Insects Of Economic Importance Research Articles

Determination of physiological age for female Glossina morsitans.

RECENTLY, considerable attention has been paid to a method of determining the physiological age of female insects of economic importance by the appearance of the ovarioles after ovulation. This method, which was originally worked out by Soviet entomologists1,2 for Anopheles, and has since been extended to other blood-sucking Diptera, depends upon the recognition of the number of follicular relics (‘corpora lutea’) appearing as dilatations of the follicular tubes. Each dilatation represents the relic of a single egg follicle and is evidence of a gonotrophic cycle. If the duration of the cycle is known it is possible to calculate the calendar age of the female, a factor of great practical application in determining the epidemiological importance of populations of insect vectors or the degree of success of control programmes. In the laboratory, Bertram and Samarawickrema3 recognized Mansonioides uniformis which had completed five gonotrophic cycles by the presence of five dilatations in the follicular tubes. A study of the ovarioles of Glossina morsitans after ovulation has been made, and it is suggested that a similar method of determining the physiological age of female tsetse flies should be possible.

Some viruses affecting insects of economic importance.

An account is given of some viruses affecting insects of economic importance. Twenty-six viruses are listed affecting twenty-two species of insects. Of these viruses eleven cause cytoplasmic, and eight cause nuclear, polyhedroses. Six are granulosis viruses and one virus has no intracellular inclusions. Most of these viruses are new or recently recorded. The granulosis viruses, affecting Pieris brassicae, P. rapae and Melanchra persicariae, and the diseases they cause, are described in some detail.We are indebted to Dr L. L. J. Ossowski of the Wattle Research Institute, University of Natal, and to Mr T. H. Coaker of the Cotton Research Station, Namulonge, Uganda, who sent us, respectively, diseased specimens of the wattle bagworm and the American cotton bollworm, from which the viruses were isolated. Miss S. Vernon-Smith took the electron micrographs, and Mr Simon Frey the photographs on the optical microscope.

Notes on Nearctic Hemerobiidae, with Descriptions of Two New Species (Neuroptera)

In a collection of Neuroptera from the University of Kansas, studied through the kindness of R. H. B earner, two new Hemerobiidae were found. One is a very pale Californian species of Sympherobius . The other, a species of Hemerobius , was previously represented in the collection of the United States National Museum and is evidently widespread and common in the Far West, but was formerly confused with Hemerobius pacificus Bks. Because of the many records of pacificus as a predator on mites and insects of economic importance, certain of these records apparently are applicable to the new form, and biological control studies may be clarified by the knowledge that pacificus as formerly treated in literature is actually a composite species. The standard reference work on the taxonomy of the Nearctic Hemerobiidae is that of Carpenter (1940),[1][1] and I have endeavored to give notes and illustrations that will be supplemental to those in his comprehensive paper. [1]: #fn-1

Some problems in the use of artificial light in crop protection

Abstract does not appear. First page follows. Introduction When the author first began to investigate the light reactions of blowfly larvae on the sandy beaches of Lake Erie, during the summers of 1903-1906, little did he suspect that he would be investigating the light reactions of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (Linn.), in apple orchards in California twenty-five years later. As the laboratory and field notes of the early work in Ohio are examined, two significant points that have been stressed throughout the years may be noted: (1) importance of knowing field habits, as then stated, “… behavior … under natural conditions … should be considered first”; this point was again stressed in 1909 (Herms, 1909); and (2) the importance of wave length and intensity. These early studies convinced the author of the powerful influence of light on the behavior of insects (and of other arthropods) (Herms, 1907a), (b), and suggested the possibility of devising ways and means for the use of artificial light in the control of insects for man’s benefit in crop protection (Herms and Ellsworth, 1934). In spite of many interruptions and some opposition by old-line entomologists, as well as by other interests, some progress of economic importance has been made. As an aid to future work, examination of some of the problems encountered during the course of these investigations seems appropriate. Much of the earlier work was concerned with laboratory studies (largely unpublished) of the color reactions of various species of insects of economic importance, such as the codling moth. These investigations indicated that insects have color preferences, and that such preferences differ markedly for the various species under consideration. Furthermore, the investigations seem to justify the belief that through the use of appropriate monochromats of sufficient light intensity, certain species of harmful insects could be lured to destruction with the exclusion of harmless and beneficial forms. Experimental evidence points to the fact that certain species of insects—particularly crepuscular forms—become active on exposure to low intensities of light and, by an increase in light intensity, might be deterred from performing their egg-laying function; hence the field tests made on the codling moth.

Faune de France

MOST text-books on general parasitological subjects include chapters on ectoparasitic insects of economic importance, but until now no comprehensive work of reference has been compiled covering those orders of the Insecta the members of which are exclusively ectoparasitic on birds and mammals. It is true that standard works exist which describe the great majority of known species of the sucking lice and the fleas, but these are beyond the reach of the general entomologist except through the libraries. The recent volume of the “Faune de France” series on ectoparasitic insects serves admirably as a treatise for the consulting entomologist and fills a need which has long been felt by those whose duties include a more casual identification of parasites as distinct from their systematic treatment. Faune de France 43: Insectes ectoparasites (Mallophages, Anoploures, Siphonapteres). Par Eugene Seguy. (Federation francaise des Societes de Sciences naturelles: Office central de faunistique.) Pp. 684. (Paris: Paul Lechevalier et fils, 1944.) 800 francs.

Some Insects of economic Importance in Seychelles

Notes on insects in the Seychelles have appeared from time to time during the last thirty years in the annual reports of Seychelles Department of Agriculture. These records are now mostly lost; it is therefore the object of the present contribution to place on record such minor pests as have been collected during 1936–1939 inclusive, and have been determined by the Imperial Institute of Entomology.

Agricultural Education in Jamaica

A PAMPHLET of 86 pages (Bulletin No. 14, New Series ; 1938) issued by the Department of Science and Agriculture of Jamaica indicates the thoroughness with which that Government Department organizes agricultural education in the Colony. It summarizes the series of addresses, lectures and demonstrations given by experts during a special refresher course devised for the staff of instructors of the Jamaica Agricultural Society, and held throughout a week in January. The course was a varied one dealing with aspects of farming which included insects of economic importance to stock maintenance, sugar production, tobacco growing, afforestation, exporting and marketing of produce, banking in relation to agriculture and other subjects. The pamphlet shows that these aspects were treated with thoroughness from the Jamaican point of view, and the appreciation with which the course was received Was indicated by an audience of as many as 150 at some of the sessions.

Observations on the Pupal Respiration of some Insects of Economic Importance

Observations on the Pupal Respiration of some Insects of Economic Importance

Descriptions and Records of parasitic Hymenoptera from British Guiana and the West Indies

The following notes are based almost entirely upon actual rearing records, the hosts in most cases being insects of economic importance. The greatest attention has been paid to parasites of the small moth-borers of sugar-cane (Diatraea spp.). The systematic work has been done entirely at the British Museum and would have been impossible without the facilities in literature and collections there, and the great help of Mr. D. S. Wilkinson and Dr. C. Ferrière, of the Imperial Institute of Entomology. Types of new species are in the British Museum.

The Mouth-Parts of the Larval and Adult Stages of Dermestes Vulpinus F.*

The cosmopolitan species, Dermestes vulpinus Fabricius has long been considered an insect of economic importance. At one time it committed such ravages upon furs of the Hudson's Bay Company in its storehouses in London that a reward of 200,000 Pounds was offered for a means of effectually destroying it (Lintner, 1884). Since that time it has been reported destroying hides and leather in many different countries. Distant (1877) told of a cargo of dried hides received in London from China which had suffered damage from its ravages as great as l5 to 20 percent of the value. Jones (1889) gave an account of the hide beetle found at work in goat skins from Russia, Arabia, Mexico, Turkey, and Cape Town, South Africa. Its activities are well known in the tanneries and shoe factories of our own country (Riley, 1886), (Lintner, 1887). Illingworth (1918) stated that D. vulpinus F. was the principal cause of injury to the dried fish in Honolulu. Kimura and Takakura (1919) reported its ravages of the dried fish in Japan. As early as 1837 it was recorded as destroying a cargo of cork brought to England from Brazil (Bowerbank, 1837). Holland (1896) reported a loss of 2 percent of a shipment of cork from Spain, due to its ravages. Snyder (1920) described “one of the most serious cases of direct injury to metal by insects—that by D. vulpinus F. to tubular lead telephone fuses.” The insect eats through the lead (alloy) tape of the fuses. It has also earned the title of “bone beetle” from its frequent infestations of bones wherever they are stored in large quantities. They feed on the dirty bones and then bore into the framework of the storage buildings to pupate. Walker (1884) reported a case at Queensborough, England, where the wooden framework of a storage room in a bone-boiling works was destroyed by their honey-combing activities. Potter (1898) reported similar ravages in New Zealand. The hide beetle was found in great numbers in the hoof-drying room and the bone-fertilizer store rooms of a packing plant in St. Paul, Minnesota, where the larvae have honey-combed areas in the wooden framework as large as a foot square and one to two inches deep.

A Note on Stibaropus tabulatus, Schiö. (Hem., Pent.), a new Pest of Tobacco in South India

Stibaropus tabulatus, Schiödte, a Pentatomid bug of the subfamily Cydninae, is remarkable in having the unusual habit of living underground and attacking the roots of tobacco, and to the best of the writer's knowledge this is the first record of this species as an insect of economic importance; though Lefroy has mentioned the allied S. molginus, Schiödte, in his “Indian Insect Life” (p. 674) as having been observed at the roots of a palm in South India at a considerable depth below the surface. As the insect under report was something of a novelty and was a pest of such a valuable crop like tobacco, the writer made special efforts to study its life-history and habits, and it is the aim of this paper to place on record the results of his observations and studies, though he regrets that they are somewhat fragmentary in character.

Vegetation Types and Insect Devastations: Distribution of the Mexican Bean Beetle and European Corn Borer in Ohio

There are apparently many insects that are, or have been, destructive throughout their areas of distribution. On the other hand there are some insects of economic importance that range over large areas, and that cause commercial damage only in certain localities within their geographic range. This paper calls attention to two insect pests: the Mexican bean beetle and the European corn borer, that have only recently invaded the State of Ohio; and, although now widely distributed in the state, each has been destructive only in certain areas originally dominated by a single type. Perhaps these examples may point to a general principle of wider application in the ecological study and control of insect pests. By vegetation type is meant either a community, or a natural sequence of closely related communities in a particular kind of habitat. The BeechMaple Forest, the Oak-Chestnut Forest, the Swamp Series of Associations, and the Dry Prairie Associations are well known examples of types that occur in Ohio. Each type may occur locally, or may occupy large areas throughout a region. Presumably wherever they occur in the original there is that combination of ecological factors that enables them to hold their own against invasion and succession of other plant communities. The ecological factors involved may be apparent, but more often they are difficult to determine and evaluate. Enough is known, however, about the operation of ecological factors to warrant the use of an original type as an index of a definite complex of environmental conditions. Moreover it represents not only an evaluation of present soil and atmospheric factors but also of those of the past. It will probably be a long time before we can combine climatic and soil data and derive so satisfactory an index of the geographic distribution of particular biotic habitats. [Ecology, Vol. VIII, No. 2 (pp. 145-284) was issued May 6, 1927.]

Some Important Economic Insects of Central Europe

Remarks on several insects of economic importance observed in the forests of Central Europe.

Scientific Names of Economic Insects

Attention is called to the fact that there is even more confusion among scientific names than among the common names for many of our insects of economic importance, and a suggestion is made that our Committee on Nomenclature be instructed to provide a list of scientific names which shall be presented to the Association for approval, just as the list of common names has been prepared and approved.

Insects of Economic Importance in the Cape Region of Lower California, Mexico

Insects of Economic Importance in the Cape Region of Lower California, Mexico

SOME EAST AFRICAN INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

Annals of Applied BiologyVolume 2, Issue 4 p. 241-244 SOME EAST AFRICAN INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE E. H. DEAKIN M.SC, E. H. DEAKIN M.SC Lately Assistant Entomologist, British East AfricaSearch for more papers by this author E. H. DEAKIN M.SC, E. H. DEAKIN M.SC Lately Assistant Entomologist, British East AfricaSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1916 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1916.tb05441.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume2, Issue4April 1916Pages 241-244 RelatedInformation

STEBBING, E. P. Indian Forest Insects of Economic Importance

Annals of Applied BiologyVolume 1, Issue 3-4 p. 403-406 STEBBING, E. P. Indian Forest Insects of Economic Importance First published: January 1915 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1915.tb08010.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume1, Issue3-4January 1915Pages 403-406 RelatedInformation

(1) Manual of Fruit Insects (2) Indian Forest Insects of Economic Importance: Coleoptera (3) Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa (including also Western Bengal)

(1) STUDENTS of applied entomology all the world over remember gratefully the late Prof. M. V. Slingerland, whose writings in the Bulletins of the Cornell University of Ithaca and elsewhere, form a storehouse of information on insect life-histories and on practical means for destroying pests. And now Mr. C. R. Crosby has completed the pious task of editing a quantity of manuscript left unfinished by Slingerland when, five years ago, he was taken from us. The result of this collaboration is a handy volume in which two hundred species of orchard insects common in the United States are described and figured. In the space allotted the descriptions are necessarily brief, but many facts are conveyed in short paragraphs—thanks to a plain and effective style—while references are given to special memoirs. As might have been expected, the literature quoted is entirely American, though not a few of the insects described are common European pests on which some useful observations have been made on this side of the Atlantic. European workers, however, will be glad to have the American experience with regard to these species, and to others which are near allies of common “old-world” kinds. The few pages of “general considerations” on the structure of insects are the weak part of the book; it is disappointing to see the cuticle called a “shell” on p. 2 and a “skin” on p. 5. The concluding chapter deals with the practical use of insecticides. Illustrations comprise nearly four hundred figures, some of which are reproductions of excellent drawings, while the rest are photographs of somewhat unequal value. Indeed, examples of extremes of merit and demerit in natural history photography might be drawn from this volume. (1) Manual of Fruit Insects. By the late M. V. Slingerland C. R. Crosby. Pp. xvi + 503. (New York: The Macmillan Co.; London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1914.) Price 8s. 6d. net. (2) Indian Forest Insects of Economic Importance: Coleoptera. By E. P. Stebbing. Pp. xvi + 648 + lxii plates. (London: Printed by Eyre and Spottiswoode, Ltd.; sold by Constable and Co., Ltd., and others, 1914.) Price 15s. (3) Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa (including also Western Bengal). Department of Agriculture, Behar and Orissa. Pp. xxiii + Leaflets 84 + Appendices 21 + plates liv. (Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co., 1913.) Price 4 rupees.

A list of the more important insect pests of crops in the Nyasaland Protectorate

The following paper gives a list of those insects of economic importance which have been collected or bred from various crops in Nyasaland during the first three months of the planting season 1911–12 and the whole of the season 1912–13. No attempt has been made to describe the various species mentioned, but their actual economic importance is stated in each case, so far a3 it has been possible to ascertain it during so short a period. All insects have been included as pests which have been found to feed en any particular crop in sufficient numbers to justify their inclusion in that, category. In many cases the actual damage done may be slight, but at any time one or all of those species which feed regularly on crops may assume the position of dangerous pests, and so insects of apparently minor importance are included with those of definite and proved powers of destruction. The insects of first-class importance, which annually inflict heavy losses on the planters, are ten in number. These ten are confined to cotton, tobacco and maize, of which cotton is the worst sufferer, since it is attacked by a greater variety of insects than any other crop that has come under the writer's notice. Except where the contrary is specially mentioned, insects included in this paper are from the Shire Highlands.

The Biology of the Genus Pissodes. (George Heriot Research Fellowship Thesis.)

In the case of any harmful insect of economic importance, in order to war against it, or apply remedial measures at all intelligently, a knowledge of the life-history of the pest is necessary. This proposition will, I think, meet with such ready acceptance as to render proof unnecessary, but I might in illustration mention two cases which came under my own observation, where in the one case a knowledge of the round of life of the attacking insect saved a whole forest, and in the other proved of great importance.