Insertion Height Research Articles

YIELD TRAITS OF SOYBEAN CULTIVATED UNDER BRACHIARIA AND MILLET STRAW AND POTASSIUM DOSES

There are many doubts about which straw-supplying species should be cultivated in a no-tillage system and which potassium doses are adequate for the Cerrado soils. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the agronomic traits (plant height, first pod insertion height, and stem diameter); yield traits (number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, and 100-grain weight), grain yield (kg ha-1) and potassium content in the leaves, in the production of soybean cultivated in different straws and potassium doses in two crop seasons under Cerrado conditions in the region of Ceres, Goiás, Brazil. Two types of straw (Brachiaria and millet) and four potassium doses were evaluated. A randomized complete block design arranged in a 2x2x4 factorial scheme with four repetitions was used. Two crop seasons (2011/2012 and 2012/2013), two types of straw (Millet and Brachiaria), and four potassium doses (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha-1 of K2O using KCl as source) were evaluated. Phosphate fertilization was performed using 400 kg ha-1 of simple superphosphate, and the cultivar used was P98Y12. The largest plant height values were obtained by applying 90 kg ha-1 of K2O. The Brachiaria straw promoted a grain yield increase associated with the potassium doses increment. The highest grain yield was 4,353.90 kg ha-1, achieved by applying 65 kg ha-1 of K2O using millet straw. The highest grain yield reached was at the rate of 90 kg ha-1 of K2O, resulting in 5,208 kg ha-1. The greatest K accumulation in the leaf is provided by Brachiaria straw.

Nitrogen response of two corn cultivars grown alone or intercropped in a soybean succession system in the Brazilian cerrado

The most widely used production systems in the Cerrado region are soybean (Glycine max)-corn (Zea mays) and soybean-corn intercropped with ruzigrass [Urochloa ruziziensis (Syn. Brachiaria ruziziensis)]. Thus, these systems may require a higher supply of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic traits of two corn cultivars grow in the second-crop harvest in different environments, production systems, and N application rates in an Oxisol in the Cerrado region of Mato Grosso do Sul. The experimental design was a randomized block arranged in a split-split plot with three replicates. Plots consisted of two environments (UFMS 1 and UFMS 2), subplots consisted of two production systems [corn alone (monoculture) or corn intercropped with U. ruziziensis, and sub-subplots of five N application rates in topdressing (0, 40, 80, 120, or 160 kg N/ha). Urea was used as the source of N (45% N), and it was applied 30 days after emergence (DAE). Two corn cultivars (NS50 and Invictus Viptera 3) were used. During the flowering period of corn (i.e., after the emergence of female inflorescence), the relative chlorophyll index, leaf N concentration, plant height, and ear insertion height were recorded. At physiological maturity, the ear insertion height, ear length, number of grain rows per ear, number of grains per row, ear diameter, mass of one thousand grains, and grain yield were measured. The corn grain yield is lower in the system intercropped with U. ruziziensis when compared to the cultivation of corn alone (monoculture). In addition, the environment with greater soil base saturation and N availability (UFMS 2) results in a distinct response for the corn cultivar used; thus, a greater grain yield is expected from cultivar Viptera 3 in this environment. The maximum agronomic efficiency for corn grain yield is obtained with 102 to 123 kg N/ha for the Viptera 3 and NS50 PRO cultivars, respectively.

Agronomic performance of soybeans with the presence of volunteer RR corn

The presence of volunteer corn plants among soybeans, both resistant to glyphosate, has increased in recent years in Brazil. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact on the agronomic performance in RR soybeans by the presence of volunteer RR corn in field conditions. The experiment was conducted in Tiradentes do Sul (RS), 2018/19 harvest. The experimental design used in the experiment was randomized blocks with four replications: control in the clean (only soybean) and eight densities of volunteer corn in soybean crop with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 corn plants m-2. In the physiological maturation of soybean, plant height, number of lateral branches, stem diameter, height of insertion of the first pod, number of pods plant-1 and grain yield were evaluated. All variables analyzed were negatively affected by the increase in the density of volunteer corn infestation, where the variables grain yield and number of pods plant-1 were the most affected, 63% and 81%, respectively. The presence of volunteer corn has a high capacity to reduce the yield of soybeans in the proportion of 500 kg ha-1 plant-1 of corn m-2, and even at low densities, it needs control.

APPLICATION OF ADJUVANT ASSOCIATED WITH FUNGICIDE TO CONTROL THE TARGET BLACK (Corynespora cassiicola) IN SOYBEAN CULTURE

Soybean represents one of the main agricultural assets in Brazil. However, due to the climatic conditions of high temperature and humidity, it is subject to fungal diseases, which can compromise the productivity and efficiency of the agricultural system. This work evaluated the efficiency of the mixture of SERE 7 adjuvant with fungicide to combat the target spot in soybean. The application was carried out 14 days after the R1 stage and 34 days after the R1 stage, compared to application of the fungicide alone. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the phenological stages: plant height, height of insertion of the first pod and plant population; however, a lower target spot severity was observed, with less defoliation and an increase of 8.3% (5.0 sc ha⁻¹) in terms of productivity. The association of SERE 7 proved to be beneficial, enhancing the action of the fungicide in combating the target spot in the soybean crop.

Characterization and Incidence of Target Spot Lesions in Unifoliate Leaves, Petioles, and Stems of Soybean Cultivars

This study aimed to classify the different types of leaf lesions caused by target spot and quantify their incidence in plant tissues of soybean cultivars infected by Corynespora cassiicola isolates. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in an 8 × 8 factorial arrangement, consisting of eight C. cassiicola isolates and eight soybean cultivars. Soybean plants were inoculated by spraying fungal suspension on the leaflets at a concentration of 2 × 104 conidia mL-1. Target spot lesions were classified, assigning scores for each type of symptom observed. The incidence of lesions in plant tissues was evaluated 10 days after inoculation, recording the presence of lesions. Five patterns of lesions were observed, ranging from small (0.74 mm) to large (9.30 mm) necrotic spots. Symptoms capable of causing defoliation occurred in BMX Elite IPRO, BRS 284, BMX Garra IPRO, and Nidera 5909 RG when inoculated with ISO 1S, ISO 4S, and ISO 11S. The highest frequency of lesioned trefoils was verified in the upper and lower (3rd and 1st trefoil) strata of soybean plants. Lesions were detected in cotyledons, unifoliate leaves, petioles, and stems of plants from all cultivars evaluated in this study. The isolate ISO 4S caused higher incidence of lesions in petioles compared with ISO 2A and ISO 2S. Moreover, ISO 4S produced more lesions in the stems of BMX Potência RR and BMX Force RR than BMX Elite IPRO. The incidence of petiole lesions caused by C. cassiicola increased as the petiole insertion height into the main stem decreased.

Agronomic Performance of Corn Silage Intercropped with Urochloa Ruziziensis

The integrated cultivation of corn with forages leads to competition for production factors such as water, light and nutrients however, currently, it is being practiced to improve the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the soil, in addition to increasing grain and straw production for the next crop. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of corn silage intercropped with the species Urochloa ruziziensis. The experiment was carried out on a rural property located in the municipality Abadia dos Dourados - Minas Gerais, Brazil. A randomized block design was used with two treatments (corn cultivated with and without intercropping with U. ruziziensis) and ten replications. The evaluations in the corn crop were carried out at 100 days after planting. The variables analyzed were: plant height, corn cob insertion height, corn cob weight and corn cob size. Data were selected for analysis of variance and level means of Tukey test models at 5% probability test. Urochloa ruziziensis when intercropped with a corn hybrid increased the height of the corn cob insertion, the size and weight of the corn cob reaching satisfactory levels.

Herbicide subdoses as growth regulators in soybean cultivars

The use of growth regulators through the herbicide subdoses is a promising alternative capable of reducing the size of plants, making them more compact and photosynthetically more active and efficient. The objective was to evaluate the effect of herbicide application on the development and production components of six soybean cultivars. The experiment was conducted in field under randomized blocks with four replications. Six soybean cultivars (M8644 IPRO, M8372 IPRO, M8349 IPRO and M8766 RR, NS7901 RR and CD251 RR) were submitted the application of three herbicides and their respective subdoses (2,4-D - 40.3 g ha-1; Imazetapir - 26.5 g ha-1 and Lactofen - 96 g ha-1). An additional treatment without the application of any herbicide was also evaluated (Control treatment). Subdoses of 2,4-D, Lactofen and Imazetapyr provided greater plant height, height of insertion of the first pod, branches per plant, number of pods and number of grains. A new adequacy in the doses of 2,4-D, Lactofen and Imazetapyr is necessary to contribute in the future to increase the productivity of soybean.

Evaluation of Optimal Sites for the Insertion of Orthodontic Mini Implants at Mandibular Symphysis Region through Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.

This study aims to evaluate the overall bone thickness (OBT) and cortical bone thickness (CBT) of mandibular symphysis and to determine the optimal sites for the insertion of orthodontic mini implants. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 32 patients were included in this study. The sample was further categorized into three facial types: low-, average-, and high-angle. OBT and CBT were measured at the mandibular symphysis region. All measurements were performed at six different heights from the cementoenamel junction [CEJ] and at seven different angles to the occlusal plane. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical comparison and a p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Our results revealed that neither OBT nor CBT was influenced by age or sex, except for the observation that CBT was significantly greater in adults than in adolescents. OBT and CBT were significantly greater in low-angle cases than in average- and high-angle cases. Both OBT and CBT were significantly influenced by insertion locations, heights and angles, and their interactions. CBT and OBT were greatest at the location between two lower central incisors, and became greater with increases in insertion height and angle. Both recommended and optimal insertion sites were mapped. The mandibular symphysis region was suitable for the placement of orthodontic mini implants. The optimal insertion site was 6–10 mm apical to the CEJ between two lower central incisors, with an insertion angle being 0–60 degrees to the occlusal plane.

Anatomy of the lateral orbital wall: A topographic investigation for identification of the lateral canthal attachment

There is a growing effort to develop implantable bionics for restoring eye closure in paralytic lagophthalmos. Knowledge of the natural eyelid attachments is important for active implants that mobilise these attachments or replace them with a sling. Whitnall's tubercle (WT) is traditionally used to identify lateral canthal attachments; however, it is not always present. This study seeks an alternative means of identifying the insertion of the lateral canthus to aid the application of bionic implants. Complete CT head scans of patients in the Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute database were retrieved for analysis. The CT scans were segmented using bone and soft-tissue thresholding and then reconstructed. The location of WT and the lateral canthal insertion were recorded and their relation to key anatomical landmarks assessed. Ninety orbits from 45 complete head scans were analysed. WT could be identified bilaterally in 18/45 (40%) samples. The average distance from WT to zygomaticofrontal suture and to lateral orbital margin was 10.8 ± 0.4 mm and 4.4 ± 0.2 mm, respectively. The average height of the lateral canthal insertion from the Jugale point was 13.9 ± 1.8 mm. On regression analysis, the height of lateral canthal insertion was strongly predicted by the height of lateral orbital wall as the determined by the maximum distance of the ZFS from the Jugale point (p = <0.001). In the absence of WT, the height of the lateral orbital wall can be reliability used to localise the insertion site of the lateral canthus.

Agronomic performance of soybean in crop rotation systems

Crop rotation consists of alternating plant species cultivation in the same agricultural land, aiming to provide nutrient replenishment in the soil through organic matter deposition, as well as mitigating the soil degradation caused by agricultural practices. However, due to the short list of known crops suitable for such application, a selection of species to be inserted to the system is of critical importance. The objective of this research was to study the agronomic performance of soybean in crop rotation systems. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of UFGD, Dourados-MS, in two cropping seasons: 2013/2014 and 2014/2015; using a randomized block design with thirteen treatments and four replications. Treatments consisted of crop rotation systems in two soybeans cropping seasons. Corn, brachiaria, canola, wheat, forage turnip, safflower, crotalaria, niger, crambe, white oat, vetch and sunflower were the selected species to be inserted in the rotation systems. Six variables were analyzed: plant height, height of first pod insertion, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, mass of 1000 grains and grain yield. All collected data was submitted to analysis of variance and the means comparisons were analyzed by the Scott-Knott test (5%). This study revealed that crop rotation is an agricultural technique that favors the grain yield of soybean. Furthermore, during autumn and winter, fallowing is not recommended for soybean cultivation

Divergência genética e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de linhagens de mamoneira anã

ABSTRACT The development of new castor bean genotypes with high grain yield and physiological seed quality is fundamental to the economic success of the crop. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance and physiological quality of seeds of twelve castor bean lines, in order to determine superior genotypes. Plant height, insertion height and number of racemes, grain yield, oil content, germination percentage and vigor were evaluated. The dwarf castor bean lines H4, H5 and H11 were responsible for a grain yield above 1,400 kg ha-1 and are, therefore, promising for getting new hybrids. The indirect selection of dwarf castor bean lines can be performed through morphologic traits. The lines H4, H6, H9, H11 and H12 produced seeds with superior vigor and germinative quality.

AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF FORAGE CORN CULTIVARS IN HIGH AND LOW PHOSPHORUS

Silage produced with the entire corn plant (Zea mays L.) has been an increasingly widespread alternative as bulky food for ruminants. One of the main care in crop management with a view to silage production is related to fertilization. In tropical soils (such as those in the south of the state of Pará) phosphorus is the most limiting nutrient for agricultural production. Because of the above, the present work aims to know the agronomic performance of forage corn cultivars in high and low phosphorus in the South of the state of Pará. For this, two competition trials of maize cultivars under contracting conditions of phosphorus (P) were carried out: high P (100 kg ha-1 from P2O5) and low P (50 kg ha-1 from P2O5), using as a source the simple superphosphate (18% from P2O5). The experimental design was randomized blocks with fourteen treatments and three replications. The treatments were composed of fourteen cultivars, eleven of these were the hybrids: AG1051, AG8088, BM3061, BR2022, BR205, BR206, BRS3046, CR-120, M274, ORION, and PR27D28, and the other three were open pollination populations (PPA): AL BANDEIRANTE, ANHEMBI, and CATIVERDE. The variables evaluated were: height of insertion of the ear (AE) and plant height (AP), total weight per plant (PPT), the weight of the cob with straw (PESP), and weight of the ear without straw (PESP). The medium was compared by the test of groups of Scott and Knott, the 5% of significance, using the program SISVAR. Considering the overall performance of the cultivars, in all traits evaluated in the two trials, the sum of their results points to the cultivar BRS3046 as the most promising for silage production. The high test P, as expected, has been used about the low P.

Soybean seed size: how does it affect crop development and physiological seed quality?

Abstract: The size of soybean seeds needs further study because its relationships with physiological quality, field establishment, and yield are controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of seed size on soybean establishment and seed physiological quality. In the field, a 2x3x3 factorial design was used, with two cultivars (M 5947 IPRO and 59HO124 IPRO), three seed sizes (5.5, 6.0, and 6.5 mm), and three sowing densities (280,000, 320,000, and 360,000 plants.ha-1). Agronomic traits and grain yield were evaluated. After harvest, only seeds from plots with a population of 320,000 plants were classified by size using circular sieves with 5.5-mm, 6.0-mm, 6.5-mm, and 7.0-mm mesh sizes. For the evaluation of physiological quality, a 2x4 factorial design was applied, with two cultivars and four seed sizes. Germination, seedling emergence, accelerated aging, seedling dry matter, and emergence speed index were evaluated. Smaller seeds gave rise to shorter plants with a lower first pod insertion height. Larger seeds had higher physiological quality. The M 5947 IPRO cultivar showed better seed performance and quality.

Híbridos duplos experimentais de milho verde cultivado sob baixa e alta disponibilidade de fósforo

ABSTRACT A serious problem in fresh corn growing regions is the low availability of phosphorus (P), especially in the Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna) biome. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of experimental double hybrids of fresh corn intended to in natura consumption grown under low and high P availability. A randomized blocks experimental design was used, in a 2 × 21 factorial arrangement, consisting of two P availabilities (37.5 and 75 mg dm−3 of P2O5) and 21 corn hybrids, with 9 replications. The following variables were evaluated: ear insertion height, plant height, male and female flowering, ear length and diameter, grain weight, husked and unhusked ear weight. The best quality and yield for the corn market focused on in natura consumption were observed for the experimental double hybrids DH94 and DH102 under low P availability and for DH71 and DH81 under high P availability. The DH81 hybrid performs better for the consumer market, regardless of the P availability, and, therefore, has versatility and aptitude for this market and for different technological levels.

Sample size for canonical correlation analysis in corn

The canonical correlation analysis has been successfully used in many areas aiming to extract important information from a pair of data sets. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the sample size (number of plants) required to estimate the canonical correlations in corn characteristics. Six characteristics were measured in 361, 373, and 416 plants, respectively, of the single, three-way and double cross hybrids of the 2008/2009 crop year and in 1,777, 1,693, and 1,720 plants, respectively, of the single, three-way, and double cross hybrids (2009/2010 crop) (six cases). The canonical correlation analyses were carried out between characteristics group of the plant architecture (plant height at harvest and ear insertion height) versus grain production (hundred grains mass and grains mass per plant) (scenario 1), and dimensions of ear (ear length and ear diameter) versus grain production (hundred grains mass and grains mass per plant) (scenario 2). The sample size (number of plants) for the estimation of canonical correlations was determined by resampling with replacement and application of the model linear response with plateau. Measuring 270 plants is sufficient to estimate the canonical correlation between groups with two characteristics in each group for corn. This sample size can be used as reference for reliable canonical correlation analysis.

INFLUENCE OF TIMES AND METHODS OF BLACK OAT MANAGEMENT ON CORN DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of management times and methods of black oat straw on corn crop development and yield under a no-tillage system for two crop seasons. A randomized block design was used with twelve treatments. They were arranged in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme with four replications, consisting of a combination between three methods (crushed, rolled, and desiccated) and four times (0, 10, 20, and 30 days before corn sowing). Black oat was evaluated for dry matter, while corn was for plant final population, height, stem diameter, ear insertion height, ear diameter, ear length, grain number per row, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield. All management methods and times interfered with corn crop yield components, but not all influenced final production. The method with the largest final corn population was not the same with an improved ear development. Such findings, however, may not be the same under highly favorable weather conditions.

PERBANDINGAN KERAGAAN TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) PADA SISTEM PEREMAJAAN KONVENSIONAL DAN UNDERPLANTING

Rejuvenation is the replacement of new unproductive plant with new plants that are more productive and profitable. In the cultivation of oil palm there are several alternative models of rejuvenation that can be applied including conventional rejuvenation, underplanting rejuvenation and conventional rejuvenation with intercropping. This research was conducted in the Rambutan PTP. Nusantara III (Company). The time of the study was carried out in February to July 2019. This research was conducted using descriptive analysis method, namely by collecting primary data and secondary data. Primary data, each data for conventional rejuvenation and underplanting model that is. Morfological observation (midrib) and secondary data. Each data for conventional rejuvenation and underplanting model viz, insert (2017, 2018, 2019) and interest and Fruit Calculation Data. The results showed that conventional rejuvenation techniques at the time before planting carried out include several stages including the felling of old plants and tillage until the area was ready for replanting so as to reduce the level of pest infestation and provide ideal soil for plant growth in the field. Mean wile for underplanting planting system places the insertion height ths hetat occurs in underplanting planting system which replace the disruption of young plant growth after the undisciplined implementation of underplanting technique. Poisoning of old plants is late and results in late mutation from TBM to TM ieless interest and fruit in the underplanting technique.

Soybean nutraceutical canonic inter-relations and its reflections on breeding

In recent years, questionings on the behavior of genotypes in different environments are frequent, especially those seeking to disclose the commercial and nutritional value of soybean genotypes. Consequently, this study – which is linked to the IRC Soybean Breeding Program located in Campos Borges, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil – sought to analyze the physiological and nutritional aspects of S5 Soybean Segregating Families. Research design consisted of complete randomized blocks containing 40 soybean genotypes arranged in four repetitions, corresponding to F5 generation genotypes tested in 2018/2019. This generation was obtained via artificial hybridizations of F1s plants carried out in 2014/2015, F2s in 2015/2016, F3 segregating families in 2016/2017 and F4 in 2017/2018. Traits were evaluated by a statistical model, verifying normality and homogeneity of variances. Behavioral explanation of the F5 Soybean Segregating Families was calculated using analysis of variance, grouping of means, and linear and canonical correlation. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference (p &lt;0.01) for all variables, indicating the existence of genetic variability. F5 Segregating Families IRC8_130 and IRC31_102 show promising results in breeding programs involving physiological and nutritional aspects. Crude protein, crude fiber, first pod insertion height, plant height and number of pods with 4 grains, are dominant and determining characteristics for establishing segregating generations, and can be used in breeding programs.

Agronomic performance of mayze hybrids under application of prohexadione-calcium and nitrogen topdressing

The use of prohexadione-calcium (ProCa) is a management alternative to mitigate greater predisposition to vegetative growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of ProCa in combination with two doses of nitrogen fertilizer in cover, in the morphophysiological and productive performance of corn hybrids. Experiments were performed with corn hybrids AS1757VTPRO3 and AG9025VTPRO3, in a randomized block design, factorial 2×2, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the application of nitrogen fertilizer in cover, 1x and 2x the recommended dose, and in the absence or presence of the application of ProCa. The single effect of ProCa on the hybrid AS1757VTPRO3 increased the SPAD index by 20%; in the AG9025VTPRO3 hybrid there was a reduction of 8.6 cm in the height of ear insertion and increments of 2.2 mm in the stem diameter. The application of ProCa with 2x N ha-1 increased, on average, 8.2% the number of leaves of the AS1757VTPRO3 hybrid compared to the application to 1x N ha-1. There is single effect of ProCa on morphophysiological characteristics in the tested hybrids, but without affecting its grain yield. The use of ProCa in association with 2x N ha-1 does not mitigate the vegetative growth in the genotypes, sown late in the South of Brazil.

Does foliar nicotinamide application affect second crop corn (Zea mays)?

The largest corn yeld in Brazil is currently in the second harvest, which is the most susceptible period to climatic adversities occurring during the cycle. Thus, introducing beneficial elements for maintaining the adequate development of the plant can help producers in obtaining greater kernel yields. Among studied elements, nicotinamide has potential use since it is associated with accumulating secondary metabolites and manifesting defence metabolism in plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of nicotinamide applied in different doses (only once or in instalments) on the biometric and productive characteristics of corn. The treatments were composed by the number of nicotinamide applications (one or two) and five doses (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg L-1). Plant diameter, plant height, ear insertion height, leaf area and dry matter, yield and 100-kernel mass were evaluated. It was found that doses close to 100 mg L-1 resulted in increases in vegetative and reproductive development, regardless of the number of applications. In this way, foliar nicotinamide application positively influences the biometric and productive characteristics of second crop corn. Highlights The use of nicotinamide in corn plants improves its growth, yield components and grain yield. A single application of nicotinamide during vegetative stage V3 at a dose of 100 mg L-1 is sufficient to increase the leaf area of corn plants. Corn grain yield can be increased by 12.6% with a single application of nicotinamide. There was no need for two applications of nicotinamide in corn crop.