(IV) was generated in the dual-anode Fe2+/HClO system, and Fe(IV) oxidized pollutants to produce organic radicals, then the organic radicals coupled and polymerized to form larger molecules and insoluble compounds. This work offers a novel electrochemical method for efficient removal of organic pollutants in LLC with minimal toxic by-products generated, and revealed the significance of oxidative coupling process in the electrochemical Fe2+/HClO system.

Current Insights of Nano Suspension Drug Delivery System: A Patent Review

Unfortunately, water-solvency continues to be a usual characteristic of medication newcomers in medicine improvement pipelines today. Different cycles have been established to improve the solvency, disintegrating rate, and bioavailability associated with these dynamic fixes having a place utilizing the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) II through IV orders. Since the mid-2000s, nanosuspension, nanocrystal delivery, and nebulous strong scatterings have been more established approaches to overcome the obstructions of ineffective water solvent pharmaceuticals in food and drug administration (FDA) accessible goods. This work supplies a refreshed examination of nanosuspension and dissimilar strong scattering methods, particularly for orally conveyed medications. Moreover, solvency is a vital variable for medication adequacy, autonomously of the course of development. Ineffectively solvent drugs are many times difficult assignments for developers within the sector. Customary methods to improve solvency are of little significance, specifically when the pharmaceuticals are ineffectively liquid all the while they’re watery as well as non-fluid mediums. Nanosuspension technology can be employed to enhance the potency and solubility with insoluble substances medicines. Nanosuspension possesses dual-phase structures made up of precise medication particles scattered throughout a liquid medium kept in check with surfactants. Those strategies generally straightforward plan offer advantages compared to alternative methods. Various methods, comprising wet manufacturing, regions assembling, emulsifying, evaporating the solvent, and releasing simple liquid methods, are employed when making nanosuspension. Subsequently enjoys convenience conveyance via diverse courses, comprising oral, parenteral, aspiratory even visual courses. The current proposal plan provide the ongoing strategies employed to get ready small suspensions, including their application in medication conveyance

Characteristic and mechanism of efficient phosphate removal by Portland cement/slag powder/coal ash-hydrate (PC/SP/CA-H)

The excessive presence of phosphate in water leads to eutrophication, prompting us to develop a novel material named PC/SP/CA-H (Portland cement/slag powder/coal ash-hydrate). The experimental data accorded with the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir model, suggesting that chemical interactions predominated in the adsorption process. Within 4 hours, PC/SP/CA-H rapidly removed phosphate at a rate of 65%, which exceeded 90% after 12 hours with a material dosage of 30 g/L and a phosphate concentration of 30 mg/L. The maximum phosphate adsorption capacity of PC/SP/CA-H was 8.84 mg/g. The material exhibited effective phosphate removal capabilities across a wide pH range of 3.0–11.0. It demonstrated remarkable selectivity to phosphate in the presence of competitive anions, such as CO32-, HCO3-, NO3-, SO42-, and Cl-. Characterization analyses including SEM, BET, XRD, XRF, FTIR, and XPS were conducted to investigate the performance of PC/SP/CA-H and mechanisms of phosphate removal. The findings indicated that phosphate replaced hydroxyl groups on the material to form inner-sphere complexes through ligand exchange. Besides, phosphate was adsorbed onto the positively charged material via electrostatic attraction with protonated hydroxyl groups (-OH2+). It also reacted with metal cations (Ca2+) released by the material to form insoluble crystalline substances (Ca-P) through surface precipitation. This material holds promising prospects for efficiently removing phosphate from water or wastewater, while simultaneously enhancing the resource utilization of coal ash and slag powder.

A LİQUİD PHASE EXTRACTİON PROCESS FOR THE REMOVAL OF ORGANİC MATTER FROM OİL FORMATİON WATERS

In order to separate asphaltene-resin compounds from oil formation waters, it is possible to use the solubility of these substances in another liquid that is not soluble in treated water. If we add such a liquid to the waste water and mix it, then these substances (asphalten-resin compounds) will dissolve in the added liquid and their concentration in the waste water will decrease. This physico-chemical method is based on the law of distribution between phases according to the solubility of the substance when mixing mutually insoluble substances. This method of removing dissolved substances from wastewater is called liquid-phase extraction process; dissolved substances removed at this time - extractable substances; the liquid that is added and does not mix with waste water is called extractant. The liquid phase freed from pollutants is called raffinate. There are several requirements for the extractant - it should form an emulsion with water (because this leads to a decrease in the production capacity of the unit and an increase in solvent loss), regeneration should be easy and it should not have toxic effects. Studies conducted on the ability of aromatic hydrocarbons, including toluene, to form a stable emulsion system with water have led to the fact that aromatic hydrocarbons can be used as extractants in the process of more effectively purifying water from asphaltenes [1, 2] . Keywords: oil formation waters, extractant, liquid phase extraction process, extraction efficiency, isotropic turbulent flow, mass transfer coefficient.