Insecticide Industry Research Articles

Convolution Neural Network Approach for Early Identification of Patchouli Leaf Disease in Indonesia

Indonesia is the largest supplier of patchouli oil in the world market, contributing 80%–90%. Most patchouli oil products are exported in the perfume, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, antiseptic, aromatherapy, and insecticide industries. The emergence of patchouli leaf disease significantly reduced the production of wet, dry, oil, and patchouli alcohol. Therefore, selecting patchouli cuttings (seedlings) that are entirely healthy and disease-free is very important to prevent disease transmission from one area to another. In addition, the selection of disease-free seeds is also essential to prevent the use of diseased patchouli plant propagation. So far, the early identification of patchouli plant health is carried out through visual observations by experts using antiviral serum tested in the laboratory. However, this testing process is expensive. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed a novel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture for patchouli leaf diseases. We proposed a system for early identification of whether a patchouli leaf is diseased or healthy. Our CNN model uses three convolution layers, a dense layer, and a dropout layer. We compare the proposed model with well-known models, namely EfficientNetB0, AlexNet, InceptionV3, MobileNetV2, and VGG16. The results show that the proposed model outperformed five well-known models as a comparison. It has been confirmed by predicting the new and different testing data. This research contributes to the early identification of patchouli leaf diseases to reduce the expensive costs of identifying patchouli leaf diseases.

The multigenerational effects of clothianidin on Chironomus xanthus: Larvae exposed to this acetylcholine super agonist show no clear resistance

Clothianidin (CLO) is an insecticide belonging to the second-generation class of neonicotinoids. In this study, we evaluated how CLO affects the survival and the complete life cycle of the tropical insect Chironomus xanthus, a non-target species, considering the Parental (P) and Filial (F1) generations. We found a 48 h-lethal concentration (LC50) of CLO of 3.78 µg/L. The lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs) were: i) for body growth and head capsule width in P generation = 47.3 ng/L CLO; ii) for body growth and head capsule width in F1 generation larvae = 80 and 36.4 ng/L CLO, respectively; iii) for cumulative emergence it was 80 ng/L CLO in the P generation, while there was no significant difference in the F1 generation; iv) for total developmental time for males and females = 61.53 ng/L in P generation; v) in the F1 generation, the LOEC was determined to be 36.4 ng/L for males and 80 ng/L for females; vi) The number of total hatched eggs and total hatched eggs/female had LOECs of 36.4 ng/L CLO for both generations. Our study reveals that environmentally relevant concentrations of the CLO-based insecticide are highly toxic to C. xanthus. It also shows that the F1 generation, resulting from parents exposed to CLO was not clearly resistant to the insecticide. This fact might be explained by the different effects observed for males and females of F1 generation. Understanding the sub-types of acetylcholine receptors present on target and non-target insect species and toxicological effects of neonicotinoids seems to be desirable for the insecticide industry to deal with insect pests and the environmental protection of non-target organisms.

POTENSI USAHA PENGOLAHAN MINYAK ATSIRI DAUN CENGKEH DI KECAMATAN SIPORA SELATAN KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI

Clove (Syzigium aromaticum) is a spice plant which commonly used as raw material in cigarette, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, perfume and insecticide industries. All parts of the clove plant contain of essential oils. However, in Sipora District, Mentawai Islands, who have the majority of clove plantation businesses was use the flower part only. Fallen clove leaves with a potential of 15.9 tons/week only become plantation waste. Therefore, this study was conducted to determined the business potential of essential oils and economic value addition of clove leaves by using a purposive sampling survey method on clove farmers/entrepreneurs in the Sipora district. The results showed that 87.91% of cloves in the South Sipora Sub-district agreed to develop a waste distillation process. Meanwhile, 12.09% were not agree. The essential oil from clove leaves produced has physical characteristics of yellow-brown color, an average refractive index of 1.531, and an average yield of 2.13%. Prediction of the economic value of the estimated business income received is Rp. 921,600,000.00/year, R/C ratio of 1.79, NPV with a value of Rp. 778,730,880.00 BEP of 266 kg product and BEP of price of Rp. 42,525,092.45. IRR MARR 10% by 12% and Payback Period for 2 years 8 months. Moreover, the utilization of clove leaves as essential oil raw material in Sipora District, Mentawai Islands Regency provided some benefit

English

The percentage yield of rotenone extracted from Tephrosia vogelii leaves and seeds was investigated. Ten samples of well ground leaves and seeds were each subjected to extraction in soxhlet extraction system using trichloromethane, ethanol and methanol solvents for 24 h at room temperature. The maximum absorption wavelength of rotenone was determined using Ultra violet-visible spectrophotometer. Different solvent extracts were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography instruments fitted with Ultra Violet detector and their yield expressed as percentage rotenone. Trichloromethane recorded the highest rotenone yield from both leaves (8.3 and seeds 2.7%) compared to the other two solvents. Ethanol was second with 5.9% in leaves and 1.9% in seeds while methanol had 4.8% in leaves and 1.6% in seeds. In general, the leaves extracts were found to have a higher rotenone percentage yield by an average factor of 3 compared to seeds. Rotenone can be commercially extracted from T. Vogelii using ethanol that is locally available to complement natural pyrethrum insecticide industry. Key words: Rotenone, Tephrosia vogelii, solvents, seeds, leaves.

Determination of insecticide residues and their adverse effects on blood profile of occupationally exposed individuals

Insecticides, essential for crop protection measures, leave behind several toxic residues that can result in a series of human health disorders. Therefore, this study was planned for the determination of residues and adverse effects of insecticides in blood samples of sprayers, pesticide-industry workers and controls by using blood parameters of these individuals as biomarkers. Optimized analytical methods using GC-MS and HPLC for the simultaneous detection of 22 currently used insecticides were adopted. Eight of twenty-seven (22.22%) sprayers’ blood samples were found positive for five different insecticides. Eleven of twenty-seven (40.74%) pesticide-industry workers were found positive for eight different insecticides. The blood samples of both the exposed groups, sprayers and industry workers had significantly (P < 0.001; Mann-Whitney U-tests) low hemoglobin-Hb concentrations (12.17 ± 2.13 and 12.22 ± 2.37 g/dl respectively) than the average value of the control group with 14.23 ± 2.37 g/dl. The erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs) in sprayers and insecticide industry workers (28.78 ± 20.72 and 28.17 ± 25.14 mm/1st h respectively) were greater significantly (P < 0.001; Mann-Whitney U test) than the control blood samples (9.53 ± 3.34 mm/1st h). These results indicate that the exposed individuals have experienced significant hemotoxic effects during insecticide exposure. The study also predicts the risk to exposed individuals in developing countries like Pakistan and demands realization of safety measures to prevent such dangerous effects of pesticide exposures.

A study and abatement of phenolic content in waterfrom various sampling points in the vicinity of River Patalganga

Phenolic compounds find out their way in the water bodies as a result of industrial activities along with being synthesized by other natural commotions. The present investigation deals with the study of leaching effect of such phenolic compounds and its abatement by using a range of carbons acquired from nature and activated in the laboratory using ZnCl2. All the water samples were analyzed for Phenolic content by the 4-Amino Antipyrine method and confirmed by the bromination method. The investigation revealed that the phenolic content in the samples varied from a minimum of 0.01ppm to 79.65ppm, which according to WHO was much higher than the permissible levels of 0.2ppm for 2,4,6-trichlorophenols(2,4,6-TCP) and 0.04ppm for 2,4-dichlorophenols (2,4-DCP). 2,4,6-TCP and 2,4-DCP being the two most probable phenolic compounds to occur in drinking water.The rise in the values of phenolic content in the samples of Sawla and Jatada were accredited to the leaching effect of the effluent from the agro and insecticide industry, sited in the proximity of these villages.Abatement of phenolic content was carried out by preparing carbons from Mangifera indica, Saraca asoca, Psidium guajava as well as commercial carbon, which were activated in the laboratory using ZnCl2. Each of the natural carbon exhibiting a distinct capacity of lessening phenolic content.

Bipolar membrane electrodialysis for treatment of sodium acetate waste residue

Abstract Large amounts of solid waste residue containing high salinity and a series of organic impurities are produced during the manufacturing process of dithianon in insecticide factories, posing a severe environmental pollution problem. Here sodium acetate (CH 3 COONa) waste residue is firstly tested by diffusion dialysis (DD) to investigate the permeability of different commercial ion exchange membranes. Selemion CMV and AMV membranes show low permeability to the organic impurities of the waste residue, and hence are chosen for the following bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) experiments to regenerate acid and base. The BMED firstly uses a BP-A-C-BP configuration to select an optimized current density of ∼50 mA/cm 2 . Afterwards, four membrane stack configurations are compared including BP-A-C-BP, C-BP-A-C, BP-C-BP and BP-A-BP. In consideration of the high current efficiency, low energy consumption, and high concentrations of the produced acid/base, C-BP-A-C is a favorable configuration. Finally, the addition of a strong acid 001 ∗ 7 type of cation-exchange resin into acid compartment can substantially decrease the voltage drop across the stack and reduce the energy consumption. The C-BP-A-C configuration at 50 mA/cm 2 can have a high output (0.491 mol/L CH 3 COOH and 0.556 mol/L NaOH), high current efficiency (87.7% for CH 3 COOH and 99.0% for NaOH), and a relatively low energy consumption (22.3 kW h/kg CH 3 COOH and 29.7 kW h/kg NaOH). Overall, this study illustrates the practical significance of BMED process for treating sodium acetate waste residue, including reducing soil and water pollution and producing valuable products in insecticide industries.

Biology in the Chemical Industry: Scientific Approaches to the Problem of Insecticide Resistance, 1920s–1960s

This paper examines the intensification of research and development into organic and inorganic insecticidal compounds during the first half of the twentieth century, and the involvement of biologists within the insecticide industry. It attempts to trace the history of resistance research, while highlighting the role of the biologist within the chemical industry prior to the biotechnology era.Specifically, this paper looks at the reaction of two private companies on the finding of resistance to insecticides: Geigy and Bayer. Geigy, who discovered the insecticidal properties of DDT, initially attributed resistance to ineffective application of insecticides or variable external factors. Only after doubling of the amount of DDT had failed to achieve the desired result, did the company undertake a biological research programme in an effort to understand resistance from a biological— as opposed to chemical— perspective. Ultimately, scientists both inside and outside the industry accepted the biological fact of resistance and the realisation that chemical control by itself would not be able to circumvent an insect population's ability to tolerate lethal dosages of chemical insecticides. The shift in the insecticide industry's approach to biological research is instructive in understanding how industry can approach complex issues.

Characterization of China Clay Deposits at Mulieh Area in Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya for its Industrial Applications

The physico-chemical characteristics of kaolinised rocks occurring at the Northern part of Mulieh village of Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya were studied with a view to finding out their possible industrial applications. The study was conducted on the washed fraction (Grade I) of the clay as obtained by systematic levigation based on the principle of gravity sedimentation. The investigation included characterization of the clay for its suitability in paper, textile, rubber and insecticide industries as per BIS specification. The clay was further evaluated for its application in the field of ceramic whitewares, and this included definite formulation of various types of ceramic products and finding out the thermo-mechanical properties at different temperatures subject to the requirements of the respective products.The results indicated that the clay was quite suitable for direct use in paper, textile, rubber and insecticide industry except as a coating material in paper or textile. Due to off- white colour of the clay, its use was restricted in making porcelain tablewares and alike; otherwise it suited well in all the other ceramic applications.

Product Portfolios and the Introduction of New Products: An Example from the Insecticide Industry

This article explores how the introduction of new products by multiproduct firms might be affected by existing goods in each firm's portfolio. A logit analysis is conducted to estimate the effects of local monopoly power, cost advantages, and learning. Characteristics theory is used to determine whether the addition of a new product by a firm's existing portfolio creates the potential for local monopoly power. While the chemical similarity of products has the largest effect, results nonetheless indicate the empirical significance of potential monopoly power in influencing product introductions by multiproduct firms.

Industrial Applications of Darugiri China Clay of East Garo Hills, Meghalaya

The physico-chemical properties of kaolinised granites occurring in abundance near Darugiri area of East Garo Hills, Meghalaya were studied with a view to finding out their various possible industrial applications. The study was conducted on the washed fractions of the two clays marked No. 1 and No. 2, as obtained by levigation. The investigation included the formulation of various types of ceramic products like porcelain, stoneware, earthenware and wall tile and finding out their fired properties at temperatures of 1100°, 1160°, 1205°, 1250°, 1300° and 1350°C. The washed clays (Grade I) were also studied for their suitability in paper, textile, rubber and insecticide industries. The results indicated that the clay No. 1 in particular was suitable for all the industries mentioned above. The clay No. 2 was also found suitable for making ceramic products where fired colour is of little importance. It can also be utilized in other clay based industries for products of inferior type.

China Clay Deposits in Mokhdumnagar of Birbhum District, West Bengal—Its Potentiality in Ceramic and other Industries

The vast deposits of Mokhdumnagar china clay from Birbhum district of West Bengal has been characterised from mineralogical and ceramic points of view with the object of evaluating its suitability in the ceramic and other allied industries. The study includes examination of the general characteristics, chemical, mineralogical and physical properties of the clay both in the crude and washed form. Washing the crude clay resulted in two types of beneficiated clays, Grade I and Grade II. Investigations have also been made by incorporating the clay in some typical ceramic body compositions. The results reveal that the clay is essentially kaolinitic in nature and being only moderately plastic, requires incorporation of at least 10–20% of ball clay to allow its utilization in the pottery industry except in the manufacture of white porcelain. The Grade II clay however, may be used in making stoneware, earthenware or wall tiles with slight alteration in compositions. The clay Grade I may be more or less suitable in paper industry as a filler, in rubber industry and in insecticide industry.

Insecticide Industry's Contribution to Food production

Insecticide Industry's Contribution to Food production

War and Its Effect on the Insecticide Industry (Continued)

War and Its Effect on the Insecticide Industry (Continued)

War and Its Effect on the Insecticide Industry

Since the insecticide and fungicide industry must share chemicals with the all-out war effort, the future as to the supply of such chemicals is not readily predictable. Comparatively large supplies of most of the necessary chemicals are either available in the United States or available to the United States; but since we have no idea as to the length of the war, we have no idea as to the chemicai supplies necessary for carrying on the war to a successful conclusion. In April 1942, Dr. R. C. Roark, of the Department of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture, published in the Journal of Economic Entomology an estimated list of the major chemicals consumed annually as insecticides and fungicides. This was as follows:

Some Chemical Problems of the Insecticide Industry.

Some Chemical Problems of the Insecticide Industry.

The Insecticide Industries in California

Journal Article The Insecticide Industries in California Get access C. W. Woodworth C. W. Woodworth Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 5, Issue 4, 1 August 1912, Pages 358–364, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/5.4.358 Published: 01 August 1912