Insignificant Impact Research Articles

PENGARUH KURS, CADANGAN DEVISA DAN PRODUKSI TERHADAP EKSPOR KARET ALAM DI INDONESIA

This study aims to determine the influence of exchange rates, foreign exchange reserves, and production on natural rubber exports in Indonesia. The data used is secondary data in the form of a time series from 1971-2021 obtained from the World Bank and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). Previous findings have examined exchange rates, foreign exchange reserves, production, and general exports using different commodities. At the same time, this study specializes in exchange rates, foreign exchange reserves, and production associated with natural rubber exports in Indonesia. Data analysis uses the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) approach, with all variables being stationary at the same level, i.e., differentiated in the first derivative. All variables must be co-integrated and have a negative ECT (Error Correction Term) value to make the model valid and usable. The results show that the exchange rate variable has a positive and insignificant effect in the short term. In contrast, in the long term, the exchange rate variable positively and significantly impacts natural rubber exports in Indonesia. The foreign exchange reserve variable positively and substantially affects natural rubber exports in Indonesia in the short term. In the long term, the foreign exchange reserve variable positively affects not significantly. Furthermore, production variables in the short term are insignificant, and in the long term, production variables have a positive but insignificant impact on natural rubber exports in Indonesia

The rise of female warriors: Unveiling the factors behind career progression of Indonesia's army corps

Although modern‐day institutions have bridged gender inequality gaps to some extent by recruiting female employees, there is limited information about the career progression (CP) of these females especially in military institutions. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the factors affecting the CP of female army corps employed in developing countries. The fundamentals of the theory of gendered organizations are operationalized to develop the theoretical model and investigate whether institutional factors (IFC), sociocultural background (SCB), resource facilitation (RFC), and personal skill and competency (PSC) influence CP of female army corps. The primary data was collected from 352 females employed in the army corps and was analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. The findings confirm that our conceptualized factors (IFC, SCB, RFC, and PSC) influence CP. Particularly, the results indicate a significant positive impact of IFC and PSC and an insignificant positive impact of SCB and RFC on the CP of female army corps. This empirical study contributes to developing gender and talent management strategies in the workplace by enhancing the CP of females.

Statistical Estimation and Inference of Board Composition on Financial Performance of Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria

This study examines the relationship between board characteristics and financial performance of listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria, highlighting the gap in existing literature on the topic. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of board independence, board size, and gender diversity on financial performance. A sample of three listed oil and gas firms on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) was selected, and secondary data from annual financial statements for 2010-2021 were analyzed using panel regression and correlation analysis. The findings reveal that female board members have a positive and significant impact on financial performance, while board independence and board size have a positive but insignificant impact. The study concludes that gender diversity on boards is a key factor in driving financial success, and recommends increasing the number of female board members to improve financial performance. The results contribute to the understanding of the relationship between board characteristics and financial performance in the Nigerian oil and gas industry.

Beneath the surface: discovering the fascinating factors shaping blue economy investment behaviour and paving the way for sustainable performance: an empirical study of the marine shipping firms in Egypt

ABSTRACT The blue economy investment behaviour has become highly important in the past decades as it relies on making positive investment decisions which lead to the development and growth of sustainability of every country. This paper contributes to the literature through the investigation of the drivers affecting blue economy investments, and the overall impact on the sustainability of the supply chain performance of marine shipping firms in Egypt. Egypt has a strategic geographic location with long coastlines along the Red, Mediterranean and Gulf of Aqaba seas, in addition to around 50 marine ports to which logistics firms have access to. Relying on the Technology, Organization, and Environment (TOE) theory and Appiah et al. (2023) model, this paper finds positive impacts of five factors – technological, organisational, environmental, cost spending and supply chain management on blue economy investment decisions in Egypt; however, it finds an insignificant impact of the regulatory factors on stimulating substantial investment. In addition, this paper finds an overall positive impact of blue economy investments on the sustainability of the supply chains of the Egyptian marine shipping firms. This paper suggests actions to be implemented by the Egyptian government to entirely switch to a blue economy to support the sustainability of its blue waters.

The moderating role of board gender diversity on the association between audit committee attributes and integrated reporting quality

PurposeThe main objective of the research is to examine the influence of audit committee attributes on the integrated reporting quality (IRQ) and to investigate whether this association is moderated by board gender diversity in the manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors. The study specifically investigates the association between audit committee independence, meetings frequency, financial expertise, audit committee size, and integrated reporting quality.Design/methodology/approachThe data collection was from the financial statements and corporate governance reports of 54 Egyptian firms listed on the stock market [EGX100] for the period of 2018–2022. The study used pooled effect modelling and performed data analysis using the STATA software.FindingsFor the manufacturing sector, the results showed a significant impact of audit committee independence and meetings frequency on IRQ, while audit committee size and financial expertise showed insignificant association with IRQ. Board gender diversity moderates the association between audit committee meetings only and IRQ. In contrast, audit committee financial expertise and meetings frequency significantly impact IRQ, while audit committee independence and size showed an insignificant impact on IRQ in the non-manufacturing sector. Also, board gender diversity moderates the association between audit committee and IRQ. The findings highlight the significance of AC attributes and provide guidance to firms to strengthen their audit committees in order to provide high quality of integrated reports to increase investor trust in the Egyptian business environment as it is now mandatory by the government.Originality/valueThis research offers unique perspectives on the association between variables in Egypt. This study is one of the first investigations on the impact of audit committee attributes and board diversity on integrated reporting quality within the context of Egyptian listed companies. Comprehending the ways in which audit committee attributes impact the integrated reporting quality in the manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors can enable organizations to devise focused approaches that comply to the unique operational, regulatory, and investor demands in each sector.

Controlling changes caused by holes by adding fibers to composite concrete components

Crack propagation can be affected by the holes of the placement of rebars in the reinforced concrete and the resulting changes in the homogeneous structure of concrete. This experimental study aimed at investigating the fiber self-compacting concrete failure and crack propagation in concrete specimens with circular central holes and contain 2, 4, and 8 fiber percentages. The crack propagation mechanisms under the uniaxial compressive strength of the concrete were studied by investigating the holes created by rebars buried in the reinforced concrete. Three concrete mix designs with different compressive strengths of 27, 30, and 33 MPa were used for detailed analysis of the fiber concrete behavior by 224 standard 150 mm cubic specimens. The results showed the insignificant impact of small holes with an approximate area of 1.4% of the specimen surface area on the failure structure so that crack propagation in this case was similar to that occurred in the hole-free concrete. The compressive strength of concrete decreased, by increasing the crack prorogation around the holes. The compressive strength of the concrete may be reduced significantly by increasing the hole diameter. Taking into account these factors in the design of the connection core can reduce the compressive strength of concrete by 30% depending on the rebar grid.

Pengaruh Social Media Marketing dan Brand Ambassador Terhadap Minat Beli Pada Produk Scarlett Whitening

The study explores how consumer interest in purchasing Scarlett bleach products is influenced by the interaction between social media marketing and brand ambassadors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential impact of brand ambassadors and social media marketing on consumer interest in purchasing Scarlett Whitening products. Using purposive sampling, a non-probability sampling technique, 54 students who had purchased Scarlett products were respondents in total. Google Forms distributed questionnaires are used in the data collection method. The findings of the study showed that the t-value was 1.129 < 2.008 and that the social media marketing variable had a negative and insignificant impact on the variable that measured interest in buying Scarlett bleaching products, with an effect of 0.267 > 0.05. At 0.000 < 0.05 and 1 count 5.292 > t table 2.008, The Brand Ambassador variable has been proven to have a positive and rather significant effect on the variable of Scarlett Whitening's buying interest in products.

The impact of urbanisation on green total factor productivity: Exploring threshold and mediating effects of human capital.

Green development is main direction of high-quality economic development in China. Urbanisation and human capital (HC) are important factors affecting green development. This study examines effects of urbanisation and HC on green total factor productivity (GTFP) using least squares dummy variable model, based on provincial data in China from 2001 to 2019. This study then explored impact of urbanisation on GTFP through HC (educated HC, healthy HC, and HC structure), adopting mediating effect and threshold effect model. The results showed that urbanisation and three types of HC promote GTFP in China and coastal region. In inland region, urbanisation has insignificant impact on GTFP, while educated HC and HC structure improve it. The mediating analysis revealed that educated and healthy HC in China and coastal region enhance promotion effect of urbanisation on GTFP, whereas HC structure hinders it. In inland region, only healthy HC stimulates promotion effect of urbanisation on GTFP. Considering threshold effect of educated and healthy HC, promotion effect of urbanisation on GTFP is weaker than threshold value; but effect is stronger above threshold value. The promotion effect of urbanisation on GTFP is stronger when value of HC structure is below the threshold, while effect is weakened as value exceeds threshold value. Policy implications are documented to promote urbanisation in a differentiated manner, increase investment in HC, and strengthen coordination between urbanisation and HC.

Towards a greener tomorrow: What role does fiscal policy play in fostering environmental sustainability in Pakistan?

AbstractThe concept of environmental sustainability has become a significant concern in the last several decades. The degradation of the environment has significant implications for human well‐being, subsequently affecting productivity and economic growth. Consequently, achieving the goal of environmental sustainability emerges as a primary objective. The goal of this study is to develop an Environmental Sustainability Index that specifically targets factors related to air, land, and water. The second goal is to assess the short‐ and long‐term impacts of fiscal policies on the environmental sustainability. The asymmetric influence of fiscal measures on sustainability is assumed in the present investigation. A time series data for the period 1974–2020 are used for the analysis. For the estimation of asymmetric effects, the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) technique is applied. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that subsidy and developmental expenditures have a detrimental effect on environmental sustainability in the presence of positive shocks. Conversely, a negative shock in subsidies does not yield a significant impact, whereas a negative shock in development expenditures has a noteworthy and adverse influence on environmental sustainability. In the short run, the positive shock to both subsidy and developmental expenditures significantly affects environmental sustainability while the negative shock to developmental expenditure has an insignificant impact while subsidy has a significant effect on environmental sustainability. The study suggests that while making fiscal policies, the government should consider the environmental aspects of these measures.

Analisis Pengaruh Standar Operasional Prosedur, Teknologi Informasi, dan Pengawasan Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan (Studi Kasus pada PT. Fore Coffee Malang)

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of standard operating procedures (SOP), information technology, and supervision on employee performance at PT. Fore Coffee Malang. This study utilizes a quantitative data method with multiple linear regression, obtained from primary data of respondents. Sampling is carried out through purposive sampling technique involving 48 employees at PT. Fore Coffee Malang. Data analysis involves scale range, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression tests, and hypothesis testing such as t-test and F-test. The results of the research indicate that standard operating procedures (SOP) and information technology have a positive and significant impact, while supervision has a positive but insignificant impact on employee performance at PT. Fore Coffee Malang. In conclusion, the implementation of standard operating procedures (SOP), information technology, and effective supervision can influence employee performance, with the potential to enhance company productivity.

Resident perspectives unveiled: The role of a sustainable destination image in shaping pro-sustainable responses

This paper examines the effects of a sustainable destination image on residents' satisfaction and pro-sustainable behavior considered through positive word-of-mouth (WOM) and engagement in sustainable tourism practices. The paper also explains the moderating role of two demographic variables, i.e., gender and age, in the proposed research model. The findings show that a sustainable destination image affects residents' satisfaction, positive WOM, and engagement, while satisfaction is found to influence only positive WOM with an insignificant impact on engagement. Whereas gender moderates only the relationship between residents’ satisfaction and engagement, the moderating role of age is not confirmed.

Global value chain participation, trade cost and benefits of timber industry

The purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of global value chain participation (GVCP) on the gains from trade and trade costs of the timber industry and reveal the underlying influence mechanism. The GVCP Index, Novy (2011) method, and WWZ Value Added Decomposition method have been used to measure the degree of global value chain participation, trade costs, and gains from trade of the timber industry, respectively. The results show that the export gains from trade of the timber industry featured inter-annual sustainability. Further, GVCP, has an insignificant impact, suggesting that the industry’s degree of GVCP is limited. While the current trade cost and policy barriers to forest product trade harm it. And the cost of export trade has a strong lag effect on gains from trade. The increase of current trade costs reduces the short-term benefits; but in the long run, the trade costs and benefits show a synchronous growth trend. To maintain and enhance its competitiveness, therefore, the industry will have to change the GVCP degree and mode of the timber industry, reduce short-term trade costs, and improve the quality and legitimacy certification level of timber products.

Dynamic effects of fiscal consolidations on income inequality in Sub-Saharan African countries

ABSTRACT This study explores the short-to-medium-term effects of fiscal consolidation on income inequality in 40 Sub-Saharan African countries from 1990 to 2021 by applying the quantile local projection method at the median. The study finds that periods of fiscal consolidation reduce inequality in the short run, with spending-driven consolidation having a positive effect on income parity, while tax-driven consolidations have an insignificant impact. The study concludes that the distributional effects of fiscal consolidation in SSA countries are “progressive,” implying that well-designed and targeted fiscal measures contribute to more equitable income distribution.

Determinants of Business Freedom in Developing Countries: The Role of Institutional Development and Policy Mix

Smooth and stable commercial/business activities are the prime concern of every nation, as these activities decide the developmental routes of the economy. This study has examined the role of institutional development and policy mix in determining business freedom in developing countries. Institutional development has been measured with the help of government effectiveness and political stability. Policy mix have been measured with the help of monetary freedom and fiscal freedom. To examine the impact of explanatory variables on the explained variable, this study has used panel least squares, random effect model, and generalized method of moments. The estimated results show that fiscal freedom has a negative and significant impact on business freedom, whereas, monetary freedom has an insignificant impact on business freedom in the case of developing countries. The results show that government effectiveness, political stability, and tread freedom are encouraging business freedom in developing countries. The corporate tax has a negative and significant impact on business freedom. Empirical show that developing countries are more inclined towards non-developmental expenditures, thus to control the negative impacts of fiscal freedom developing countries needs rationalization in government expenditures. Developing countries should promote government effectiveness, political stability, and trade freedom to enhance business freedom. To control the negative impacts of corporate taxes, developing countries should rationalize tax policies to promote business freedom.

A Fair Investment Environment: The Impact of the Shadow Economy, the Harshness of the Courts Against Corrupt Officials, Tax Pressure and Restrictions on Business

Creating a fair investment environment is crucial for economic growth and attracting domestic and foreign investors. The purpose of this study is to find out how the shadow economy, harshness of courts against corrupt officials, tax pressure, and restrictions on business affect the fair investment environment. Therefore, two economic-mathematical models are built using multiple least squares regression analysis, in which the outcome variables are: in model 1 ‒ control over corruption, which is a component of the Global Governance Index; in model 2 ‒ the European Business Association’s Investment Attractiveness Index. The composition of the factor attributes in both models is the same: Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International; level of shadow economy according to the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine; the number of criminal cases in courts under the article “Acceptance of an offer, promise or receipt of an undue benefit by an official” using open data from the Unified State Register of Court Decisions; total tax and fee rate, which reflects taxes and mandatory payments as a percentage of commercial profit, determined by the World Bank Group methodology; assessment of “Starting Business” by Doing Business, according to the methodology of the World Bank Group. The modeling is based on the example of Ukraine for 2012‒2022. Calculations based on Model 1 show that restrictions on business have the greatest impact on the corruption control indicator (a 10% reduction in restrictions leads to a 3-point reduction in the need to control corruption), the shadow economy and tax pressure have an average impact (a one-point increase in them will increase the level of corruption by 0.4 points). The harshness of the courts against corrupt officials has the least impact (most corruption cases in Ukraine do not reach the courts). Calculations based on Model 2 show that the complexity of starting a business exerts the greatest impact on investment attractiveness (if it decreases by 15%, investment attractiveness will increase by almost 1 unit). The average impact is exerted by the increase in the shadow economy (a 10% increase in the shadow economy leads to a rise in investment attractiveness by 0.4 units). The insignificant impact is exerted by the tax burden and judicial punishment of corrupt officials.

Leadership styles and organisational communication in selected public universities in Uganda

This study aimed to assess the impact of leadership styles on organisational communication in selected public universities in Uganda. Specifically, the study examined the influence of transformational and transactional leadership styles on organisational communication within these universities. The four public universities included in the study were Kyambogo University, Gulu University, Busitema University, and Mbarara University of Science and Technology. A correlational research design was employed, and data was collected from a sample of managerial staff, namely administrative and academic heads, using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) were used to analyse the data using SmartPLS. The descriptive findings indicated that the organisational communication within the university was satisfactory, and the utilisation of transformational leadership styles by the leaders was high, while the use of transactional leadership styles was moderate. The findings from the Structural Equation Modeling confirmed that both transformational and transactional leadership styles had a positive and significant impact on organisational communication, while the passive-avoidant leadership style had a positive but insignificant impact. As a result, it was concluded that while transformational and transactional leadership styles are crucial for enhancing organisational communication in public universities, the passive-avoidant management/laissez-faire style is not. The study recommended that university leaders should emphasise the use of both transformational and transactional leadership styles to improve organisational communication. This study's implication is that it identifies the leadership styles necessary for enhancing organisational communication in universities.

The Use of Virtual Reality in Stable Sitting Trunk Rehabilitation for Stroke Patients: A Pilot Study

INTRODUCTION: Virtual reality (VR) holds promise for stroke rehabilitation. However, many existing VR systems requires users to stand while playing, posing a potential falling risk for stroke patients. This study investigated the effects of a custom-developed VR system that focus on trunk rehabilitation in stable sitting position on muscle activities, postural control, and physiological cost compared to conventional trunk exercises in stroke patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional observational pilot study was conducted involving 12 paretic stroke subjects performing four exercises: two Conventional Trunk Exercises (CTE) and two VR-based Trunk Exercises (VRTE) using customized Tilt-The-Maze (self-paced) or Catch-The-Mole (game-paced) games. Muscle activity was measured using electromyography (EMG). Postural control data in the Anterior-Posterior (AP) and Medio-Lateral (ML) axes was recorded using a force plate, while the physiological cost was measured via a heart rate sensor during the exercises. RESULTS: The results indicated low muscle activity and light-intensity cardiovascular responses in all CTE and VRTE exercises. Game-paced VRTE recorded slightly higher Center of Pressure (CoP) velocity in the AP and ML axes versus CTE (AP:4.40±1.80 vs. 4.02±1.20 cm/s; ML:6.40±2.54 vs. 5.42±2.21 cm/s). In contrast, the self-paced VRTE showed an insignificant impact on postural control than both CTE and game-paced VRTE. CONCLUSION: The game-paced VRTE induced comparable effects on muscular activation, postural control, and physiological cost to that of CTE in stroke patients. The findings suggest the stable-sitting VR system as a supplementary approach to the existing trunk rehabilitation protocols for stroke patients.

THE IMPACT OF PORTFOLIO DIVERSIFICATION ON THE PROFITABILITY OF LICENSED COMMERCIAL BANKS IN SRI LANKA

Licensed commercial banks are essential for ensuring the stability of any country's financial system. According to the 2022 annual report of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL), licensed commercial banks collectively held fifty-five percent of total assets. Portfolio diversification stands as a fundamental strategy for mitigating risk and enhancing returns in the banking sector. Thus, this study aims to investigate the relationship between portfolio diversification and profitability within the realm of licensed commercial banks operating in Sri Lanka. The researcher set out to achieve two research objectives by examining the correlation between the diversification index and profitability. Return on Asset and Return on Equity were used as measurement criterion of profitability. The dependent variable, portfolio diversification, was measured using a diversification index derived from the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). A sample of ten listed banks was selected out of twenty-four licensed commercial banks. Secondary data were collected from the annual reports of ten listed commercial banks for the period of 2012 – 2022. A fixed effect model was selected among panel data regression models after conducting the F test, LM test, and Hausman test. The study's findings indicate that the diversification index has an insignificant negative impact on ROA and a significant negative impact on ROE. The equity ratio of banks has a negative, insignificant impact on both ROA and ROE. Bank size has a significant and negative impact on both ROA and ROE. Therefore, the findings of the study demonstrate that diversification negatively impacts both ROA and ROE. The findings from this study hold significant implications for both banking institutions and policymakers in Sri Lanka. Understanding the relationship between portfolio diversification and profitability can inform strategic decision-making within banks, guiding them towards more effective risk management practices and resource allocation strategies. In essence, this study contributes to the existing literature by offering empirical evidence and theoretical insights into the impact of portfolio diversification on the profitability of licensed commercial banks in Sri Lanka.

Management of Food Security Culturization in Nature Elementary Schools: Policy, Learning, and Student Engagement

Food insecurity affects every aspect of student development. Cultivating food security through education can be implemented through the culturization of food security in nature schools, and it is encouraged to be managed at the elementary level. Research relating to differences in the influence of nature school management on food security has not yet been found. This research aims to analyze the differences in the influence of general and Islamic school management on the culturization of food security. This research used a quantitative approach with a multivariate analysis of variance method using SPSS software. Data were collected using questionnaires of 20 items consisting of three aspects: school policy, learning activity, and student engagement. The participants were 28 principals and representatives in 15 nature elementary schools in West Java Province, Indonesia. The respondents were chosen from a population of nature elementary school principals using purposive sampling. The sampling encompasses the distribution of nature elementary schools based on types of school management and their distributive location. The result of the multivariate test shows a value of 0,260 0.05. This result means that different types of school management have an insignificant impact on the culturization of food security. The weakest aspect is school policy, with a mean score of 15.93, while learning activity and student engagement obtain a mean score of 27.25 and 27.50 for each. These findings imply that school policy in nature elementary schools must be improved to support a food security culture.

An Investigation into Factors that Determine the Adoption of Islamic Banking and Finance: Evidence from Jalalabad, Afghanistan

The performance of its banks determines a country's economic success, as their key focus is to give support and cohesion to the financial sector regulation by acting as an intermediary between various parties such as individuals, organizations, and governments to conduct depositing and lending money operations smoothly. The majority of the population in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, prefers the non-Islamic banking system over the Islamic banking system due to their unawareness of Islamic services and products. This study aims to investigate the factors that determine the adoption of Islamic banking and finance in Afghanistan. The factors determining the adoption of Islamic banking and finance include religious awareness, social influence, relative advantage, and networking. These factors are considered independent variables, and the adoption of Islamic banking is considered a dependent variable in the current study. The data are collected through a self-administered survey questionnaire among 290 respondents. These respondents include employees of different organizations, students, shopkeepers, and residents of Jalalabad. The collected data was analyzed using correlation and regression analysis using SPSS 22.0. The findings of the study revealed that religion, awareness, and social influence have a significant impact on the intention of the respondents, whereas relative advantage and networking have an insignificant impact on the intention of respondents to adopt Islamic banking in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. Most studies suggest a need to educate the public about Islamic banking services and products, and the Islamic banking system must make greater efforts to compete with the conventional banking system in Afghanistan.