Insoluble Solids Research Articles

Development of Fruit-Based Carbohydrate Gel for Endurance Athletes

The aim of this study was to produce a carbohydrate gel based on genipap and banana and analyze its physico-chemical, rheological, and sensory quality, as well as its proximate composition and antioxidant activity. Three gel samples were formulated containing different concentrations of genipap and clarified banana juice. The formulated samples followed the minimum parameters required and were subjected to analyses of their pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, moisture, ash, lipids, proteins, glucose, fructose, sucrose, polyphenols, antioxidant activity, and rheology. Commercial carbohydrate gel was used as a control sample. It can be concluded that the gel formulations were formulated following the minimum parameters required, with a moderate sensory acceptance. The physico-chemical parameters and proximate composition the developed gels were similar to the commercial gel, while their glucose, sucrose, fructose, polyphenol, and antioxidant activity contents were higher and their rheological properties were within the expected range for this category of commonly marketed products. In the two blocks of analysis mentioned above, data variability was mostly explained by PC1–PC3 at almost 100%. Rheologically, the commercial gel is considered to be a Newtonian fluid, and the developed formulations can be considered as pseudoplastic fluids due to the insoluble solids still present.

Isoflavone-rich extracts from okara using supercritical fluid extraction: Kinetic modeling and characterization

The lipid fraction and bioactive compounds from okara, a by-product of soybean processing, have been extracted by supercritical fluid extraction. The effect of operating parameters, pressure (20–40 MPa), temperature (40–80 ºC), and cosolvent usage (0–10 %wt. ethanol), on the extraction kinetics has been investigated, satisfactorily correlating the experimental data to the Sovová’s model. Extraction yield by SFE ranged from 0.1014 g extract/g insoluble solid (IS) at 20 MPa and 80 ºC to 0.1081 g extract/g IS at 30 MPa and 60 ºC (from 9.2 to 9.8 g extract/100 g okara, respectively), similar to Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane (9.2 ± 0.2 g extract/100 g). Pressure positively affected the initial extraction rate, which also increased with temperature except for the lowest pressure of 20 MPa, exhibiting a typical cross-over behavior. The use of ethanol as cosolvent promoted the extraction of phenolic compounds and isoflavones, and was less important in the extraction of tocopherols. Extraction yield using ethanol increased up to 0.1100 g extract/g IS at 40 MPa and 40 ºC. As expected, the higher content of bioactive compounds in the sc-CO2 + ethanol extracts positively affected the antioxidant capacity, with the maximum found at 20 MPa, 40 ºC and 10 %wt. ethanol.

Sustainable treatment of boron from oilfield produced water for optimum recovery using zirconium chloride oxo-precipitation

This study focuses on the recovery of boron from oilfield-produced water employing the chemical oxo-precipitation method. Zirconium chloride was used to recover boron as a sustainable approach. The study aimed to optimize the parameters to achieve the highest possible boron recovery. It also sought to investigate the impact of operating parameters, including pH, time, oxidizing agent, and dosage of the precipitant, on boron recovery. The optimal operating conditions were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). A comparative study was conducted with barium chloride (chemical oxo-precipitation) and calcium hydroxide (conventional precipitation). The results indicated that the highest boron recovery was achieved at 97% by utilizing chemical oxo-precipitation with zirconium chloride. Meanwhile, barium chloride and calcium hydroxide recovered boron at 89% and 88%, respectively. The precipitates were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The XRF and EDX characterization analysis confirmed the highest boron recovery at 97% with zirconium chloride. SEM showed that zirconium chloride precipitated visible amorphous insoluble solids. The chemical-oxo-precipitation procedure outperforms barium chloride and calcium hydroxide precipitation. The zirconium chloride oxo-precipitation method was proved to be a greener solution for boron recovery.

Physicochemical and microbiological analyzes of Tetragonisca angustula, Melipona mondury and Scaptotrigona postica honey from the first public meliponary in Marília City (São Paulo – Brazil)

Native stingless bees (NSBs) are widely distributed in Brazilian territory. They are responsible for pollinating plants, maintaining biodiversity, and producing honey, a natural and therapeutic sweetener, used by different populations. This study aimed to identify physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of honey samples collected during the first harvesting of Tetragonisca angustula, Melipona mondury, and Scaptotrigona postica bees kept in the first public meliponary situated in Marília, São Paulo state, Brazil. Samples were collected directly from NSB’s hives in the meliponary and sequentially matured in plastic bottles with airlock valves, duringn 90 days, in the Physicochemical Analyzes Laboratory at Fatec Marília. Subsequently, analyzes were carried out to determine pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. In addition, analyzes to determine free acidity, reducing sugars, total soluble solids, apparent sucrose, humidity, insoluble solids, pH, water activity, and hydroxymethylfurfural were performed. Results showed the presence of molds and yeasts. Nevertheless, because the values agreed with the current legislation and the pathogenic and deteriorating contaminants were absent in the honey samples, one may suggest that they were brought to the hive by bees, since floral nectaries are their normal habitats. The physicochemical parameters, with the exception of reducing sugars, agreed with other scientific studies and reinforced the proposal for technical regulation, considering the absence of specific national legislation for NSB’s honey. Therefore, it is considered relevant to establish regulations for NSB’s honey to define identity and standard requirements to guarantee safe consumption and direction for scientific studies in the area.

Variety, growing conditions and processing method act on different structural and biochemical traits to modify viscosity in tomato puree

The texture of tomato products can be modified by choice of variety, their growing conditions and/or processing method, but no clear explanation exists of the mechanisms that transform fruit tissue, how they act on texture, or whether genetics and processing impact the same physical parameters. We therefore conducted a study that processed 4 varieties produced under low/high nitrogen supply, into puree using both hot and cold break processes. No specific rheological signature allows discrimination between cultivar-induced or process-induced textural changes, but that they can be distinguished by sensory analysis. Growth conditions impacted but was not sensory distinguished. Both caused significant variations in 7 of 11 physico-chemical parameters, but the order of importance of these traits controlling texture varied, depending on whether the cause was genetic or process-related. Analysis of alcohol insoluble solids revealed a specific signature in pectin composition and conformation that could be linked to particle aggregation in the presence of lycopene-rich particles.

Cercetări privind stabilirea unor legături dintre compoziția și procesul de structurare a fructelor-snack-uri

The article presents the experimental work results analysis concerning the study of structuring of fruit puree with different content of insoluble solids. Structuring has been carried out in the process of puree dehydration to different values of water activity, which are in the range of 0.38-0.78. Correlations between water activity (aw) and moisture content, and dependences between aw and insoluble solids content have been established for the studied products of different quality. Graphical dependences of the quality organoleptic evaluation on water activity, the content of water-insoluble solids (Inap) and alcohol-insoluble solids (Inal) have been presented for the structured purees. The most favorable ranges of aw, Inap, Inal for fruit puree structuring have been determined.

Inhibitory Effects of the Methanol Extract of the Golden Chanterelle Mushroom, Cantharellus cibarius (Agaricomycetes) in Treating a Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Line

Currently available treatments for acute myeloid leukemia exhibit side effects that limit their use, with primary and secondary resistance as persistent issues. While edible mushrooms possess nutritional value, they are also an excellent source of bioactive compounds that may have the potential to treat multiple disease states. The aim of the present study was to investigate the <i>in vitro</i> inhibitory effects of chromatographic fractions from the methanol extract of <i>Cantharellus cibarius</i> in a human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line MV4-11. The mushrooms were purchased from a grocery store, the fruiting bodies were triturated and then extracted with 99.9% methanol to generate a crude extract. This crude extract was then redissolved in methanol, filtered over cotton to remove insoluble solids, and then fractionated over Sephadex<sup>®</sup> LH-20. Each fraction was dried and then analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC. A typical UV wavelength was selected for the detection of possible anticancer compounds in <i>C. cibarius </i>based on the major chromophores in main fungal anticancer agents reported. Based on chromatographic profiles, specific fractions that might contain potential anticancer agents were combined, and the inhibitory activity of the combined fractions was assessed against the MV4-11 leukemia cell line. Data confirmed that one combined fraction LH-20F-IV showed the greatest degree of <i>in vitro</i> inhibitory activity against the selected cell line. Fast determination of the potential anticancer compound containing fraction was completed through the application of reported chemoinformatics on HPLC detection of possible chromophores in potential anticancer agents, in combination with cellular bioassays.

Application of Thermo-Malaxation Followed by Three-Phase Centrifugation to Enable the Biorefinery of Alperujo, the Main By-Product of Olive Oil.

The pomace olive oil sector needs to improve its use of the main olive oil by-product, called alperujo, which is currently used mainly for combustion after extraction of pomace oil, with all the problems this process entails due to the high degree of humidity, organic load and phytotoxic substances. In this work, a solution at an industrial level that uses thermo-malaxation at a temperature close to 65 °C for one or two hours followed by centrifugation in three phases is proposed. In this way, over 40% of the pomace oil that is rich in minor compounds, a solid with a lower degree of humidity (55%), and a liquid aqueous fraction that is rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolics and sugars are obtained. This aqueous fraction can be treated through subsequent storage stages to increase its content of the main phenolic, hydroxytyrosol, to up to 1.77 g/L, decreasing its percentage of insoluble solids by up to 1.9%, making it possible to obtain extracts that are rich in hydroxytyrosol using systems that are commonly in place at the industrial level. The aqueous fraction, without phenolics, could be used for energy production. A solid with a slightly higher fat content than the initial alperujo remains, thus the rest of the oil content can be extracted from it using solvent, making it, once defatted, suitable for application in subsequent bioprocesses.

Optimisation of Process Parameters for Centrifugal Clarification of Sugarcane Juice for Quality Jaggery

A solid-wall basket-type centrifugal clarifier of 500 l.h-1 capacity having a rotational speed of 1,200 rpm was used for the mechanical clarification of sugarcane juice. The effect of polypropylene filter pore size (5, 10, 15 μm), centrifugation time (5, 10, 15 min), and temperature of juice (60, 70, 80 ºC) on sugarcane juice clarification was studied using Box-Behnken design. Clarification efficiency ranged between 50.8% and 82.5%, whereas optical density (OD) and percent transmittance (%T) varied from 1.95 to 1.05 and 2 to 8, respectively. Optimisation of the process parameters suggested a polypropylene filter pore size of 10 μm, centrifugation time of 15 min, and juice temperature of 80 ºC, contributing to a solution of 82.5% clarification efficiency (ƞ). Jaggery prepared from clarified sugarcane juice appeared brighter in colour (L* value 58.1), and contained less amount of insoluble solids (0.75%) as compared to jaggery prepared from unclarified juice. No significant changes in sucrose and reducing sugar contents in jaggery were observed with clarification.

Differential response of potato cultivars intended for the processing industry

The choice of a cultivar has been the main limitation for the potato processing industry, with low availability of genotypes with adequate shape and size for slicing, absence of non-enzymatic browning after frying, and good storage potential, which is evaluated mainly by the incidence of sprouts. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of 10 cultivars in the pre-fried potato processing industry over a period of up to 180 days of storage at 8°C. Analyses of accumulated mass loss (AML), sprouting, alcohol insoluble solids (AIS), total soluble sugars (TSS), non-reducing sugars (NRS), reducing sugars (RS), and visual staining and colorimetry (L* and b*) were performed after frying. The cultivar Basin Russet presents lower values for AML. The cvs. Innovator and Umatilla Russet were the cultivars that showed later sprouting, and at 180 days, Umatilla Russet had smaller shoots. The AIS levels did not correlate with sprouting and sugar content. The TSS and NRS varied among the cultivars, and the RS contents were in the range of 0.005–0.206%, with Ranger Russet, Russet Burbank, Umatilla Russet, and Yona showing values above 0.12%, which was considered high when compared to the other cultivars. All cultivars were visually classified in category 2 or 3 for the USDA fry color chart. However, through the L* variable, the cultivars Alverstone Russet and Basin Russet presented sticks with a lighter color and the “Challenger” with a more yellowish hue. L* values above 64.1 and b* values above 50.3 are indicated for the evaluated cultivars. It is concluded that among the evaluated cultivars, the best variables for the pre-fried potato processing industry were obtained in the Innovator, Alverstone Russet, and Basin Russet cultivars.

The evaluation of aluminum and iron metal oxide settling behaviors for Hanford insoluble solids waste preprocessing

AbstractThe Hanford site is currently one of the largest and most expensive cleanup sites for hazardous, radioactive waste. Over 20% of the waste found at the Hanford site is in the form of a high activity sludge. The insoluble solids in the sludge will need to be concentrated prior to vitrification in the high‐level waste (HLW) melter. This will minimize the amount of liquid that will be evaporated during the melting process and expedite the melter processing rate. One proposed option for concentrating the insoluble solids is gravity settling in the storage tanks. Metal oxide compounds containing aluminum and iron make up the majority of the insoluble solids in the sludge, therefore understanding the behavior of these compounds in various tank waste matrices can facilitate sludge pretreatment options. A study of non‐radioactive slurry solutions containing Al(OH)3 (gibbsite), AlO(OH) (boehmite), and Fe2O3 (iron (III) oxide) was conducted to determine the time dependent interface behavior and settling rates of these compounds. Variations in solids loading and sodium concentration were evaluated to represent waste processing conditions and the results of these settling studies were compared with prior tank waste settling tests. Information gathered from these studies can be used to inform future decisions on sludge treatment processes of the insoluble solids processed at the Hanford site.

Stabilization of bio-oil from simulated pyrolysis oil using sulfided NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst

Pyrolysis oil comprises compounds with a broad range of functional groups making its thermal/catalytic upgrading challenging due to the formation of undesired char. In this context, the current contribution addresses the thermal and catalytic hydrotreatment of a simulated pyrolysis oil containing all the representative groups of compounds under bio-oil stabilization conditions (180–300 °C, 60 bar, 4 h) using sulfided NiMo/Al2O3. The effect of reaction conditions and different oxygenated organic compounds on the yields and properties of products was compared thoroughly. Interestingly, a correlation between the presence/absence of oxygenated furan and sugar compounds was found to significantly affect the yield of liquid product containing stabilized compounds. The presence of such compound groups significantly enhances the solid formation via oligomerization and polymerization reactions. To gain further insight, the solid products were analyzed/characterized in detail to elucidate their characteristics by extracting them into a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) soluble and insoluble solid fraction. It was found that in the presence of NiMo/Al2O3, increasing temperature from 180 to 300 °C enhances the formation of liquid product due to transformation of some of the soluble solids, while for experiments without the catalyst, the formation of solids was significantly higher. Oppositely, during heating up to 180 °C, no solids were found in the case without the catalyst, however the presence of the catalyst during heating resulted in solid formation due to various catalytic reactions that promoted char formation. Analysis of solids revealed that the structure of soluble solids at lower temperatures (180 °C) using the catalyst was closely related to sugar derivatives, whereas the corresponding insoluble solids with higher molecular weight were not fully char-like developed. However, at higher temperatures, the soluble and insoluble solid compositions were found to contain aliphatic compounds and fully developed char, respectively. Therefore, the stabilization of furan particularly with attached carbonyl groups and sugars derivatives in pyrolysis oil is of great importance to improve upgrading efficiency.

Formulation of Tengger herbal coffee: Effect of coffee type and fennel seed powder

The Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (or Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru/TNBTS) is a popular tourist destination in Indonesia, and the local authorities encourage the development of new local specialty products. One locally available commodity is coffee. This study investigated the best formula for Tengger herbal coffee. The randomized block design (RBD) consisted of two factors, including the coffee types (i.e., Arabica, Robusta, and Arabica:Robusta (50:50)) and the proportion of coffee:fennel seed powders (i.e., 92:8, 90:10, and 88:12). Physicochemical and organoleptic quality parameters were analyzed. In all coffee types, the addition of fennel seed powder at different concentrations significantly affects the sensory attribute (i.e., color, taste, and aroma) and the physicochemical characteristics of Tengger herbal coffee. The blending of coffee with fennel seed powder improved the taste and aroma of the herbal coffee. The best formulation was obtained from A3B3, a mixture of 44% Arabica coffee: 44% Robusta coffee: 12% fennel seed powder. This formula resulted in Tengger herbal coffee with pH 4.9, 16.6 color lightness, 0.64% total insoluble solids (TIS), 0.07% caffeine content, 47.2 mg GAE/g total phenol, 0.49 ppm antioxidant activity (IC50), and 0.58% reducing sugar. The findings confirmed that Tengger herbal coffee offers health benefits from its antioxidant activity, alongside the potential as a traditional beverage product.

Physico-Chemical Properties of Brazilian Eastern Amazon Honey Assessed by Multivariate Principal Components Analysis

Honey from the Apis mellifera bee (Hymenoptera, Apidae) is one of the most consumed beehive products in the world, mainly due to its nutritional and therapeutic value. In poorer regions, its commercialization can be an essential source of income for families and communities. However, the quality of honey can change both during harvesting and processing, as well as by climatic conditionsand the type of vegetation. Therefore, implementing good production practices, with quality control in collection and processing, can add value to this product, promoting the development of the region in which it is produced. Thus, the objectives of this work were to characterize the honey of Africanized honeybees produced in the Eastern Amazon region in the cities of Nova Olinda do Maranhão(NO), Santa Luzia do Paruá (SL) and verify its correlation with a commercial honey sample (CH) – from São Luiz-MA. The physicochemical properties (color, moisture, solids insoluble in water, minerals, and ash, hydroxymethylfurfural, acidity, anddiastatic activity) were analyzed according to the methods of CODEX Alimentarius and the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, and these data were evaluated by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that commercial honey presented higher levels of insoluble solids, HMF, minerals, and ash than samples from NO and SL. Variables that differentiated NO and SL honey were HMF, moisture, and diastase index. Although the samples have different characteristics, the data comply with Brazilian legislation, which can strengthen the development of apiculture in the region.

Characteristics of Seasoning Powders from Nagara Bean Tempeh and Oyster Mushroom for Umami Enhancer to Reduce Salt-use

Aims: Nagara bean tempeh and oyster mushroom have high protein, and free glutamate can increase the umami effect. The formulation is needed to obtain the desired umami level.The research aimed to formulate seasoning powders of Nagara bean tempeh flour, white oyster mushroom flour, salt, and sugarto enhance the umami taste.
 Study Design: This research formulated seasoning powder using a randomized block design involving two treatment factors: 1) the concentration of salt, Nagarabean tempeh flour, and white oyster mushroom flour,and 2) the percentage of sugar.
 Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of analytical chemistry and industrial environment, Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, LambungMangkurat University, between June and November 2021.
 Methodology: The seasoning flavor formulation includes the proportion of salt 50% to 20 %, and the remaining composition is the ratio of Nagara bean tempeh flour and oyster mushroom flour 50: 50. The addition of sugar 0%, 25%, and 30% is also studied in this formulation to determine the effect of strengthening the umami taste. The seasoning powder was analyzed bychemical and sensory analysis.
 Results: Data analysis showed that the NaCl content in the seasoning powder decreased according to the reduced salt concentration in the seasoning formula. The proportions of salt: Nagara bean tempeh flour and oyster mushroom flour 20: 40: 40 produced the highest soluble protein content, total acid, and insoluble solids. Adding 25-30% sugar strengthened umami sensory test results more than the others.The results of salty taste scoring correlated with the proportion of salt in the formulation, where the salt ratio of 40%-50% was significantly not different.
 Conclusion: Seasoning powder formulation using salt, Nagara bean tempeh flour, and oyster mushroom flour did not yet providea strong umami effect. The umami effect should be enhanced by added sugar. Seasoning powder with slightly strong umami was obtained in the formulation of salt: Nagara bean tempeh flour: oyster mushroom flour by 20: 40: 40 with the sugar addition of 25%. According to the formula, salt consumption can be reduced by adding Nagara bean tempeh flour and white oyster mushroom flour in seasoning powder.

The properties and formation mechanism of ovalbumin-fucoidan complex

The polymeric materials formed by proteins and polysaccharides through molecular interactions have attracted public attention. In this study, a novel binary complex consisting of ovalbumin (OVA) and fucoidan (FUC) was obtained by electrostatic self-assembly. The self-assembly properties and the formation mechanism of the OVA-FUC binary complex were investigated by changing the charging degree and density of complex through altering pH value and polysaccharides proportion. Structural changes during the OVA-FUC electrostatic self-assembly process were investigated by a phase diagram, ζ-potential, and particle size. The optimal conditions for preparing soluble OVA-FUC binary complex were determined by the protein retention rate and insoluble solids content. Results showed that the soluble OVA-FUC binary complex could be obtained at the pH of 3.5 to 5, and the insoluble OVA-FUC binary complex was generated at the pH of 2.5 to 3.5. The OVA-FUC binary complex (19 ± 0.29 mN/m) possessed a medium ability to reduce interfacial tension of the water-oil interface compared with OVA (15 ± 1.13 mN/m) and FUC (24 ± 0.3 mN/m), indicating that OVA-FUC binary complex has good amphiphilicity and can be applied as a potential pH-controlled emulsifier in function food systems for delivering bioactive substances.

Design Strategy of Corrosion-Resistant Electrodes for Seawater Electrolysis

Electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen (H2) production has attracted more and more attention in the context of energy shortages. The use of scarce pure water resources, such as electrolyte, not only increases the cost but also makes application difficult on a large scale. Compared to pure water electrolysis, seawater electrolysis is more competitive in terms of both resource acquisition and economic benefits; however, the complex ionic environment in seawater also brings great challenges to seawater electrolysis technology. Specifically, chloride oxidation-related corrosion and the deposition of insoluble solids on the surface of electrodes during seawater electrolysis make a significant difference to electrocatalytic performance. In response to this issue, design strategies have been proposed to improve the stability of electrodes. Herein, basic principles of seawater electrolysis are first discussed. Then, the design strategy for corrosion-resistant electrodes for seawater electrolysis is recommended. Finally, a development direction for seawater electrolysis in the industrialization process is proposed.

Characteristics and Flavonoid Content of Honey Apis dorsata Binghami from The Manembo Forest of South Minahasa

One of the producers of honey bees in North Sulawesi comes from the Manembo Forest, South Minahasa. Today many ordinary people do not know the quality of good honey. This study aims to study the characteristics of bee honey from the South Minahasa Manembo Forest based on SNI. The research was conducted in April-July 2022. The research method used for testing the quality of honey was using qualitative research methods. The data obtained were then analyzed using descriptive data analysis. Determination of total flavonoid levels using quercetin as a comparison. The absorbance value was measured by UV-Vis spectro-photometer. The absorbance value is then entered into the linear regression equation. The results showed that the characteristics of Manembo forest honey, South Minahasa Regency based on SNI 2018 parameters met the standards and quality with the percentage of reducing sugar 68.53%, sucrose content 3.07%, insoluble solids 0.14%, diastase enzyme DN=4 and 0.03% ash content while those that do not meet the standard are water content with a percentage of 25%. The results of the analysis of the total flavonoid content showed a value of 1.6 mgQE/g. For further research, it is recommended to make an antidiabetic or anti-bacterial analysis in forest honey.

High-solid dark fermentation of cassava pulp and cassava processing wastewater for hydrogen production

Dark fermentation (DF) is a promising biological process for hydrogen production from biomass. However, low hydrogen yield (HY) is a major hurdle impeding its use at large-scale operation. A potential way to mitigate this problem is to increase the concentration of substrate in the process to increase hydrogen production. The present study investigated the possibility of using high-solid DF to produce hydrogen from cassava processing wastes, i.e., cassava pulp (CP) and cassava processing wastewater (CPW). CP was suspended in CPW and hydrolyzed enzymatically under optimum conditions of 150 g-CP/L, 29 U/g of α-amylase, 47 U/g of glucoamylase, and 60 FPU/g of cellulase. The hydrolysis performed at 50 °C for 24 h yielded a reducing sugar concentration of 117.7 ± 1.8 g/L, equivalent to 0.78 g-reducing-sugar/g-CP. Subsequent DF of CP-CPW enzymatic slurry, which contained 12.1% water insoluble solids, resulted in a cumulative production of 13.72 ± 0.22 L-H2, equivalent to 225.2 ± 3.7 mL-H2/g-VS. This was 83.1% of a maximum stoichiometric HY, based on carbohydrate content of CP and soluble metabolites production. The present study shows clearly the applicability of high-solid DF in the production of hydrogen from cassava processing wastes.

A critical review of the application of polymer of low concern regulatory criteria to fluoropolymers II: Fluoroplastics and fluoroelastomers.

Fluoropolymers are a distinct class of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), high molecular weight (MW) polymers with fluorine attached to their carbon-only backbone. Fluoropolymers possess a unique combination of properties and unmatched functional performance critical to the products and manufacturing processes they enable and are irreplaceable in many uses. Fluoropolymers have documented safety profiles; are thermally, biologically, and chemically stable, negligibly soluble in water, nonmobile, nonbioavailable, nonbioaccumulative, and nontoxic. Although fluoropolymers fit the PFAS structural definition, they have very different physical, chemical, environmental, and toxicological properties when compared with other PFAS. This study describes the composition, uses, performance properties, and functionalities of 14 fluoropolymers, including fluoroplastics and fluoroelastomers, and presents data to demonstrate that they satisfy the widely accepted polymer hazard assessment criteria to be considered polymers of low concern (PLC). The PLC criteria include physicochemical properties, such as molecular weight, which determine bioavailability and warn of potential hazard. Fluoropolymers are insoluble (e.g., water, octanol) solids too large to migrate into the cell membrane making them nonbioavailable, and therefore, of low concern from a human and environmental health standpoint. Further, the study results demonstrate that fluoropolymers are a distinct and different group of PFAS and should not be grouped with other PFAS for hazard assessment or regulatory purposes. When combined with an earlier publication by Henry et al., this study demonstrates that commercial fluoropolymers are available from the seven participating companies that meet the criteria to be considered PLC, which represent approximately 96% of the global commercial fluoropolymer market. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:326-354. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).