Insect Pests Of Vegetables Research Articles

Entomopathogenic nematodes: A tool in biocontrol of insect pests of vegetables-A review

Biological control agents have become increasingly important component in integrated pest management programme. Entomopathogenic nematodes are effective biological control agents for many important insect pests of vegetable crops. Therefore entomopathogenic nematodes are gaining attention in the field of biocontrol research worldwide. With the development and improvement of isolation and identification technique many novel species and strains have been utilized for management of several insect pests. This review aims to explore the potentiality of entomopathogenic nematode species against economically important insect pest of vegetables in India as well as in other countries.

Safety of selected botanical and synthetic insecticides against braconid parasitoids of vegetable ecosystems

Insecticides are unavoidable in pest management programmes especially when the pest crosses economic threshold level (ETL). In this context, some of the insecticides and botanicals that are used in vegetable ecosystem were test verified for their relative safety against the commonly encountered parasitoids viz., Bracon brevicornis Wesmael, Chelonus blackburni Cameron and Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov. Toxicity effects of five insecticides viz ., Acephate 75SP, Chlorpyriphos 20EC, Cypermethrin 10EC, Profenofos 50EC, Quinalphos 25EC and NSKE 5 per cent against B. brevicornis, C. blackburni and Hexane extracts of Lantana camara var. aculeate tested against C. plutellae were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Amongst insecticides tested, Profenofos 50EC was found to be most toxic with LC 50 value of 22.27 and 16.280 ppm; Chlorpyriphos 20EC was the least toxic with the highest LC 50 value of 198.53 and 314.255 ppm and NSKE 5 per cent had no effect against B. brevicornis and C. blackburni , respectively. C. plutellae pupae were treated with hexane extracts of L. camara resulted of 66.67 and 76.67 per cent with reduction of adult emergence at 8 and 10 per cent, respectively. While, C. plutellae adults were found to be safe at all concentrations except 8 and 10 per cent and its contact toxicity of 63.33 and 96.67 per cent adult mortality recorded within 24h by dry film method. The results suggest that the Chlorpyriphos 20EC and botanical extracts can very well integrate in the management of vegetable insect pests.

Potential of entomopathogens and neem oil against two emerging insect pests of vegetables

Bioefficacy of different entomopathogenic microorganisms, viz Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Lecanicillium lecanii, Bacillus subtilis-2 and botanical, i.e. neem oil were tested alone and their 1:1 combination with neem oil against two emerging insect pests of vegetables. Among the entomopathogens, M. anisopliae IIVR strain was most promising against hadda beetle (Epilachna dodecastigmata), followed by M. anisopliae commercialformulation, whereas L. lecanii was highly effective against painted bugs (Bagrada hilaris). However, neem oil was the most effective biopesticides against duo insect pests. The per cent mortality changed in time dependent manner and the lowest median lethal time (LT50) for neem oil against E. dodecastigmata and B. hilaris were 45.09 and 102.03 h, respectively. Combinations of these entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and neem oil (1:1) had lower LT50 values than each of their individual indicating the compatibility among them which was also confirmed through co-toxicity values greater than one in all the cases.

Bio-intensive pest management in vegetable crops

Bio-intensive pests management (BIPM) is very important tool for managing the insect pests of vegetables. It helps in reducing the dependence on chemical pesticides and ecological deterioration. BIPM includes bio-pesticides derived from microbes, parasitoids, predators, botanicals and all conventional nonchemical methods of pest control. It is most important tool for sustainability of vegetable production in Indian farming system.

Anthranilic Diamide Insecticides Delivered via Multiple Approaches to Control Vegetable Pests: A Case Study in Snap Bean.

Many vegetable insect pests are managed using neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides. Unfortunately, these insecticides are toxic to many bees and natural enemies and no longer control some pests that have developed resistance. Anthranilic diamide insecticides provide systemic control of many herbivorous arthropod pests, but exhibit low toxicity to beneficial arthropods and mammals, and may be a promising alternative to neonicotinoids and pyrethroids. Anthranilic diamides may be delivered to vegetable crops via seed, in-furrow, or foliar treatments; therefore, it would be desirable to identify which application method provides high levels of pest control while minimizing the amount of active ingredient. As a case study, chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole applied via the methods listed above were evaluated for managing seedcorn maggot, Delia platura (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), and European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), in snap bean. Chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole delivered as seed and in-furrow treatments reduced D. platura damage to the same level as the standard neonicotinoid seed treatment. Both diamides applied via all three methods significantly reduced O. nubilalis damage, but only the foliar application provided similar control as the standard pyrethroid spray. Results from laboratory bioassays revealed that both diamides applied as seed and in-furrow treatments caused high O. nubilalis neonate mortality up to 44 d after application. While the diamides provided equivalent control of these pests as the neonicotinoid and pyrethroid standards when applied in the same manner, chlorantraniliprole delivered as a seed treatment showed the most promise for managing both pests.

Perceived Effectiveness of Indigenous Technological Knowledge (ITK) of Insect and Vertebrate Pests Management in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

Indigenous technological knowledge is considered as a traditional knowledge that inherited from their ancestors, unique to a culture, society and environment. In this article we documented uses of such local knowledge used by the local farmers of seven villages form Varanasi, Deoria and Mirzapur districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India for their crop protection. Data were collected from 140 respondents (twenty from each village) and 60 respondents who had visited the institute from these three districts during farmers’ fair and farmers’ training and whole making a total of 200 respondents. The farmers in the study developed notable innovations to control major pests of agricultural and horticultural crops such as use of ashes to control vegetable insect pests; use of onion/garlic bulbs, neem leaves, salt crystals, wheat straw, brick kiln powder etc. to prevent store grain pests of cereals; ash and kerosene mixture to repel the sucking pests of rice at milky stage; well-rotted fish scales against Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus); red chilli pods against bruchids in pulses; salt and turmeric powder mixture against ants; use of neem cake to repel termite and other soil insects etc. The local farmers were following these practices because of easy availability, eco-friendly, easy to handle, do not leave any harmful residue, pose any threat to develop resistance and resurgence of secondary pests, easy to apply and compatible with other pest management techniques and socio-cultural situation of the farmers.

Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against the South American Tomato Moth,Tuta absolutaMeyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on Tomato in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

Occurrence of the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Ethiopia was confirmed following heavy infestation of tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L., in the Central Rift Valley (CRV) region of Ethiopia in February 2013. The pest wiped out tomato plantations, causing 100 % crop loss for some producers. This was despite the use of a variety of insecticides locally available to manage other vegetable insect pests. In this study, 10 insecticides from different insecticide classes including pyrethroids, organophosphates, spinosyns, insect growth regulators and diamides were screened for their efficacy against T. absoluta using a randomized complete block design with two different planting dates in 2013. The mean fruit infestation in the untreated control plot ranged between 54 and 76 %. In plots treated with diamide insecticides (chlorantraniliprole) fruit infestation was significantly lower with 2–6 % fruit damage followed by spinosyns (spinetoram and spinosad) with 30–35 % damage....

光谱和光强度对棕榈蓟马雌成虫行为反应的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 光谱和光强度对棕榈蓟马雌成虫行为反应的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201308112058 作者: 作者单位: 山东省农业科学院植物保护研究所/山东省植物病毒学重点实验室,山东省农业科学院植物保护研究所/山东省植物病毒学重点实验室,山东省农业科学院植物保护研究所/山东省植物病毒学重点实验室,山东省农业科学院植物保护研究所/山东省植物病毒学重点实验室,山东省农业科学院植物保护研究所/山东省植物病毒学重点实验室,山东省农业科学院植物保护研究所/山东省植物病毒学重点实验室,山东省农业科学院植物保护研究所/山东省植物病毒学重点实验室,山东省农业科学院植物保护研究所/山东省植物病毒学重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家"十二五"农村领域科技计划课题(2012BAD19B06);山东省科技发展计划项目(2012GNC11112) Effect of spectral sensitivity and intensity on the behavioral response of the Thrips palmi female adult Author: Affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Shangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,,,,,,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:室内研究了光谱、光强度对棕榈蓟马雌成虫的趋、避光行为的影响。结果显示:在340-605 nm 波谱内棕榈蓟马雌成虫对14个单色光刺激的趋光行为反应为多峰型。其中蓝光483 nm处峰最高,趋光反应率达34.96%,其次为绿光498-524 nm、562-582 nm、紫外光340 nm处;其避光行为反应共有3个峰,其中紫外光 380 nm 处最高,避光率18.08%,另外2个峰分别在橙光605 nm、紫光420 nm处。在趋光率较高的单色光(340、483、524、582 nm)和避光率较高的单色光(380、605 nm)以及白光刺激下,棕榈蓟马雌成虫的趋光率随光强增强的增强而提高,而避光率则随着光强的增强而降低;光强最弱时仍均有一定趋光率,最强时均未出现高端平台。因此:棕榈蓟马雌成虫对不同单色光具有明显的选择性,光谱和光强度对其趋光行为和避光行为有较大影响,光强度的影响作用与波长因素有关。 Abstract:Thrips palmi is one of the most serious insect pests, causing adverse effects on vegetable production. In China, the insect pest was first discovered in Guangdong Province in the 1970s and has gradually become a major insect pest of vegetables, especially solar greenhouse vegetables. For example, in 1993 solanaceous fruit vegetables such as eggplant, green pepper and potato were damaged seriously by T. palmi, and the damage rate was about 90% in the Hangzhou district. In recent years, with the development of solar greenhouse vegetables in northern China, T. palmi has survived through the winter in solar greenhouses and damaged vegetables throughout the year, so controlling these insect pests has become more difficult. Physical control is an important control technique within integrated pest management (IPM), and the color plate trap is one of the most important methods of physical control. The color plate trap can not only reduce the number of T. palmi insects effectively, but can also forecast the occurrence of the insect pests in the field, so this method plays an important role in the IPM of T. palmi. The selectivity of T. palmi to colors in the field has been reported to show significant variation. To discover the photosensitivity of the insect pest, we studied the phototactic and photophobic behavior of T. palmi female adults in response to spectral sensitivity and light intensity by behavior method in the laboratory. The results showed that the phototactic response of T. palmi female adults to monochromatic light at 14 different wavelengths within a 340-605 nm range occurred in a curve with multiple peaks. The primary peak, representing the highest phototactic response (34.96%), occurred at a wavelength of 483 nm (blue), the secondary peak at 498-524 nm (green), and the remainder at 562-582 nm (green) and 340 nm (ultra-violet). The photophobic response occurred in a curve with three peaks: one peak at 380 nm (ultra-violet) represented the highest photophobic response rate (18.08%), and the other two peaks at 605 nm (orange) and 420 nm (violet). Under the stimulus of monochromatic light-at which the T. palmi showed high phototactic response rates (340 nm, 483 nm, 524 nm, 582 nm, 380 nm, 605 nm) and high photophobic response rates (380 nm, 605 nm)-and white light, the phototactic response rate of T. palmi female adults increased with increasing light intensity, while the photophobic response rate decreased. The response rate of T. palmi female adults could be detected at the lowest intensity but not at the height of the strongest intensity. Therefore, in T. palmi female adults, both the spectrum and intensity of light stimulus resulted in phototactic and photophobic responses under monochromatic light conditions, and the level of response was proportional to the wavelength. The results obtained provided a theoretical basis for further investigation and applications as well as for the evaluation of scientific light traps used to monitor and control T. palmi. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Vegetable leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and their plant hosts in Bangladesh

Most leafminer flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) are serious polyphytophagous insect pests of vegetables. In the present communication an account of four species of agromyzid flies, viz., Liriomyza chinensis (Kato), L. sativae Blanchard, Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch and Ophiomyia phaseoli (Tryon) is provided. Of these, L. chinensis is new to Bangladesh fauna. All these agromyzids were reared from 17 economic vegetable host plants in Bangladesh.

A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor transmembrane point mutation (G275E) associated with resistance to spinosad in Frankliniella occidentalis.

High levels of resistance to spinosad, a macrocyclic lactone insecticide, have been reported previously in western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, an economically important insect pest of vegetables, fruit and ornamental crops. We have cloned the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α6 subunit from F. occidentalis (Foα6) and compared the nucleotide sequence of Foα6 from susceptible and spinosad-resistant insect populations (MLFOM and R1S respectively). A single nucleotide change has been identified in Foα6, resulting in the replacement of a glycine (G) residue in susceptible insects with a glutamic acid (E) in resistant insects. The resistance-associated mutation (G275E) is predicted to lie at the top of the third α-helical transmembrane domain of Foα6. Although there is no direct evidence identifying the location of the spinosad binding site, the analogous amino acid in the C. elegans glutamate-gated chloride channel lies in close proximity (4.4 Å) to the known binding site of ivermectin, another macrocyclic lactone pesticide. The functional consequences of the resistance-associated mutation have been examined in the human nAChR α7 subunit. Introduction of an analogous (A272E) mutation in α7 abolishes the modulatory effects of spinosad whilst having no significant effect upon activation by acetylcholine, consistent with spinosad having an allosteric mechanism of action.

Compatibility of Neem Oil and Different Entomopathogens for the Management of Major Vegetable Sucking Pests

Efficacy of different entomopathogenic microorganisms viz., Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii, Pseudomonas fluorescens and plant origin insecticide i.e., neem oil were tested alone and their 1:1 combination with neem oil against major sucking insect pests of vegetables. Among the entomopathogens V. lecanii was found most promising against solenopsis mealy bug (Phenacoccus solenopsis), black bean aphid (Aphis craccivora) and mustard aphid (Lipaphiserysimi) followed by B. bassiana where as M. anisopliae was shown highly effective against both 6 ± 1 days old nymphs and adults of red cotton bugs (Dysdercuscingulatus). However, neem oil was the most effective biopesticides against all these sucking pests. The per cent mortality were changed in time dependent manner and the lowest median lethal time (LT50) for neem oil against P. solenopsis, A. craccivora, L. erysimi and nymphs and adults of D. cingulatus were 93.71, 60.88, 60.78, 70.08, 90.02 h, respectively. Combinations of these entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and neem oil (1:1) had lower LT50 values than each of their individual indicating the compatibility among them.

Susceptibility of field populations of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China to chlorantraniliprole and the activities of detoxification enzymes

The cutworm Spodoptera litura is a major insect pest of vegetables and cotton in China, and has been reported to develop resistance to various classes of insecticides. Chlorantraniliprole, which has been registered recently in China, provides a novel option for control of this pest. The susceptibilities of S. litura collected from Southeast China to chlorantraniliprole were determined by diet incorporation assay with neonates. The susceptibility variation among 12 field populations was low (<4-fold), with median lethal concentration (LC50) values varying from 28.4 to 102.5 μg/l. However, all the 12 field populations were less susceptible to chlorantraniliprole than a laboratory susceptible population. The most tolerant populations were sampled from Guangdong and Anhui Provinces where S. litura had been frequently challenged by insecticides. However, no correlation was found between LC50 values and the number of applications of this chemical. Biochemical assays were performed to determine the potential mechanisms involved in the tolerance observed in field populations. Most field populations showed significantly enhanced activities of mixed function oxidase enzymes compared with the susceptible strain. Only a few populations had higher activities of esterase and glutathione-S-transferase than the susceptible strain. No correlations were observed between activities of metabolic enzymes and chlorantraniliprole toxicity, suggesting that these detoxification enzymes were not the main cause of the field tolerance observed in this study, and there might be other mechanisms conferring the tolerance variation to chlorantraniliprole in S. litura.

Drip Chemigation of Insecticides as a Pest Management Tool in Vegetable Production

Drip, or trickle, irrigation was used as early as the late 1800s, although it was not until the development of modern plastics during World War II that drip irrigation became economically possible. Developed initially to reduce or prevent moisture stress in the plant, drip irrigation systems also offer an excellent method to apply agrichemicals to the root zone of plants. The application of insecticides through a drip irrigation system was first attempted in the 1980s by using various carbamates and organophosphates, although success was limited. Currently, several newly-developed insecticides such as the neonicotinoids and anthranilic diamides are drip-injected for the control of many vegetable insect pests. The advantages of drip-injection of insecticides over ground application methods include a uniform distribution of insecticide throughout the plant; a reduction in pesticide application inputs, including manpower and vehicle or tractor fuel; and a reduction in soil compaction, plant disturbance, and applicator exposure to pesticides. Insecticides applied through a drip irrigation system can replace or reduce the number of foliar insecticide sprays, reducing the risks to nontarget species.

A proteomic analysis of short-term exposure to fipronil in larvae of Plutella xylostella

This study aimed at analyzing the short-term physiological response of Plutella xylostella L. (Diamondback moth), an insect pest of vegetables, to fipronil using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Protein expression in this insect was observed at 8,16 and 24 h after a fipronil treatment. Differential expression was examined for 20 protein spots, among which nine spots were down-regulated, seven spots were up-regulated and four spots were expressed only in the treated group. 17 protein spots were successfully identified, including proteins that participated in the immune response and in other metabolic pathways, cytoskeletal proteins and molecular chaperones. Differences in the expression of these proteins suggest that P. xylostella created general changes in the immune response, metabolic level and many other characteristics in response to the pesticide. This study could facilitate our better understanding of the physiological response of P. xylostella to pesticides. Key words: Diamondback moth, fipronil, toxicity response, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

Monitoring of beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance to chlorantraniliprole in China

Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua is a major insect pest of vegetables in China, and has been reported to develop resistance to many broad-spectrum insecticides. Recently registered chlorantraniliprole provides a novel option for control of this pest resistant to other conventional insecticides. The susceptibilities of field collected populations were measured by diet incorporation assay with neonate, obvious variation of susceptibility was observed among the 18 field populations with LC 50 values varying from 0.039 to 0.240 mg/liter. Moderate resistant level was discovered in 8 of 18 field populations, other 8 populations had become low level tolerance to chlorantraniliprole, and only one population in all the field colonies remained susceptible. Biochemical assays were performed to determine the potential mechanisms involved in tolerance variation. Field populations displayed varied detoxification enzyme activities, but the regression analysis between chlorantraniliprole toxicities and enzyme activities demonstrated each field population might have specific biochemical mechanisms for tolerance. Artificial selection in laboratory with chlorantraniliprole was carried out, 23 generations of continuous selections resulted in 11.8-fold increase in resistance to chlorantraniliprole, and 3.0-fold and 3.7-fold increases in mixed function oxidase and esterase, respectively. Compared with the susceptible strain kept in laboratory the selection strain had developed 128.6-fold resistance to this insecticide. Synergism assays showed the detoxification enzymes might not involved in the resistance observed in field collected populations and the selected strain.

DDVP, Endrin 混合剤の連合作用とそ菜害虫に対する殺虫効果について

DDVP, Endrin 混合剤の連合作用とそ菜害虫に対する殺虫効果について

A Complete Guide to Vegetable Pests in South AfricaA Complete Guide to Vegetable Pests in South Africaby D. Visser , Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Pretoria. 2009. 316 pp. Price; R320.00 ISBN 978-1-86849-445-3.

Until recently the two standard reference works that included information on the insect pests of vegetables in South Africa were Annecke & Moran's Insects and Mites of Cultivated Plants in South Africa, published some 30 years ago, and Crop Pests in Southern Africa, a series of five booklets that appeared between 1986 and 1990. Both of these have been out of print for many years and Diedrich Visser's new, up-to-date guide could thus not have been produced at a more opportune time. A Complete Guide to Vegetable Pests in South Africa is a follow-up on his highly popular Guide to Potato Pests and their Natural Enemies in South Africa, published in 2005. The author set himself the onerous task of providing detailed information and high-quality macro-photographs of all vegetable pests in South Africa, in addition to an up-to-date list of all species likely to be encountered on vegetables in the country.

Current State and Future View of the Physical Control Methods against the Vegetable Insect Pests

Current State and Future View of the Physical Control Methods against the Vegetable Insect Pests

Behavioral responses of insect pests attacking leaf vegetables under ultraviolet-absorbing plastic films with different wavelengths transmitted and ultraviolet-transmitting films

The movement of five leaf vegetable insect pests, Athalia rosae ruficornis, Phyllotreta striolata, Plutella xylostella, Chromatomyia horticola and Thrips tabaci were examined with an ultraviolet (UV)-transmitting plastic film and four UV-absorbing films, which blocked wavelengths below 340 nm, 360 nm, 370 nm or 380 nm. The insects were placed in an experimental box covered with the UV-transmitting film and the UV-absorbing film; their choice behaviors were observed. The numbers of A. rosae, P. striolata and T. tabaci distributing in the area under all the UV-absorbing films tested were smaller than those under the UV-transmitting films. Movement of P. exlostella and C. horticola into areas under films blocking UV wavelengths below 360 nm,370 nm and 380 nm was suppressed compared to that with the UV-transmitting films. From these findings, we would expect the five insect pests tested to avoid light conditions that do not contain UV wavelengths of 360 nm and less.

Biochemical Characterization of Insecticide Resistance in Insect Pests of Vegetables and Predatory Ladybird Beetles

Insecticide resistance and the underlying resistance mechanisms were studied in seven species of insect vegetable pests (aphids Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, Aphis cracciuora, Toxoptera citricidus and Lipaphis erysirni; diamond-back-moth Plutella xylostella; leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis) and two predatory ladybird beetles (Coccinella sexrnaculatus and Thea cincta). Insects, collected from the Central Province, Sri Lanka were subjected to bioassays with malathion, chlorpyrifos, propoxur and permethrin by topical application and LC,, and LC,, values were obtained. M. persicae, P. xylostella and L. huidobrensis had high resistance to all the insecticides tested with the exception of M. persicae to propoxur. The aphid T. citricidus was the least tolerant pest to all four insecticides tested. Compared to the pest species, the ladybird beetle C. sexmaculatus had a moderate level of insecticide tolerance whereas T. cincta was more susceptible. DDT resistance, as determined by a discriminating concentration, was highest in P. xylostella and least in L. huidobrensis. Biochemical analysis of insect metabolic enzymes showed that elevation of esterases was the major resistance mechanism in aphids and P. xylostella. Highest esterase activity was present in M. persicae. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved elevated esterase isoenzymes in all species except in T. citricidus and T. cincta. Malathion carboxylesterase activity was found in P. xylostella, M. persicae, and L. huidobrensis. Higher glutathione S-transferase activities of P. xylostella and L. erysirni were correlated with their higher DDT resistance. Increased mono-oxygenase titres occurred in A. gossypii, M. persicae and T. citricidus. Insecticide inhibition of the organophosphate and carbamate target site acetylcholinesterases indicated that target site insensitivity is a major mechanism in L. huidobrensis.