Inorganic Nutrient Sources Research Articles

Impact of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on Root Architecture, Soil Microbial Biomass and Yield on Low Land Rice Ecosystem

To study the impact of vermicompost, arbuscular mycorrhizae and FYM application on the rice ecosystem at low land, a field experiment was conducted with rice CO(R) 51 at the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in Coimbatore during the winter of 2020. The experiment was framed in Randomized Block Design comprising of 8 treatments viz., Recommended Dose of Fertilizer Soil Test Crop Response approach (T1), RDF 75 % + Farm Yard Manure @ 12.5 t ha-1 (T2), T2 + Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T3), RDF 75 % + Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 (T4), T4 + Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T5), FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 + Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T6), Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1+ Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T7) and Absolute control (T8) and replicated thrice. The maximum microbial population were registered in the plots that received integrated nutrient application of RDF 75 % STCR approach + Vermicompost 5 t ha-1 + seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi. Rice root architecture has changed significantly as a result of mycorrhizal inoculation. Mycorrhizal rice plants have more root volume, length, and spread than plants without mycorrhizae. Nutrient retention and availability influenced the presence of microbial-mediated metabolic activities and nutrient transformations during crop growth. Bacteria, fungus, and actinomycetes became less abundant as the crop reached harvest. The population density of mycorrhizospheres that utilize both organic and inorganic fertilizers is higher. The treatments that received Vermicompost or FYM with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Nitrogen, Phosphorous & Potassium fertilizers obtained the highest yields of rice grain and straw (6740 and 7840 kg ha-1) respectively, and it was clear that the combination of Vermicompost or FYM, VAM and along with NPK fertilizers produced significantly higher yields than their individual applications and absolute control.

Potential of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as Compost and its Effect on Soil and Plant Properties: A Review

Water hyacinth, the devastating weed grows in water bodies either naturally or as a result of human interference, is considered as threat to environment due to its negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. To alleviate its negative impact utilization of those become as better mean in recent decades. As such, water hyacinth is known to has potential to be utilized as nutrient source via composting, all most all types of composting techniques are applicable in preparation of compost from water hyacinth. Being an organic source, water hyacinth helps build up soil organic matter, in turn play vital role in the enrichment of the soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Aggregation of soil particles, porosity, density, water holding capacity, nutrient availability, cation exchange capacity, pH, soil microorganism are the soil properties reported to improve with water hyacinth compost application. Moreover, water hyacinth compost seems to be far better than the animal manures in improvement of soil properties. As a result, water hyacinth compost shows magnificent effect of plant agronomic growth parameters such as germination percentage, number of leaves, leaf area index, plant height, length of shoot and root, root: shoot ratio, biomass content as well as yield parameters. However, utilization of water hyacinth has few challenges like difficulties in harvesting, chance for heavy metal accumulation, hardness during decomposition, less awareness. Properly managed water hyacinth compost would serve as an alternative for inorganic nutrient sources in future thus indirectly the threat caused by this aquatic weed on environmental would become minimum.

Microbiomes of medicinal plants and their potential avenues as bioresources – A review

Sustainable enhancement in bioactive production of medicinal plants must encompass a balanced use of inorganic, organic, and biofertilizer sources of plant nutrients to augment and maintain soil fertility, productivity and quantity. This necessitates an intricate analysis of the inter-relationships between microbial communities and their impact on host plant productivity. A large variety of fungi and bacteria is recognized in phyllosphere, endosphere and rhizosphere of medicinal plant that showed significant effect in secondary metabolite alteration and uptake of plant nutrients. Significant phytotherapeutic compounds are actually produced by associated microbes through interaction with their host plant which lead to recognition of microbe and plant interaction. In modern medicine and agriculture, medicinal plant are considered rich bioresources yet their ecological role of microbiome is unexplored. Plant-associated microbes form holobiont which is responsible for the beneficial interplay of the host and its microbiome by maintaining host plant fitness, health, nutrition and increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, adaptation to environmental variations promotion of the establishment of mycorrhizal association. Some genera are ubiquitous and can be found distributed over the entire plant, such as the well-known plant-associated genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas. The objective of this review is to introduce insights into plant-microbe interaction in medicinal plants

Effect of Different Nutrients and its Integration on Growth, Yield and Quality of Double Zero Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

A field experiment was conducted at Crop Research Center, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, to assess the effect of different nutrients and their integration on growth, yield and quality of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Indian mustard cultivar Pusa Mustard 31(PDZM -31) was grown during winter (rabi) season of 2020-21. The treatments comprised of Control (T1), 100% N (T2), 100% NP (T3), 100% NPK (T4), 125%NPK (T5), 100% NPK+ S@40kg ha-1 (T6), 100%NPK+ Zn @5kg ha-1 (T7), 100%NPK + B @1kg ha-1 (T8), 75% NPK+ Vermicompost @ 2t ha-1 (T9), 75%NPK+ Farm Yard Manure @ 6t ha-1 (T10), 75%NPK + VC @ 2t ha-1+ Azotobacter (T11) and 75% NPK + FYM @ 6t ha-1 + Azotobacter (T12). Results revealed that treatment T11 (75% NPK + VC@2t ha-1 + Azotobacter) and T12 (75% NPK + FYM@6t ha-1 + Azotobacter) exhibited significant influence on the growth, yield and quality of mustard as compared to the application of 100% NPK alone. Significant improvement in growth parameters viz. plant height, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation as well as crop growth rate, relative growth rate and yield was recorded with the application of T11 and T12. Maximum oil content (40.67%) was obtained in T6 (100% NPK+ S@ 40kg ha-1) and maximum oil yield (796.76 kg ha-1) was obtained in T12, it remained at par with T5, T6, T10 and T11. Maximum protein content (21.75%) was found in T12 which was on par with T5, T9, T10 & T12. The maximum protein yield (492.88 kg ha-1) was obtained in treatment T12 which was statistically on par with T11, T5 and T6 respectively. T11 and T12 exhibited significant influence on the growth and yield of mustard as compared to other treatments respectivity. Integration of inorganic and organic sources of nutrients improved the growth parameters, yield and quality parameters of Indian mustard, whereas the use of chemical fertilizer alone showed a pronounced decline of these parameters.

Impacts of soil fertility management on productivity and economics of rice and fodder intercropping systems under rainfed conditions in Odisha, India

Under small and marginal farm conditions, allocation of land exclusively for forages is not possible. Hence, integration of forages in existing crop geometry can ensure production of grain and fodder, simultaneously under rainfed conditions. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different nutrient management practices on rice and fodder intercropping systems under rainfed conditions during 2015–2017. The intercropping system comprised (i) sole rice (R), (ii) rice and cowpea (5:2) (CP) and (iii) rice and ricebean (5:2) (RB) whereas the different nutrient management practices comprised (i) application of farm yard manure (FYM) at 5 t ha–1 (farmers’ practice) (N1), (ii) application of inorganic fertilizer (recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) of rice, 60:30:30 kg ha–1 of N:P2O5:K2O) (N2) and (iii) application of both FYM at 5 t ha–1 and 50% of RDF inorganic fertilizer (N3). The results of the experiment revealed that the growth attribute such as leaf area was influenced significantly when fodder crops were taken as intercrops because rice plant was getting more nitrogen from soil due to nitrogen fixation of leguminous fodder crops. Among the nutrient management practices, significant differences in leaf area were found beween N2 and N1, and between N3 and N1 treatments. However, regarding total number of effective tillers, significant differences were found neither between nutrient management practices nor between cropping systems. The rice equivalent yield (REY) based on price (REYP) was found to be significantly lower in CP (2 615 kg ha–1; –6.4%) and RB intercropping systems (2 571 kg ha–1; –8.0%) than in R monocropping system (2 794 kg ha–1). However, the REY based on energy (REYE) of CP (2 999 kg ha–1; +7.3%) and RB (2 960 kg ha–1; +5.9%) were found to be significantly higher than that of R (2 794 kg ha–1) irrespective of nutrient management practices. Between different nutrient management practices, the N3 treatment recorded the highest REYP and REYE which was at par with the N2 treatment and significantly higher than the N1 treatment irrespective of cropping systems. The combined application of both organic and inorganic sources of nutrients helped to supply nutrients throughout the growing season, which led to improved growth parameters and rice yield. The R monocropping system resulted in more income and rain water use efficiency (RWUE) closely followed by rice and fodder intercropping systems. However, the REYE and energy use efficiency (EUE) of rice and fodder intercropping systems were higher than those of R. Also, fodder helped to meet the requirement of cattle feeding in the off-season. Hence, the intercropping system is advocated in the study zone. Further study can be done on ecosystem services and carbon sequestration potential of the intercropping system, as well as the system’s coping ability in response to short drought through observing periodic soil moisture regime in root zone.

Effect of Foliar Application of Different Organic Sources and Levels of Fertilizer on Growth Attributes, Yield Attributes, Yield, Quality and Economics of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

Background: Productivity of cowpea in our country is very low. So, there is need to take proper agronomic practices to enhance the productivity of cowpea and foremost important among them is foliar application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients exploiting genetic potential of crop. This is considered to be an efficient and economic method of supplementing part of nutrient requirement at critical growth stages of the crop. Foliar application is credited with the advantage of quick and efficient utilization of nutrients, elimination of losses through leaching, fixation and regulating uptake of nutrients by the plant. In view of above consideration, the experiment entitled “Influence of foliar application of different organic sources on growth, yield and quality of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) under varying levels of fertilizer” was conducted with objectives to study the effect of different levels of fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of cowpea, to study the effect of foliar application of different organic sources on growth, yield and quality of cowpea, to study the interaction effect of different levels of fertilizer and foliar application of organic sources and to study the economics of different treatments. Methods: The field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.) during Rabi 2019-20. Field experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design. The fertilizer levels comprised of three levels viz., F1: 100% RDF, F2: 75% RDF and F3: 50% RDF and foliar application consisted of five different organic sources viz., S0: Control, S1: Panchagavya @ 3%, S2: Vermiwash @ 10%, S3: Cow urine @ 5% and S4: Vasant urja @ 0.5%. There were 15 treatment combinations replicated three times. Result: It can be concluded that for growing cowpea, it should be supplied with 100% RDF and sprayed with panchagavya @ 3% or cow urine @ 5% foliar application, so as to obtain higher yield and economic returns.

Effects of Irrigation, Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Sources on the Growth, Yield and Soil Fertility Status With Rice-Rice Cropping

Continuous cultivation of highly exhaustive cropping sequence in most of the irrigated fertile lands has resulted in the decline of soil physico-chemical condition in general and particularly soil organic matter (SOM) content. The experiment was laid out inasplit- plot design with irrigation (I1: traditional irrigation i.e. continuous flooding, I2: saturated condition, I3: Alternate wetting and drying) in main plots and fertilizers treatments: T0 = Control, T1 =100% (Recommended dose of chemical fertilizer), T2 =50% RDCF + 5 ton cowdung ha- 1, T3=70% RDCF + 3 ton cowdung ha-1, T4 =50% RDCF + 5 ton compost ha-1, T5 =70% RDCF + 3 ton compost ha-1, T6 = 50% RDCF + 3.5 ton poultry manure ha-1, T7 =70% RDCF + 2.1 ton poultry manure ha-1to the sub - plots. The rice yields were not significantly affected by different irrigation but higher grain yields were obtained in continuous flooded irrigation. The treatment T7 gave higher Boro and T. Aman rice yields. The higher Boro rice grain yields were obtained from I1T7 (70% RDCF + 2.1 ton poultry manure ha-1 with continuous flooded irrigation) followed by I3T7 (alternate wetting and drying + 70% RDCF + 2.1 ton poultry manure ha-1). The 100% RDCF was applied to T. Aman rice resulted residual effects of fertilizer and the higher T. Aman rice yields were recorded in I2T2 (saturated condition + 50% RDCF + 3 ton cowdungha-1) followed by I2T3 (saturated condition + 50% RDCF + 3 ton cowdungha-1) treatment combinations due to more residual effects of inorganic plus manure application during Boro rice cropping. The highest organic matter level was found in post-harvest soils where inorganic fertilizer plus cowdung were used and soil pH increased by using poultry manure. The higher levels of available P and K concentrations were observed in the post experiment soils where fertilizer and manure were applied. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2021, 24(1): 71-81

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on Flowering of Hybrid Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii B.) cv. Shimmer in Open Field Condition

The present investigation on Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on flowering of hybrid gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii B.) cv. Shimmer in open field condition was conducted at Biotechnology cum Tissue Culture Centre, OUAT Bhubaneswar during 2015-16 and 2016-17. The aim of the study was to find out suitable organic and inorganic sources of nutrients for cut flower production of gerbera in open field condition. There were eight treatment combinations consisting of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), Vermicompost, 75% RDF, PSB, Azospirillum, Azotobacter and foliar spray of macro and micro elements. Application of 75% RDF (15:10:30 g NPK/10 plants) + Vermicompost (25 g/10 plants) + Azospirillum/ Azotobacter (20 g/10 plants) + PSB (20 g/10 plants) + macro and micro element spray recorded earlier flower bud initiation and flowering. The same treatments conducted to maximum length of flower stalk, thickness of flower stalk, flower diameter, number of flowers/plant and bloom life. It can be concluded that reduced dose of chemical fertilizer (75% RDF) along with application of vermicompost and biofertiizer can improve flower yield of gerbera in open field condition.

Growth, Nitrogen Uptake of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Soil Chemical Properties, and Responses to Compost and Nitrogen Rates and Their Mixture on Different Textured Soils: Pot Experiment

Integrated nutrient management, which primarily involves the combined application of organic and inorganic nutrient sources, is one of the simplest approaches to handle declining soil fertility challenges and increase crop productivity and production. Keeping in view this fact, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of compost and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and their mixture on soil properties, growth, and nitrogen uptake of maize on loam and clay textured soils at the Awada Agricultural Research Subcenter. Treatments comprised factorial combinations of five compost rates (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 t·ha−1) and four rates of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (0, 46, 92, and 138 kg·N·ha−1) laid out as a completely randomized design with three replications. Results showed that both the main and interaction effects of compost and mineral N fertilizer rates significantly affected the selected soil chemical properties and yield, and nitrogen concentration of maize. There were significant associations between plant parameters and soil nitrogen contents. The addition of 92 kg·ha−1·N + 10 t·ha−1 compost and 46 kg·ha−1·N + 10 t·ha−1 compost was the best treatments for loam and clay textured soils of the study areas, which improved shoot dry matter by 179.5 and 284.5%, compared to the unfertilized pot, respectively. From the results of this experiment, we concluded that the integrated application of compost and mineral nitrogen fertilizer enhanced soil chemical properties and thus improved nitrogen uptake and sustainable production of maize in the study areas.

Growth Physiology and Crop Yields of Direct-seeded Rice under Diverse Input Systems in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka

The dynamics of organic and inorganic nutrient sources in diverse input systems can affect physiological processes of rice. Understanding these nutrient dynamics and their relation to final yields are important to devise optimum nutrient management strategies. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the relationships between nutrient availability from different sources, and growth physiology and crop yield of rice during 2019 <em>Yala </em>and 2019/20 <em>Maha </em>seasons. The Department of Agriculture (DOA) recommended inorganic fertilizer application (conventional system), 50% of DOA recommended inorganic fertilizer with organic manure mixture (integrated system), and 100% organic manure mixture application (organic system) were used as three treatments. Organic manure mixture was added to equalize the nitrogen supply through DOA rate. The systems were arranged in a randomized complete block design with six replicates and Bg 300 rice variety was used. The conventional and integrated systems were similar, while the organic system was weak in canopy light interception, photosynthetic rate, and leaf chlorophyll content at panicle initiation and heading stages. The treatment effect was significant (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05) in 2019 <em>Yala </em>(dry season) but not in 2019/20 <em>Maha </em>(wet season). The correlations between leaf nitrogen concentration and yield were observed with respect to input systems. Most physiological parameters showed no robust correlation to biomass and crop yield. Crop yields were higher in the conventional and integrated systems compared to the organic system. However, the differences are expected to be narrowed down with the development of long-term nutrient status in the organic system as this study was conducted during the first year of the transition.

Integration of panchagavya, neemcake, and vermicompost improves the quality of chilli production

The present investigation was conducted in a factorial randomised block design to evaluate the performance of two chilli varieties (V1: CH-27 and V2: Eagle-53) after application of various organic (neem cake, panchagavya and vermicompost) and inorganic nutrient sources. Among the treatments, T10 (neem cake @ 250 kg/ha with recommended fertiliser doses of 100:50:50 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium per ha) produced the highest average plant height (86.28 cm) and average fruit weight (4.36 g). The application of T8 (vermicompost @ 1 ton/ha with neem cake @ 250 kg/ha) resulted in the highest fruit yield (465.73 g/plant and 172.46 q/ha), while the application of T6 (panchagavya at 3 percent with neem cake at 250 kg/ha) resulted in the highest capsaicin content (0.46 g/g). However, the interaction between the nutrient treatments and varieties was significant, with T8V1 having the highest yield (188.75 q/ha) and benefit:cost (B:C) ratio (4.3). The application of vermicompost @ 1 ton/ha in combination with neem cake @ 250 kg/ha was found as the best treatment for high economic yield with no significant deviation in fruit quality. The CH-27 cultivar was superior because of its high yield, superior fruit quality, and high income.

Integration of panchagavya, neemcake, and vermicompost improves the quality of chilli production

The present investigation was conducted in a factorial randomised block design to evaluate the performance of two chilli varieties (V1: CH-27 and V2: Eagle-53) after application of various organic (neem cake, panchagavya and vermicompost) and inorganic nutrient sources. Among the treatments, T10 (neem cake @ 250 kg/ha with recommended fertiliser doses of 100:50:50 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium per ha) produced the highest average plant height (86.28 cm) and average fruit weight (4.36 g). The application of T8 (vermicompost @ 1 ton/ha with neem cake @ 250 kg/ha) resulted in the highest fruit yield (465.73 g/plant and 172.46 q/ha), while the application of T6 (panchagavya at 3 percent with neem cake at 250 kg/ha) resulted in the highest capsaicin content (0.46 g/g). However, the interaction between the nutrient treatments and varieties was significant, with T8V1 having the highest yield (188.75 q/ha) and benefit:cost (B:C) ratio (4.3). The application of vermicompost @ 1 ton/ha in combination with neem cake @ 250 kg/ha was found as the best treatment for high economic yield with no significant deviation in fruit quality. The CH-27 cultivar was superior because of its high yield, superior fruit quality, and high income.

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on Crop Productivity of Ricebean in North–Western Himalayas

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on Crop Productivity of Ricebean in North–Western Himalayas

Influence of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on the growth and seed yield of Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra Baily)

Influence of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on the growth and seed yield of Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra Baily)

Productivity and nutrient use efficiency of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients

An experiment was carried out during the Kharif 2002 and 2003, to study the productivity and nutrient use efficiency of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients at Research farm, IGAU, Raipur (CG). In all 12 treatments, comprising of different N, P and K levels and its conjunction with organic fertilizers were laid out in Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. The results revealed that application of inorganic fertilizer level of 150:80:60 kg NPK ha-1 significantly increased number of active leaf, leaf area, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation at later stages as compared to lower level of inorganic fertilizer. The conjunction of 100:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 along with PM or N blended with CDU found to be equally effective to that of inorganic fertilizer level of 150:80:60 kg NPK ha-1 for above growth parameters. The chlorophyll content during crop period under above level was the highest under said treatment. The highest crop growth rate was observed between 60-90 DAT followed by 90 DAT-harvest and 30-60 DAT, respectively. The per day accumulation of dry matter during 60-90 DAT period was almost three to four times of that accumulated during 30-60 DAT. Thereafter growth rate almost declined till maturity during both the years.The increased concentration of N at different growth stages and its uptake by plant helped in increasing the yield components and grain yield. The critical analysis of grain yield observations revealed that conjunction of lower levels of inorganic fertilizer (100:60:40 or 50:30:20 kg NPK ha-1) along with CDU or PM gave the saving of 50 kg N, 20 kg P and 20 kg K ha-1 for the cultivation of hybrid rice. Moreover, the higher buildup of available N and K has been also observed under said combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments. The application of 150:80:60 kg NPK ha-1 along with PSB gave the highest buildup of available phosphorus. Inorganic level of 150:80:60 kg NPK ha-1 gave the highest production efficiency and productivity rating index, which was followed by application of inorganic fertilizer of 100:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 along with PM and blending of N with CDU, respectively. The application inorganic fertilizer of 50:30:20 kg NPK ha-1 + PM gave the highest nutrient efficiency during both the years. The highest input cost, net profit and per rupee investment was found under 150:80:60 kg NPK ha-1 followed by application of 100:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 along with PM.

Combined Use of Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Sources Improved Maize Productivity and Soil Fertility in Southwestern Ethiopia

Combined Use of Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Sources Improved Maize Productivity and Soil Fertility in Southwestern Ethiopia

Organic and inorganic nutrient sources influeced growth, flowering, fruition, fruit relative water content and yield of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars under salinity in coastal region of Cameroon | IJAAR

Organic and inorganic nutrient sources influeced growth, flowering, fruition, fruit relative water content and yield of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars under salinity in coastal region of Cameroon | IJAAR

Long Term Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Dynamics of Phosphorous in an Acid Inceptisols of Tropical India

ABSTRACT The long-term impact of integrated nutrient management (INM) experiment under cereal- vegetables- legume was undertaken to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients with inclusion of microbial inoculants/biofertilizer and lime on different inorganic fractions of phosphorus (P) in acidic soil. The test crop maize was 17th crop in the sequence. The INM practices include i) soil test dose (STD) as pure inorganic source ii) Combination of inorganic with organic in the form of either farm yard manure (FYM)@5 t ha−1 or vermicompost @2.5 t ha−1 iii) inclusion of microbial inoculant/biofertilizer (Azotobacter, Azospirillum and PSB (1:1:1) and soil amendment in the form lime @ 0.2lime requirement (LR) compared with iv) absolute control, i.e., without any fertilization. The results showed that integration of organics with STD increased the grain yield by 52% over STD but only 8% yield increment was observed in INM practices compared to organics and inorganics only. Cultivation without any fertilizer caused a decrease in available -P, saloid P(Sal-P), aluminum phosphorus (Al–P), calcium phosphorus (Ca–P) and total P but there is accumulation of iron phosphorous (Fe-P), reductant Phosphorous (Red-P) and occluded Phosphorous (Occ-P) .All the fractions of inorganic P were relatively higher in the treatments receiving full INM package of practices. Integration of organic manure, biofertilizers, lime as soil ameliorant with inorganic fertilizers is a sustainable approach for P mobilization and solubilization from non-labile pool to labile pool of P in soil.

Submarine groundwater discharge-driven nutrient fluxes in a typical mangrove and aquaculture bay of the Beibu Gulf, China

To understand the role of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in a mangrove combined aquaculture ecosystem, groundwater samples and timeseries observations (27 h) of 224Ra, 223Ra, and nutrients were obtained during wet and dry seasons in Zhenzhu Bay, a typical mangrove and aquaculture ecosystem along the Beibu Gulf in China. The SGD rates in Zhenzhu Bay were estimated to be 22.3–44.5 cm/d in the wet season and 41.1–58.1 cm/d in the dry season, which were 0.8–1.6 and 9.8–14.1 times higher than the corresponding river water discharge values, respectively. Furthermore, SGD-driven dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved inorganic orthophosphate, and dissolved inorganic silicate accounted for 72%, 56%, and 60% of the total nutrient input, respectively, during wet season, which increased to 93%, 98%, and 89% during dry season. The findings highlight that SGD plays an important role in the dissolved inorganic nutrient sources of Zhenzhu Bay, and that the effective utilization and management of the bay should consider SGD.

Long-Term Yield of Rice–Rice System with Different Nutrient Management in Eastern India: Effect of Air Temperature Variability in Dry Season

Maximum and minimum temperatures play an important role in determining yield of rice crop. Yield anomaly of rice under different nutrient management practices was analyzed in a long-term rice–rice system with respect to maximum and minimum temperatures. The treatments included applications of inorganic sources of nutrients (NPK), organic sources of nutrients, i.e., farmyard manure (FYM), combinations of inorganic and organic sources of nutrient (NPK + FYM) and a no nutrient (control). An increase in mean + 1 °C for both the maximum and minimum temperatures during the vegetative stage had positive effect on yield, but when the increase was during the reproductive and ripening stages, the effect on the yield was negative effect on yield. The increase in minimum temperature during the vegetative stage, however, had greater positive effect on yield as compared to increase in maximum temperature. Magnitudes of negative yield anomaly due to increase in temperature during reproductive and ripening stages were less in the NPK + FYM treatment (− 0.77% and − 0.74%, respectively) than in the control treatment (− 4.52% and − 5.31%, respectively). Negative effect of increased temperature during the reproductive and ripening stages on yield anomaly of dry season rice can be minimized by early planting and application of recommended dose of NPK and FYM.