Input Redundancy Research Articles

Allocation Efficiency, Influencing Factors and Optimization Path of Rural Land Resources: A Case Study in Fang County of Hubei Province, China.

Land resource allocation efficiency (LRAE) is a significant indicator in weighing regional socioeconomic development. The study of LRAE can provide useful references for optimizing the layout of rural land use and conducting village planning against the background of rural revitalization strategy. Taking Fang County of Hubei Province as an example, we constructed an efficiency measurement index system based on economic, social, and ecological objectives. The slack-based measure with undesirable output (SBM-Undesirable) model and geodetector model were used to evaluate the rural LRAE, influencing factors and optimization paths from 2011 to 2017. The results suggest that: (1) the rural LRAE in Fang County shows a steady upward trend, with an average increasing rate of 9.204%. The townships in the north and south of the study area have a low LRAE value, and townships in the central area have a high LRAE value. The number of villages at low or medium-low LRAE is decreasing, and the number of villages with medium-high or high LRAE continued to increase from 2011 to 2017. (2) The spatial variation in LRAE in Fang County is affected by physical geography conditions, rural development conditions, and urban-rural relations. The impact of the proportion of primary industry and rural population has always been influential on the LRAE. Physical geography conditions have a relatively strong impact on the LRAE, but their values are decreasing. The influences of the Engel coefficient, urbanization rate and gap between the rural and urban resident’s income have been continuously enhanced. (3) All land types have obvious input redundancies, and reducing these redundancies can help achieve the optimal allocation of rural land resources. In the future, it is of significance to prioritize low-carbon and green developments, and to promote sustainable rural development.

Research on Innovation Performance in Heterogeneous Region: Evidence from Yangtze Economic Belt in China

Innovation has become the main impetus for regional development. Effective utilization of innovation resources is crucial in promoting sustainable innovation. From the theoretical aspect, there still exists uncertainty of how to effectively evaluate innovation performance. From the empirical aspect, we still doubt whether regions of higher economic level or high innovation quantity really show positive regional innovation performance, especially in heterogeneous regions. This paper uses DEA-Malmquist index to measure regional innovation performance of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China. Regions of similar performance levels are grouped by ward clustering, analysis regional innovation performance characteristics, and problem-solving paths of regions in different development stages. The empirical research proves that overall performance of Yangtze River Economic Belt is not high. The economic core area has realized increase of innovation volume through large amount of material input and resource consumption, instead of realizing full utilization of innovative resources; how to improve the utilization rate of existing technical resources has been neglected. Different regions with similar innovation performance show different characteristics and innovation problems, including resource mismatch, input redundancy, or insufficient output. There are also some differences in the way the region’s specific innovation performance is improved.

Efficiency evaluation of key ports along the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road based on the DEA–SCOR model

ABSTRACT The twenty-first Century Maritime Silk Road is the economic trade corridor that uses seaways to connect dozens of countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe as an important component of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Ports are important links, and the efficiency of port operations can influence the cooperation effect of the Road. This study analyzes relative operation efficiency of a series of key ports along the twenty-first Century Maritime Silk Road (ports of Qingdao, Ningbo Zhoushan, Shanghai Yangshan, Shenzhen, Rotterdam, Singapore, Piraeus, Hamburg and Colombo) on the basis of data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. Results show that Qingdao Port is substantially efficient and the ports of Ningbo Zhoushan and Shanghai Yangshan develop rapidly. The DEA–supply chain operations reference (SCOR) model is used as basis to analyze the port operating efficiency of ship inward–outward and stacking yard with Qingdao Port as the benchmark. Results indicate that ports with low relative efficiency suffer from input redundancy and inefficiency output, especially Rotterdam Port. This study could inform plannings and operations of seaports under the strategic background of BRI.

Input Allocation for the Propeller-Based Overactuated Platform ROSPO

We apply input allocation to a redundantly actuated platform driven by tilting aerodynamic propulsion units: the ROtor graSPing Omnidirectional (ROSPO). This platform represents a novel testbed for redundancy allocation designs in propeller-driven platforms. The control solution is based on a hierarchical architecture, made of a high-level controller for trajectory tracking, and a nonlinear input allocation algorithm. The algorithm exploits the input redundancy to take into account soft constraints associated with physical saturation limits of the actuators, and also induce reduced energy consumption. The actuator dynamics is fully taken into account in the framework and a rigorous proof of asymptotic tracking of time-varying references is guaranteed despite the impossibility of an instantaneous force execution. The experiments on the ROSPO platform clearly show the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach, as well as its scalability with different degrees of overactuation levels.

Innovation Efficiency Evaluation of Listed Companies Based on the DEA Method

Abstract This study uses the DEA method to evaluate and analyze the innovation capability of 233 listed companies in 5 major industrial sectors defined by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC). The results of overall efficiency evaluation show that the overall innovation efficiency values of therespective 5 major industries all relatively low, with differences between each other. Insufficient innovation input is the reason for low scale efficiency. Firms can expand input to increase output, but the resources invested should follow proper proportions to avoid input redundancy, which is a major cause for firms’ failure in reaching DEA efficiency. This study puts forward the following suggestions: Under the premise of seeking help from the government, firms must always pay attention to their own innovation input-output ratio, identify the root causes of problems, so as to effectively improve innovation capability.

СНИЖЕНИЕ ВВОДИМОЙ ИЗБЫТОЧНОСТИ ПРИ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИИ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ В УСЛОВИЯХ КОМПЕНСАЦИИ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЙ ДЕСТРУКТИВНЫХ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЙ ЗЛОУМЫШЛЕННИКА

The article describes the information and analytical systems (IAS), the main function of which is processing of large multidimensional arrays of information under conditions of destructive effects caused by attacker. Such conditions require the management of secure data storage. It ensures the data sent for storage by operator is identical to the one used by a decision-maker upon request. The authors propose the subsystem of data integrity control that uses cryptographic hash functions. The applied hash functions are based on the rules for constructing Pascal’s triangle. The paper shows that a distinguishing feature of the subsystem is reducing the input redundancy of control information at a given security level of data processed in the IAS, as well as ensuring new properties, such as the ability to control the integrity of not only the data to be secured, but also the reference hash codes. The article also gives a comparative assessment of the developed subsystem with known methods of data integrity control.

Evaluating provincial eco-efficiency in China: an improved network data envelopment analysis model with undesirable output.

In this study, an improved matrix-type network data envelopment analysis (NDEA) model with undesirable output was developed to evaluate the eco-efficiency of China's 30 provinces. The proposed model considered three linked but independent subsystems of the economy-society-environment cyclic system. Additionally, to allocate the weights of the NDEA model among the three subsystems (environment, economy, and society) of the eco-environment, a new relative reduction of the input-based method was proposed. The results show that, from 2003 to 2016, the average eco-efficiency of China's 30 provinces was low, ranging in [0.59, 0.73]. Qinghai and Hainan ranked first and second, respectively, in average eco-efficiencies, while both Shaanxi and Xinjiang had the lowest average eco-efficiencies. Affected by the low social subsystem efficiency, the eco-efficiency of 18 provinces decreased, but the range of the decrease was smaller than that of the increase in 11 other provinces in which the eco-efficiency improved. The average efficiency of the environmental subsystem is the highest among the three subsystems benefiting from reducing the emissions of "three industrial wastes," while economic subsystem owns the lowest average efficiency due to the input redundancy of total fixed assets and energy consumption. Compared with variables' projection, for most provinces, the undesirable output of the three industrial wastes should be reduced by more than 88.0%, while the positive outputs of atmospheric quality and per capita years of education should be increased by at least 61.0%.

Masking attack for sampled‐data systems via input redundancy

This study discovers a new vulnerability of cyber-physical systems to malicious attack. It arises when the physical plant, that is modelled as a continuous-time LTI system, is controlled by a digital controller with periodic sampling and actuation. In the sampled-data framework, most anomaly detectors monitor the plant's output only at discrete time instants. Consequently, abnormal behaviour between sampling instants cannot be detected if output behaves normally at every sampling instant. This implies that if an actuator attack drives the plant's state to pass through the kernel of the output matrix at each sensing time, then the attack compromises the system while remaining stealthy. It is shown that this type of attack always exists when the sampled-data system has an input redundancy, i.e. the number of inputs being larger than that of outputs and/or the sampling rate of the actuators being higher than that of the sensors. Simulation results for the X-38 vehicle and other numerical examples illustrate this new attack strategy may result in disastrous consequences.

Research on Scientific Research Performance of Humanities and Social Sciences in China’s First-class Universities Based on SE-DEA

The research efficiency of humanities and social sciences in 41 first-class universities in China was measured based on Super Efficiency DEA method. It is found that most universities have higher research efficiency, but the scale efficiency is lower, and the universities with ineffective scale are mostly large-scale universities. Through analysis, the efficiency of universities is driven by insufficient input of resources, inefficiency is caused by insufficient output of results and redundancy of input of resources. There are the following suggestions: one recommends that large-scale universities should appropriately reduce the scale of scientific research; secondly, “pseudo-effective universities” should strengthen output-oriented to achieve real efficiency; at the same time, inefficient universities can improve from the aspects of technology and management capabilities. Keywords: first-class universities, research performance, super efficiency DEA DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-10-17 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

Design and Experimental Assessment of an Active Fault-Tolerant LPV Vertical Dynamics Controller

This article addresses the design of an active fault-tolerant full-vehicle semi-active suspension controller by linear parameter-varying (LPV) control methods. The restrictive force constraints of the semi-active damper are modeled by saturation indicator parameters and treated as scheduling parameters in the LPV design. The synthesized LPV controller is subsequently augmented by a damper force reconfiguration exploring the weak input redundancy provided by four dampers in a full-vehicle application. In this way, the controller compensates for damper forces lost in the case of saturation or failure by the remaining dampers. The performance of the proposed LPV controller is validated by experiments on a four-post test-rig. The results show the improved tradeoff between ride comfort and road-holding of the full-vehicle LPV controller compared with a quarter-vehicle LPV controller and a Skyhook-Groundhook controller.

Cycles of external dependency drive evolution of avian carotenoid networks

All organisms depend on input of exogenous compounds that cannot be internally produced. Gain and loss of such dependencies structure ecological communities and drive species’ evolution, yet the evolution of mechanisms that accommodate these variable dependencies remain elusive. Here, we show that historical cycles of gains and losses of external dependencies in avian carotenoid-producing networks are linked to their evolutionary diversification. This occurs because internalization of metabolic controls—produced when gains in redundancy of dietary inputs coincide with increased branching of their derived products—enables rapid and sustainable exploration of an existing network by shielding it from environmental fluctuations in inputs. Correspondingly, loss of internal controls constrains evolution to the rate of the gains and losses of dietary precursors. Because internalization of a network’s controls necessarily bridges diet-specific enzymatic modules within a network, it structurally links local adaptation and continuous evolution even for traits fully dependent on contingent external inputs.

Measuring destocking performance of the Chinese real estate industry: A DEA-Malmquist approach

This paper aims to measure the evolution of destocking performance of the Chinese Real Estate Industry based on a DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis)-Malmquist approach, which is seldom used in this industry in existing literature. In 2016, the Chinese government introduced a unified national destocking policy to reduce real estate inventory to save the downturn in the real estate market, but the effect was less than expected and led to soaring house prices in first-tier cities. By analysing the destocking performance over the period from 2005 to 2015, we find the following: (1) It is impossible to use a unified policy to effectively address the national destocking issue because of the difference of DMUs' destocking efficiency, input redundancy and total factor productivity score changes. (2) With the current destocking performance and investment status, the government is still ignoring the existing commercial real estate problems. (3) The redundancy of firm assets and staff indicates that zombie firms may exist and risk future unemployment in the real estate industry. (4) Despite the recently repeated government interventions in this industry, destocking performance remains falling since 2008, and problems in other regions is more severe than in central cities. (5) The financial crisis triggered by the US subprime mortgage crisis has had a great impact on China's real estate industry. The destocking performance dropped sharply in 2008, forcing the Chinese government to introduce policies to stimulate the real estate market. Policy recommendations are also put forward based on the findings.

Design of a multi-rate control system in state-space representation using input redundancy

Design of a multi-rate control system in state-space representation using input redundancy

Evaluation of China's Health Resources Allocation Performance

Background As one of the limited public resources, health resources is the material basis for maintaining health, and its allocation has a direct impact on the demand and utilization of health services, thus affecting the health status of the population. How to improve the performance of health resources allocation, to obtain the best social and economic benefits within the least input has become the hot spot of social concern in China. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the performance of China's health resources allocation from 2004 to 2015 under the constraint of medical expenses. Methods An input-output performance evaluation index system was constructed under the background of constraint of medical expenses China. This study used the SBM-undesirable model to measure the performance of health resources allocation in 31 provinces of China from 2004 to 2015. Results The performance of health resources allocation measured by the SBM-undesirable model at the national and regional levels was significantly lower than that of the traditional CCR model. The undesirable output redundancy rate and desirable output shortage rate at the national and regional levels were far greater than the health resource input redundancy rate. The reasons for the loss of performance of allocation of health resources in different provinces were different. Conclusions Traditional DEA model overestimated the performance of China's health resource allocation and was less sensitive to its changing characteristics. Undesirable output redundancy and desirable output shortage were the main reasons for the performance loss.

Efficiency evaluation of hotel operations in Mainland China based on the superefficiency SBM model

This research evaluated the efficiency of hotels in 31 provinces and 4 regions (Eastern, Western, Central, and Northeastern China) using the superefficiency slacks-based measure model. The reasons for operational inefficiency were assessed from two perspectives: input redundancy and output shortfalls. Most hotels were found to have operational inefficiencies, and there is a significant scope for future improvement. The relative efficiency of hotel operations by the four regions was as follows: Eastern China > Central China > Western China > Northeastern China. The efficiency of hotels demonstrated differing coefficients of variation. The most significant coefficient of variation was for Western China, and the smallest was for Northeastern China. The primary cause of inefficiencies was in input redundancies, especially the high degree of input redundancy in number of hotels, employees, and rooms. Also, to some degree, differences exist among the four regions in operational inefficiencies.

Layer 3 Dynamically Coordinates Columnar Activity According to Spatial Context.

To reduce statistical redundancy of natural inputs and increase the sparseness of coding, neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) show tuning for stimulus size and surround suppression. This integration of spatial information is a fundamental, context-dependent neural operation involving extensive neural circuits that span across all cortical layers of a V1 column, and reflects both feedforward and feedback processing. However, how spatial integration is dynamically coordinated across cortical layers remains poorly understood. We recorded single- and multiunit activity and local field potentials across V1 layers of awake mice (both sexes) while they viewed stimuli of varying size and used dynamic Bayesian model comparisons to identify when laminar activity and interlaminar functional interactions showed surround suppression, the hallmark of spatial integration. We found that surround suppression is strongest in layer 3 (L3) and L4 activity, where suppression is established within ∼10 ms after response onset, and receptive fields dynamically sharpen while suppression strength increases. Importantly, we also found that specific directed functional connections were strongest for intermediate stimulus sizes and suppressed for larger ones, particularly for connections from L3 targeting L5 and L1. Together, the results shed light on the different functional roles of cortical layers in spatial integration and on how L3 dynamically coordinates activity across a cortical column depending on spatial context.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) show tuning for stimulus size, where responses to stimuli exceeding the receptive field can be suppressed (surround suppression). We demonstrate that functional connectivity between V1 layers can also have a surround-suppressed profile. A particularly prominent role seems to have layer 3, the functional connections to layers 5 and 1 of which are strongest for stimuli of optimal size and decreased for large stimuli. Our results therefore point toward a key role of layer 3 in coordinating activity across the cortical column according to spatial context.

Assessing the eco-efficiency of a circular economy system in China's coal mining areas: Emergy and data envelopment analysis

Improving the eco-efficiency of the circular economy system in mining areas has been recognized as the most effective way to reduce the greenhouse effect and achieve sustainable development. Based on the emergy theory and on data envelopment analysis (DEA), this paper adopts the SBM-Undesirable model to evaluate the eco-efficiency of the circular economy system in China's largest coal mining area, Shanxi Province, during the period 2006–2015. Emergy flow indices are treated as input and output indices. Eco-efficiency is factorized into economic efficiency and environmental efficiency. The potential for improvement of the circular economy system is analyzed based on input redundancy and output deficiency. The results for the period 2006–2015 indicate the following: (1) both the input and the output of the circular system increase during this period; (2) the increased input relies on mostly imported emergy, and the increase in waste emergy is lower than the exported emergy; (3) eco-efficiency is invalid except for 2011 and 2012 and exhibits a decreasing trend beginning in 2013; (4) environmental efficiency is invalid over the entire period, and the eco-efficiency level is positively related to the economic efficiency score; and (5) the circular economy system has a larger energy saving space, and the key to achieving sustainability of the circular economy system is output growth.

Linear output regulation with dynamic optimization for uncertain linear over-actuated systems

This paper considers the linear output regulation problem for uncertain over-actuated plants. The general form of input redundancy considered in this work implies the existence of multiple control inputs and state trajectories compatible with a prescribed reference for the output. On-line selection, according to certain performance criteria, of the most suitable of these inputs-state trajectories leads to a linear output regulation problem with dynamic redundancy allocation. We present a solution that augments the well known internal model control scheme with two additional dynamical systems. The first one, named annihilator, parametrizes the inputs and the corresponding state trajectories that are invisible from the output. The second one, named redundancy allocator, dynamically selects the best solution according to a predefined performance criterion. We derive explicit solutions for the performance criterion equal to relaxed 1, 2, and ∞- norms of the plant input. This set-up is a particular case of the dynamic redundancy allocation problem named dynamic input allocation. The proposed solutions can be implemented in an error feedback form and are especially suitable for optimizing sparsity, power and amplitude of the control input. Finally, structural stability, robustness and existence of a unique steady-state are proven.

A Simple Approach to the Reconstruction of a Set of Points from the Multiset of Pairwise Distances in n2 Steps for the Sequencing Problem: III. Noise Inputs for the Beltway Case.

The approach based on the removal of redundancy in inputs when reconstructing a set of points X from the set of their pairwise distances \documentclass{aastex}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{bm}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{pifont}\usepackage{stmaryrd}\usepackage{textcomp}\usepackage{portland, xspace}\usepackage{amsmath, amsxtra}\usepackage{upgreek}\pagestyle{empty}\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}\begin{document} $$\Delta X$$ \end{document} is generalized for the beltway case by using integral transformations. It is shown that the generalized approach can be successfully used not only for complete and error-free sets of pairwise distances \documentclass{aastex}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{bm}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{pifont}\usepackage{stmaryrd}\usepackage{textcomp}\usepackage{portland, xspace}\usepackage{amsmath, amsxtra}\usepackage{upgreek}\pagestyle{empty}\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}\begin{document} $$\Delta X$$ \end{document} , but also for sets \documentclass{aastex}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{bm}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{pifont}\usepackage{stmaryrd}\usepackage{textcomp}\usepackage{portland, xspace}\usepackage{amsmath, amsxtra}\usepackage{upgreek}\pagestyle{empty}\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}\begin{document} $$\Delta \mathfrak{X} = \Delta X + \mathfrak{f}$$ \end{document} containing a large number of noise and missing data \documentclass{aastex}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{bm}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{pifont}\usepackage{stmaryrd}\usepackage{textcomp}\usepackage{portland, xspace}\usepackage{amsmath, amsxtra}\usepackage{upgreek}\pagestyle{empty}\DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6}\begin{document} $$\mathfrak{f}$$ \end{document} . The proposed approach allows to reconstruct X in n2 steps, where n is the cardinality of noise input sets.

Measuring the Cultivated Land Use Efficiency of the Main Grain-Producing Areas in China under the Constraints of Carbon Emissions and Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution

The carbon emissions and agricultural nonpoint source pollution constraints were incorporated into the input–output index system, and the epsilon-based measure (EBM) super efficiency model and global Malmquist–Luenberger (GML) index were used to measure the cultivated land use efficiency and changes in the total factor productivity (TFP) of cultivated land use in the main grain-producing areas in China from 1993–2016. The results indicate that: (1) from 1993 to 2016, the cultivated land use efficiency in the main grain-producing areas in China showed a tendency to fluctuate and increase, with obvious stage characteristics; however, the overall level was not high. (2) There is a significant difference in the cultivated land use efficiency under the constraints of carbon emissions and nonpoint source pollution in the main grain-producing areas in the different provinces, and low-efficiency provinces have higher input redundancy and undesired output redundancy than high-efficiency provinces. It can be observed that input redundancy and undesired output redundancy have a significant negative effect on cultivated land use efficiency. (3) The TFP of cultivated land use under the constraints of carbon emissions and nonpoint source pollution in China’s main grain-producing areas is estimated by the GML index. The results show that the TFP of cultivated land use in the main provinces in the main grain-producing regions is greater than 1, indicating that the productivity levels of all the provinces in China’s main grain-producing areas are increasing. From the perspective of the power sources in each province, global pure technological change (GPTC) and global scale technological change (GSTC) are the main driving forces for the TFP of cultivated land use, while global pure efficiency change (GPEC) and global scale efficiency change (GSEC) are the bottlenecks for increasing the TFP of cultivated land use.