Effects Of Insecticides Research Articles

Development of a Safe and Effective Bacillus thuringiensis-Based Nanobiopesticide for Controlling Tea Pests.

Mg(OH)2 was used as the nanocarrier of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ac protein, and the synthesized Cry1Ac-Mg(OH)2 composites were regular and uniform nanosheets. Nano-Mg(OH)2 could effectively improve the insecticidal effect of the Cry1Ac protein toward Ectropis obliqua. It could enhance the damage degree of the Cry1Ac protein to intestinal epithelial cells and microvilli, induce and enrich the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the midgut, and enhance the degradation of the Cry1Ac protein into active fragments. Furthermore, an anti-rinsing assay showed that the Cry1Ac-Mg(OH)2 composites were bound to the notch structure of the tea leaf surface. The retention of the Cry1Ac protein increased by 11.45%, and sprayed nano-Mg(OH)2 was rapidly absorbed by different tissues of tea plants. Moreover, nano-Mg(OH)2 and composites did not significantly affect non-target organisms. These results show that nano-Mg(OH)2 can serve as a safe and effective biopesticide carrier, which provides a new approach for stable and efficient Bt preparation.

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) an export-oriented Indian seed spice with inherent nutraceutical and therapeutic attributes: A review

Cumin seeds and value-added products are used in beverages, liquors,candy, nutraceuticals, therapeutics, toiletries, perfumery and lotions. In theIndian systems of medicine, cumin finds a vital role through its essential &total oil components and various aqueous and alcoholic extracts. Cuminseeds contain volatile oil (3–4%), the primary active principles of which arecumin aldehyde, terpenes (45–50%), phenols, unsaturated and saturatedfatty acids, etc., those occur in varying fractions compensating each other,which act as a scavenger for free radicals and antioxidants. As anutraceutical, cumin seeds contain plenty of iron, magnesium, calcium,manganese, and phosphorus. The vitamins present include thiamine,riboflavin, niacin, vitamin A, C, E, K, and vitamin B6. The seedspossessdiuretic, carminative, stimulant, digestive, tonic, appetizer, stomachic andastringent properties. It is traditionally an essential critical remedial agentfor digestion, diarrhoea, leucorrhoea, eczema, atonic, flatulence,dyspepsia and abdominal pains. Phytochemicals like alkaloid, coumarin,anthraquinone, flavonoid, protein, glycoside, resin, saponin, tannin andsteroids are abundant in its seed. Cumin seed extracts bear variousmedicinal properties such as insecticidal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory,antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, hypotensive, bronchodilator,immunological, contraceptive, aldose reductase, analgesic,alpha-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory effects, etc. Thus use of cumin offerscombined advantages, providing both nutraceutical and therapeuticproperties simultaneously.

Exposure to the environmental pollutant chlorpyrifos induces hepatic toxicity through activation of the JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways

Chlorpyrifos (CHP) is an inexpensive highly effective organophosphate insecticide used worldwide. The unguided and excessive use of CHP by farmers has led to its significant accumulation in crops as well as contamination of water sources, causing health problems for humans and animals. Therefore, this study evaluated the toxicological effects of exposure to the environmental pollutant CHP at low, medium, and high (2.5, 5, and 10 mg·kg−1 BW) levels on rat liver by examining antioxidant levels, inflammation, and apoptosis based on the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) (1 mg·kg−1 BW) and the CHP dose that does not cause any visual symptoms (5 mg·kg−1 BW). Furthermore, the involvement of the JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways in CHP-induced toxic effects was identified. The relationship between the expression levels of key proteins (p-JAK/JAK, p-STAT/STAT, p-JNK/JNK, p-P38/P38, and p-ERK/ERK) in the pathways and changes in the expression of markers associated with inflammation [inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α), chemokines (GCLC and GCLM), and inflammatory signaling pathways (NF-кB, TLR2, TLR4, NLRP3, ASC, MyD88, IFN-γ, and iNOS)] and apoptosis [Bad, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase3, Caspase9, and the cleavage substrate of Caspase PARP1] were also determined. The results suggest that CHP exposure disrupts liver function and activates the JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways via oxidative stress, exacerbating inflammation and apoptosis. Meanwhile, the JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways are involved in CHP-induced hepatotoxicity. These findings provide a novel direction for effective prevention and amelioration of health problems caused by CHP abuse in agriculture and households.

Molecular mechanism of thiram-induced abnormal chondrocyte proliferation via lncRNA MSTRG.74.1-BNIP3 axis

Thiram, a widely used organic pesticide in agriculture, exhibits both bactericidal and insecticidal effects. However, prolonged exposure to thiram has been linked to bone deformities and cartilage damage, contributing to the development of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in broilers and posing a significant threat to global agricultural production. TD, a prevalent nutritional metabolic disease, manifests as clinical symptoms like unstable standing, claudication, and sluggish movement in affected broilers. In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the regulatory role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in tibial cartilage formation among broilers through diverse signaling pathways. This study employs in vitro experimental models, growth performance analysis, and clinical observation to assess broilers' susceptibility to thiram pollution. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed a significant elevation in the expression of lncRNA MSTRG.74.1 in both the con group and the thiram-induced in vitro group. The results showed that lncRNA MSTRG.74.1 plays a pivotal role in influencing the proliferation and abnormal differentiation of chondrocytes. This regulation occurs through the negative modulation of apoptotic genes, including Bax, Cytc, Bcl2, Apaf1, and Caspase3, along with genes Atg5, Beclin1, LC3b, and protein p62. Moreover, the overexpression of lncRNA MSTRG.74.1 was found to regulate broiler chondrocyte development by upregulating BNIP3. In summary, this research sheds light on thiram-induced abnormal chondrocyte proliferation in TD broilers, emphasizing the significant regulatory role of the lncRNA MSTRG.74.1-BNIP3 axis, which will contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying TD development in broilers exposed to thiram.

Field Evaluation of Biological and Conventional Insecticides for Managing Multiple Insect Pests in Cotton

Abstract Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), is an economically important crop in the United States that is plagued by a complex of insect pests. Two key pests of cotton in the midsouthern United States are the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae), and bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). A suite of highly effective synthetic insecticides is typically used for control of these pests. However, it is unclear how the combined management of these two insect pests with biological insecticides impacts the economics of cotton production. To address this shortcoming, we conducted a field experiment in the Mississippi Delta over 2 yr to study the effects of synthetic and biological insecticides for control of the tarnished plant bug and bollworm on cotton yield. The results indicated the control of tarnished plant bug with synthetic insecticides had the most significant impact on cotton yield and net returns. The conventional tarnished plant bug treatment also significantly increased bollworm density and damage, but these increases did not significantly alter yield or net return in non–Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or Bt cottons. The economic benefit of a conventional approach to tarnished plant bug control with synthetic insecticides was US$438.07/ha in non-Bt and $700.88/ha in Bt cotton relative to those treated with a biological insecticide. The biological insecticides used for this study were ineffective at significantly altering yield or net return. However, for insect management in cotton to be sustainable, alternatives must be found to complement conventional synthetic insecticides.

Biological effectiveness of insecticides in pear psylla control

Biological effectiveness of insecticides in pear psylla control

Where does the EU-path on new genomic techniques lead us?

Recently, the European Commission (EC) published a regulatory proposal on plants generated with new genomic techniques (NGTs) (5 July 2023). According to this proposal, NGT plant applications are categorized into category 1 NGT (NGT1) and category 2 NGT (NGT2) based on their molecular characteristics, which diverges from the current legislation centered around Directive 2001/18/EC. To demonstrate where the path of the proposal leads to in practice, we applied the proposed criteria for categorization to a list of NGT plant applications currently in the commercialization pipeline. Combining literature research and a descriptive statistical approach, we can show that 94% of the plant applications affected by the EC proposal, would be classified as NGT1 and thus would receive market approval without risk assessment, monitoring, and sufficient labeling provisions. The remaining 6% of applications would be classified as NGT2 plants, for which, in deviation from the current regulation, an adapted risk assessment is proposed. Screening of the intended traits in the pipeline highlights that certain NGT1 plants can pose similar environmental risks (e.g., invasiveness) to other genetically modified organisms (GMOs), as defined in Directive 2001/18/EC. For example, NGT1 applications based on RNA interference technology can exhibit insecticidal effects with potential side effects on non-target organisms (i.e., other insects). Our quantitative and case-specific elaboration of how the current EC regulatory proposal would affect the environment, health, and consumer protection will be informative for decision-makers and politicians.

Efficacy of Entomopathogens, Botanical and New Generation Insecticides Against Papaya Mealybug

The papaya mealybug is an invasive polyphagus pest species causing several economic damages to a wide range of agricultural crop. Five new generation insecticides of different groups, one botanical and one entomopathogenic fungus (Beauveria bassiana) were evaluated in laboratory for their effectiveness in reducing mealybug incidence on papaya. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of different insecticides at different concentration against P.marginatus. Among the 7 insecticides, Imixam 70 WDG (Imidacloprid+Thiamethoxam) was the most effective insecticide followed by Ravjum 14.5 SC (Indoxacarb), Saka 25 SC (Abamectin 5% +Spirodiclofen 20%), Imixan and Biotrin 0.5% (Matrin), Tundra 20 SP (Acetameprid), Antario (Bacillus thuringiensis+Abamectin) and Beauveria bassiana, respectively.All the selected insecticides provided their highest efficacy at their maximum doses as well as within 7-9 DAT, among them two new generation insecticides e.g. Saka 25 SC (Abamectin 5% +Spirodiclofen 20%) @ 1.0 ml/L, Ravjum 14.5 SC (Indoxacarb) @ 1.0 ml/L and the botanical insecticide Biotrin 0.5% upto 7 DAT would be effective in controlling papaya mealybug considering the efficacy. To confirmation of the results, need to be tested under field condition. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 37(2): 81-88, 2023

Antagonistic and additive effect when combining biopesticides against the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (FAW) is a cosmopolitan crop pest species that has recently become established in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Current FAW control is almost entirely dependent on synthetic pesticides. Biopesticides offer a more sustainable alternative but have limitations. For example, pyrethrum is an effective botanical insecticide with low mammalian toxicity but is highly UV labile, resulting in a rapid loss of efficacy in the field. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that is more persistent, but there is a time lag of several days before it causes insect mortality and leads to effective control. The combination of these biopesticides could mitigate their drawbacks for FAW control. Here we evaluated the efficacy of pyrethrum and B. bassiana as individual treatments and in combination against 3rd instar FAW. Four different combinations of these two biopesticides were tested, resulting in an antagonistic relationship at the lowest concentrations of B. bassiana and pyrethrum (1 × 104 conidia mL−1 with 25 ppm) and an additive effect for the other 3 combined treatments (1 × 104 conidia mL−1 with 100 ppm and 1 × 105 conidia mL−1 with 25 ppm and 100 ppm pyrethrum). Additionally, a delay in efficacy from B. bassiana was observed when combined with pyrethrum as well as a general inhibition of growth on agar plates. These results appear to show that this particular combination of biopesticides is not universally beneficial or detrimental to pest control strategies and is dependent on the doses of each biopesticide applied. However, the additive effect shown here at specific concentrations does indicate that combining biopesticides could help overcome the challenges of persistence seen in botanical pesticides and the slow establishment of EPF, with the potential to improve effectiveness of biopesticides for IPM.

Effects of insecticide spray drift on arthropod prey resources of birds in grasslands in Minnesota

AbstractSoybean aphid (Aphis glycines) insecticides are used throughout the Upper Midwest and Great Plains regions of North America, including the farmland region of Minnesota, USA, to combat insect pests. These broad‐spectrum, foliar spray insecticides have the potential to drift beyond target fields into nearby grassland cover where birds and other insectivores forage. Arthropods serve important roles in grassland ecology and are susceptible to mortality and sublethal effects from exposure to these pesticides. Our objective was to assess effects of soybean aphid insecticides on grassland arthropods, especially those that are important in grassland bird diets. We measured the abundance, consumable biomass, and family richness of insects and spiders in grasslands adjacent to soybean fields in an agricultural landscape. Soybean fields were treated with chlorpyrifos and lambda‐cyhalothrin, which were the 2 most common foliar pesticides used to control soybean aphids in Minnesota. We compared measures at focal sites to samples collected at reference sites adjacent to corn fields not sprayed for aphids during 3 periods in mid‐to‐late summer: 1–3 days before spraying, 3–5 days post‐spraying, and 19–21 days post‐spraying. The abundance of arthropods in focal grasslands was lower 3–5 days after pesticide applications. Coleoptera family richness at focal sites was also lower than at reference sites 3–5 days after pesticide applications. These measures 19–21 days after application were similar to pre‐spraying levels, indicating that arthropod populations rebounded during this period. Measures of consumable dry biomass, bird prey abundance, bird prey biomass, family richness of Araneae, family richness of Hemiptera, and family richness of Orthoptera were not different between focal and reference sites after spraying. Our results reveal that reductions in arthropod food abundance for grassland birds are associated with pesticide applications up to 5 days after spraying. We suggest that natural resource managers factor proximity to row crop fields and susceptibility to pesticide drift into decisions about where to add grassland cover to landscapes.

Mating behavior and responses to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid in the predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis.

Mating is an essential factor that governs the size of insect populations that reproduce sexually. The extensive application of insecticides has both lethal and sublethal effects on the physiology and mating behavior of insect natural enemies. The predatory bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis is a natural enemy of planthopper and leafhopper populations in the rice ecosystem. Unfortunately, the effects of insecticides on the mating behavior of C. lividipennis are not well-understood. The mating behavior of C. livdipennis consisted of mounting, antennal touch and mating attempts, genital insertion, adjustment of posture, and separation of the mating pair. Approximately 82.5% of the C. lividipennis mating pairs displayed their first mating at 12-36 h postemergence. Mating activity occurred throughout a 24-h period, with peak activity at 12:00-14:00 h, and the mean duration of mating was 48.75 min. Sublethal exposure to imidacloprid increased mating latency. Compared with the controls, the duration of courtship, pre-mating and adjusting posture for males treated with imidacloprid were prolonged. The duration of mating for females treated with imidacloprid was prolonged relative to untreated controls. The fecundity and daily spawning capacity of females treated with imidacloprid were higher than the untreated controls. Our results provide insight into the mating process of C. lividipennis. Imidacloprid prolonged the duration of mating, which may explain the enhanced reproductive output in C. lividipennis females treated with imidacloprid. These findings will be useful in both rearing C. lividipennis and deploying this natural enemy in rice fields. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of Some Ecological Factors on Stomata and Phenolic Compounds Production in Aloe Vera L. Gel and Effect Gel to the Adult of Flour Beetle: Tribolium Castaneum (Coleoptera : Tenebriodae)

This search presents the effect of some ecological factors such as (ultraviolet –B radiation , temperature , salinity ) on stomatal index and stomatal frequency and phenolic compounds after exposure to Aloe vera L. UV-B radiation , temperature and salinity . Ultraviolet – B radiation is one of the important abiotic factors that can stimulate the production of secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds. Aloe vera (Asphodelaceae) is a medicinal plant used in Iraq for treating sunburn, wounds, and heartburn. The flour beetle: Tribolium castaneum is one of the inset causes of loss storage food yield in the world. The study aims the effect of some ecological factors such as (ultraviolet –B radiation , temperature , salinity ) on stomatal index and stomatal frequency and phenolic compounds after exposure to Aloe vera L. UV-B radiation , temperature and salinity and investigate the insecticidal and repellency effect of leaf gel for Aloe vera to estimate the percentage of the insecticidal effect for concentrations 25, 50, 75, and 100 % of alcoholic extract within seven days on adult insects. The gel in leaf exposure to UV-B radiation contained a higher diversity of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. This search showed a high percent kill for an adult with 100% of the alcoholic extract compared with control and an excellent effect of Aloe vera gel at a concentration of 50 % for a repellency effect with a value of 10.842%. Phenolic compounds showed after exposure to UV as : (dioxyflavone ,kampferol, catechuic acid, flavonol glucuronic acid, gabardine isoflavone, isoquercitrin, p-coumaric acid, hispaglabridine ) with a high percentage in the gel after exposure to UV-B compared by control.

The Effect of The Insecticide Hulk on Some Genetic Characteristics of The Whitefly and The Cucumber Plant That Parasitizes It

Background: Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci is one of the major injurious sucking pests in tropical and subtropical regions. The effect of the insecticide Hulk, which is used to kill the whitefly, was revealed, and its effect on some of its genes and the genes of the cucumber plant that parasitizes it, was revealed. Materials and Methods: The current study was conducted in Kirkuk Governorate. DNA was extracted from whiteflies treated with Hulk pesticides and not treated with pesticides as a control, and DNA was also extracted from cucumber leaves treated with the Hulk pesticide and not treated with the pesticide as a control in order to compare them. detecting the specific primer of gene 28s in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and Matk gene in the plant Cucumis sativus. Three treatments of each pesticide at three concentrations (25% a quarter lethal, 50% half lethal, 100% lethal). Results: The research found that 25% of the pesticide Halk killed 20% of the insects, 50% killed 40%, and 100% killed 70% within 24 hours. Pesticide Hulk found that cucumber plant mutations in the Matk gene and gene 28s had the best insecticidal effects against whitefly Bemisa tabaci. Conclusions: Overall, results suggest that ethanolic DNA extracts pesticide Hulk is the occurrence of mutations in the Matk gene in the plant Cucumis sativus and gene 28s in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci showed the highest insecticidal effects on whitefly Bemisa tabaci.

Effect of Dimethoate Insecticide on Female Mice and Their Fetuses

Background and objectives. Organophosphate insecticides (OPIs) including dimethoate are used in agriculture to control the insect pests, increasing the productivity, their frequent use has resulted in detrimental effects on biological systems and public health. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dimethoate (DM) on fetuses, DNA concentration in ovarian tissues and levels of estradiol and progesterone in female mice. Methods. Female mice were divided into three groups: Group I, serve as control and was given distilled water intraperitoneally, while Group II and III were given (0.1- & 0.2-ml DM/100 ml distilled water) respectively for 7 days. Two treated females were housed with one untreated male for mating. After 7 days of the last dose, 6 female mice of each group were weighed and killed. The ovaries, uteri and liver were extracted and weighed, and ovarian hormones were measured. Also, DNA concentration in each ovary was determined. Results. The results showed a significant decrease in the weights of the liver and ovaries, the level of estradiol hormone, and DNA concentration in the ovary of treated mice as compared to those from the control group. Also, significant changes were observed in the weights of fetuses as well as the number of live fetuses. Conclusion. We found that administration of DM intraperitoneally to female mice for 7 days has influences on ovary weight, estradiol levels, and DNA concentration as well as its impact on the fetuses, therefore, it is better to use safer methods for control the pests and avoid increased use of pesticides.

Cymbopogon winterianus (Java Citronella Plant): A Multi-Faceted Approach for Food Preservation, Insecticidal Effects, and Bread Application.

Certain plants like Rosemarinus officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia and Origanum vulgare have been used in the food industry for centuries. Cymbopogon winterianus (Java Citronella plant) is one of the most significant plants. The objective of this study is to screen for secondary metabolites by phytochemical screening, evaluate the antioxidant contents of extracts and investigate the use of the Java Citronella plant in food preservation and as an insecticide. Java Citronella powder was added to bread and evaluated for its moisture content, and a visual and sensory analysis was performed. Sitophilus granarius (L.) weevils were exposed to Java Citronella essential oil (JCEO). The phytochemical screening revealed that the extracts were abundant in secondary metabolites. The JCEO had a yield of 0.75%. The aqueous extract had a higher total phenolic content of 49.043 ± 0.217 mg GAE/g than the ethanolic extract, which was 24.478 ± 1.956 mg GAE/g. The aqueous extract had a total flavonoids content 27,725.25 ± 54.96 µg RE/g higher than the ethanolic extract, with 24,263 ± 74 µg RE/g. The ethanolic extract had stronger antioxidant activity, with anIC50 = 196.116 μg/mL higher than the aqueous extract at 420 μg/mL. The 2% Java Citronella powder in the bread was preferred by consumers, and had a shelf life of 6 days. JCEO killed all the weevils with a high dose of 10% after 48 h. The Java Citronella showed insecticidal and food preservative activity. The results should help in future research to enhance the applications of Java Citronella in various domains, from food technology to insecticides.

Effectiveness and Biochemical Impact of Flubendiamide and Flonicamid Insecticides against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Residue Dissipation in Cherry Tomato Plants and Soil under Greenhouse Conditions

Abstract We investigated the effectiveness and biochemical impact of the insecticides flubendiamide and flonicamid compared with azadirachtin and acetamiprid against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Grennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) infesting cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme L.) grown under greenhouse conditions. The dissipation of both insecticides in the plants and in the soil also was determined using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) and liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry methods. Both insecticides were more effective for reducing B. tabaci populations than were either acetamiprid or azadirachtin. Biochemical analysis revealed that esterase may play an important role in whitefly adaptation to flubendiamide and flonicamid. The QuEChERS method was determined suitable for quickly detecting residues of flubendiamide and flonicamid in complex matrices. The recovery rates on tomato fruit samples were 92.8–106.0%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) range of 0.46–2.65%. For soil samples, the recovery rates were 81.3–95.7% with RSDs of 1.20–3.86%. We further determined that flubendiamide had dissipation half-lives of 3.13, 3.63, and 3.68 d in tomato fruit, tomato leaves, and soil, respectively. Flonicamid had half-lives of 4.25, 3.54, and 2.60 d in fruit, leaves, and soil, respectively. These results suggest that preharvest intervals of 3 and 7 d are appropriate for flubendiamide and flonicamid, respectively, in cherry tomato production. The risk quotient was >1 by the day 5 after application; however, that value declined to <1 on day 7 after application, indicating little long-term risk to human health.

Insecticidal Effects of Transgenic Maize Bt-Cry1Ab, Bt-Vip3Aa, and Bt-Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa against the Oriental Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) in Southwest China.

The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker), an important migratory pest of maize and wheat, is posing a severe threat to maize production in Asian countries. As source areas of spring-summer emigratory populations, the control of M. separata in southwestern China is of great significance for East Asian maize production. To assess the toxicity of Bt maize against the pest, bioassays of Bt-(Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa) maize (event DBN3601T), Bt-Cry1Ab maize (event DBN9936), and Bt-Vip3Aa maize (event DBN9501) were conducted in Yunnan province of southwest China. There were significant differences in insecticidal activity between the three Bt maize events, and DBN3601T presented the highest insecticidal role. The results also indicated that the insecticidal effect of various Bt maize tissues took an order in leaf > kernel > silk, which is highly consistent with the expression amounts of Bt insecticidal protein in leaf (69.69 ± 1.18 μg/g), kernel (11.69 ± 0.75 μg/g), and silk (7.32 ± 0.31 μg/g). In field trials, all larval population densities, plant damage rates, and leaf damage levels of DBN3601T maize were significantly lower than the conventional maize. This research indicated that the DBN3601T event had a high control efficiency against M. separata and could be deployed in southwest China for the management of M. separata.

Biodeterioration Field Test and Mechanical Properties of Maesopsis eminii Wood Treated with Boron Preservative and Plant Oils

Boron preservatives have insecticidal and fungicidal effects. The leaching problem of boron preservative-treated wood can be overcome using oil treatment. This study evaluated the resistance in a biodeterioration field test and the mechanical properties of manii wood (Maesopsis eminii Engl.) treated with boric acid and plant oils. Manii wood samples were impregnated in two stages with boric acid and vegetable oils (neem, tamanu, and candlenut oils). The impregnation process was performed in a chamber at a pressure of 7 kg cm−2 for approximately 4 h. Next, the sample was heated at temperatures of 60 °C, 120 °C, and 180 °C. The biodeterioration field test was conducted in ground contact for 100 days. In addition, mechanical tests in terms of modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and hardness were conducted using an Instron universal testing machine. The test results prove that the combination of boric acid preservation with neem, tamanu, or candlenut oil treatment increases the resistance of manii wood to subterranean termites, especially when the treatment is accompanied by heating at 120 °C. The combination treatment of boric acid and plant oils also increases the MOE, MOR, and hardness values of manii wood.

The synthesis of nanosilver and carbamat to control of Anopheles in malaria endemic areas

Malaria is a national and global problem that really needs attention and Indonesia is the second highest country with the highest number of cases 304,607 in 2021. The use of insecticides at inappropriate doses causes resistance to targets. The aim of this study was to analyze the toxicity of silver nanoparticles to adult Anopheles mosquitoes in malaria endemic areas as well as to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) and to project effectiveness in the lifetime. This research is experimental and uses a post-treatment with control design which was carried out in 4 stages from 2019-2022, which includes laboratory scale tests (2019), field laboratory scale tests (2020), ecological endemic area scale tests (2021), and lifetime tests (2022). Calculation of LC50 in nanosilver toxicity 5965 mg/l and Calculation of life time projections produces the formula Y=(-) 0.012Ln(X)+0.6933. Absorption of silver nanoparticles into the bodies of Anopheles sp. occurs through the spiracles and attacks the Ache enzyme in the central nervous system thereby stopping the working system of the mosquito which will then die. Nanosilver is a very effective herbal insecticide used as an effort to control malaria cases in endemic areas with the right dose and method. For life time, a dose of 1500 mg/l nanosilver effectively kills 74% of adult Anopheles sp mosquitoes on day 32 and it is projected that on 1 year the efficacy of nanomaterials still has an efficacy of 62%).

Binding characteristics of pheromone-binding protein 1 in Glyphodes pyloalis to organophosphorus insecticides: Insights from computational and experimental approaches.

Glyphodes pyloalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the major pests in mulberry production in China, which has developed resistance to various insecticides. Chemoreception is one of the most crucial physiological tactics in insects, playing a pivotal role in recognizing chemical stimuli in the environment, including noxious stimuli such as insecticides. Herein, we obtained recombinant pheromone-binding protein 1 (GpylPBP1) that exhibited antennae-biased expression in G. pyloalis. Ligand-binding assays indicated that GpylPBP1 had the binding affinities to two organophosphorus insecticides, with a higher binding affinity to chlorpyrifos than to phoxim. Computational simulations showed that a mass of nonpolar amino acid residues formed the binding pocket of GpylPBP1 and contributed to the hydrophobic interactions in the bindings of GpylPBP1 to both insecticides. Furthermore, the binding affinities of three GpylPBP1 mutants (F12A, I52A, and F118A) to both insecticides were all significantly reduced compared to those of the GpylPBP1-wild type, suggesting that Phe12, Ile52, and Phe118 residues were crucial binding sites and played crucial roles in the bindings of GpylPBP1 to both insecticides. Our findings can be instrumental in elucidating the effects of insecticides on olfactory recognition in moths and facilitating the development of novel pest management strategies using PBPs as targets based on insect olfaction.