Inorganic Iron Salts Research Articles

Нepatoprotective еffects of lithium ascorbate on a model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with iron overload

Lithium ascorbate is a lithium salt with normothymic and neuroprotective properties. In an experimental model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with multiorgan pathology caused by combined consumption of excessive amounts of saturated fats, carbohydrates and inorganic iron salt, the use of lithium ascorbate showed pronounced hepatoprotective effects. The introduction of lithium ascorbate reduced the level of ferritin and transferrin saturation, the content of serum iron, AST, ALT, serum creatinine, leukocytes and normalized the level of serum protein and the rate of glomerular filtration. Lithium ascorbate reduced the increased content of reticulocytes and platelets to control values, restored the levels of vitamins C, B12 in the blood and reduced the number of Kupffer cells in the liver, which were overloaded with iron. The hepatoprotective effect of lithium ascorbate was confirmed histologically. The ability of the neuroprotector lithium ascorbate to reduce the level of hemosiderosis can be used in the treatment of patients with hepatic encephalopathy.

The Effect of a Diet Supplemented with Organic Minerals and l-Carnitine on Egg Production and Chemical Composition and on Some Blood Traits of Pheasant Hens (Phasianus colchicus)

The study aimed to determine the effect of replacing 75% of inorganic calcium, iron, zinc, and copper salts with organic forms (glycine chelates of these elements) with or without the addition of l-carnitine on some reproductive traits and the blood lipid and mineral profile, as well as mineral and fatty acid profile of pheasant egg yolk. The study was performed on three groups of pheasant hens using glycine chelates with calcitriol (group II) or analogical treatment with the addition of l-carnitine at the level of 100 mg/kg of feed (group III) instead of Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn salts (control). The replacement of inorganic forms with glycinates contributed to an increase in the number of laid eggs with a concomitant lower share of rejected eggs. The supplementation of organic forms of minerals improved mineral absorption and bioavailability in blood serum as well as in the egg yolk of experimental groups. Egg yolk fat was characterized by a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and a favorable ratio of PUFA ω-3/ω-6. The proposed nutritional supplementation of the pheasant’s diet might be a good strategy for increasing the nutritional reserves of poultry and improving their reproduction.

Suitability of apple tree bark as a natural source for cotton dyeing

Suitability of apple tree bark as a natural source for cotton dyeing. The study of dyeing cotton fabric with apple bark extract with the use of mortars - inorganic aluminum, tin, iron and copper salts, moreover oxalic acid and without mortar. The color of the fabric was determined using the CIE L*a*b* system. The result was a yellow color of varying shades, ranging from lemon to warm, intense yellow. In the case of iron and copper, a significantly different color was obtained, dark khaki and rusty brown respectively. Color fastness tests were carried out using hot water, mineral acid, mild and hot washing, dry cleaning and natural exposure to sunlight. It has been found to have excellent resistance to dry cleaning and good to a gentle wash. Dyed fabric showed the weakest resistance to sunlight and to mineral acid.

Magnetic Composites of Dextrin-Based Carbonate Nanosponges and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Potential Application in Targeted Drug Delivery.

Magnetically driven nanosponges with potential application as targeted drug delivery systems were prepared via the addition of magnetite nanoparticles to the synthesis of cyclodextrin and maltodextrin polymers crosslinked with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole. The magnetic nanoparticles were obtained separately via a coprecipitation mechanism involving inorganic iron salts in an alkaline environment. Four composite nanosponges were prepared by varying the content of magnetic nanoparticles (5 wt% and 10 wt%) in the cyclodextrin- and maltodextrin-based polymer matrix. The magnetic nanosponges were then characterised by FTIR, TGA, XRD, FESEM, and HRTEM analysis. The magnetic properties of the nanosponges were investigated via magnetisation curves collected at RT. Finally, the magnetic nanosponges were loaded with doxorubicin and tested as a drug delivery system. The nanosponges exhibited a loading capacity of approximately 3 wt%. Doxorubicin was released by the loaded nanosponges with sustained kinetics over a prolonged period of time.

The Use of Chitosan and Starch-Based Flocculants for Filter Backwash Water Treatment

Inorganic aluminum or iron salts supported with synthetic polymers are commonly used to eradicate colloidal particles from water in coagulation and flocculation processes. Nevertheless, these agents have several disadvantages, such as large volumes of sludge produced or environmental toxicity. Recently biodegradable polymers have been suggested as eco-friendly flocculants for water treatment. This study aimed to investigate the possibilities of using starch and chitosan and their oxidized derivatives as flocculants for filter backwash water treatment. Dialdehyde starch (DST) and dialdehyde chitosan (DCT) were synthesized by periodate oxidization of natural starch from corn and low molecular weight chitosan. The obtained materials have been characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, we studied the flocculation properties of polysaccharide flocculants in a series of jar tests. The effectiveness of chitosan and starched-based flocculants was compared to synthetic polymers commonly used to treat iron ions-rich filter backwash water. The environmental aspects of these chemicals, particularly the biodegradability of post-flocculation residues, were also addressed. It was found that oxidized starch and chitosan derivatives can be used as ecological flocculating materials to treat potable water or sludge.

Current views on the pharmacological correction of iron deficiency conditions in gynecological practice

The review considers features of iron and folic acid (FA) pharmacokinetics, which affect the effective micronutrient support: molecular mechanisms of absorption and distribution, homeostatic processes of maintaining plasma vitamin and mineral levels by the feedback mechanism, including by regulating the deposition. An important characteristic of ferrokinetics is the presence of unique iron exporter ferroportin which is controlled by a family of iron regulatory proteins. Systemic ferrotherapy and oral rout of iron delivery are distinguished. In general, parenteral iron preparation complexes consist of Fe(III) oxide/hydroxide core stabilized by a carbohydrate polymer shell. Once entering the bloodstream, iron complexes are absorbed by resident macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system of the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Systemic Fe(III) preparations are prodrugs, the active part of which, i.e. iron is released in the lysosomal matrix of phagocytes. Oral iron preparations are divided into those containing bivalent (ferrous) and trivalent (ferric) iron. The article discusses factors determining the differences in the absorption of oral ferrous and ferric iron preparation, the spectrum of side effects, as well as key pharmaceutical approaches to increase the tolerance and adherence of ferrotherapy. These include using preparations containing Fe(II) organic compounds that have a lower dissociation rate than inorganic iron salts as well as slowing down the release of the active Fe(II) pharmaceutical substance from the drug. The review pays special attention to folates as iron synergists and examines the features of FA pharmacokinetics, the molecular basis of synergism, and substantiates the use of combined iron and FA preparations.

Theoretical-molar Fe3+ recovering lithium from spent LiFePO4 batteries: an acid-free, efficient, and selective process

In spent lithium iron phosphate batteries, lithium has a considerable recovery value but its content is quite low, thus a low-cost and efficient recycling process has become a challenging research topic. In this paper, two methods about using the non-oxidizing inorganic iron salt - Fe2(SO4)3 to recover lithium from LiFePO4 are proposed. The method-1 is theoretical-molar Fe2(SO4)3 (Fe2(SO4)3 : LiFePO4 =1:2) dosage is added and more than 97% of lithium can be leached in just 30 min even under a pretty high solid-liquid ratio of 500 g/L. Spectrophotometry provides the evidence of Fe2+/Fe3+ substitution in the leaching process. In the method-2, the generated Fe2+ originating from LiFePO4 is fully utilized with the addition of H2O2, and the dosage of Fe2(SO4)3 is decreased by two thirds (Fe2(SO4)3 : LiFePO4 =1:6). Several sulphates (CuSO4, NiSO4, MgSO4) are employed to explore the leaching mechanism. All the results reveal that the reaction of Fe3+ substituting Fe2+ has a powerful driving force. In addition, these two leaching processes simultaneously present superior selectivity for the impurities. The Fe2(SO4)3 in two methods does not cause pollution and is easily regenerated by adding H2SO4. The proposed rapid, efficient and selective leaching thought would be a competitive candidate for recycling spent LiFePO4 batteries.

Fabrication of Nanostructured Carbon on the Surface of Commercial Polymers Using a High-Energy Ion Beam

The impact of a nanosecond high-energy ion beam (HEIB) on thin films of commercial chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) containing catalytic additives (inorganic iron salts) is studied. Depending on the type of polymer, the type of additive, and the irradiation mode used, HEIB treatment results in the formation of either layers of carbon nanofibers or a carbon foam on the polymer surface. The most probable diameters of the carbon nanofibers are 70 and 40 nm for CPVC and PVA, respectively. The mechanism explaining the effect of the catalytic additive on the formation of nanostructured carbon on the surface of the considered polymers is discussed.

Highly porous activated carbon synthesized by pyrolysis of polyester fabric wastes with different iron salts: Pore development and adsorption behavior

Different inorganic iron salts were selected as activating agents to investigate the effects of chloridion (Cl−) and iron in different valence states (Fe3+ and Fe2+) on pore and structure development of polyester fabric wastes-based activated carbons. Physicochemical properties of activated carbons were conducted by EA, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, XRD, SEM, XPS and FTIR. And the pyrolysis characteristics of the samples were detected by TG analysis. The results showed that carbons activated by FeCl3 and FeCl2 had well-developed porosity with BET surface areas around 1400 m2/g, almost 3.7 times larger than that by FeSO4, which was attributed to the formation of CCl bond, facilitating to motivate the cross-linking reaction. The diversity in microporosity was found between carbons activated by FeCl3 and FeCl2 on account of the different roles of Fe3+ and Fe2+ and the distinct pyrolysis pathway. Furthermore, carbon activated by FeCl2 presented excellent adsorption performance toward eriochrome black T with the maximum adsorption capacity of 450.23 mg g−1.

Iron-Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Chlorides in the Presence of Potassium t-Butoxide

A catalytic amount of an inorganic iron salt such as Fe(acac)3 catalyzes borylation of various aryl and heteroaryl chlorides with bis(pinacolato)diboron, where the presence of potassium t-butoxide is crucially important. The alkoxide is considered to produce in situ an electron-rich iron alkoxide complex as the active species. The reaction requires only an iron salt and potassium t-butoxide as promoters and is easily scalable. The arylboron compound prepared by this reaction can be further coupled in situ with an aryl halide under the Suzuki–Miyaura conditions.

Soybean Ferritin Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Modulates Iron Accumulation and Resistance to Elevated Iron Concentrations.

Fungi, including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lack ferritin and use vacuoles as iron storage organelles. This work explored how plant ferritin expression influenced baker's yeast iron metabolism. Soybean seed ferritin H1 (SFerH1) and SFerH2 genes were cloned and expressed in yeast cells. Both soybean ferritins assembled as multimeric complexes, which bound yeast intracellular iron in vivo and, consequently, induced the activation of the genes expressed during iron scarcity. Soybean ferritin protected yeast cells that lacked the Ccc1 vacuolar iron detoxification transporter from toxic iron levels by reducing cellular oxidation, thus allowing growth at high iron concentrations. Interestingly, when simultaneously expressed in ccc1Δ cells, SFerH1 and SFerH2 assembled as heteropolymers, which further increased iron resistance and reduced the oxidative stress produced by excess iron compared to ferritin homopolymer complexes. Finally, soybean ferritin expression led to increased iron accumulation in both wild-type and ccc1Δ yeast cells at certain environmental iron concentrations. Iron deficiency is a worldwide nutritional disorder to which women and children are especially vulnerable. A common strategy to combat iron deficiency consists of dietary supplementation with inorganic iron salts, whose bioavailability is very low. Iron-enriched yeasts and cereals are alternative strategies to diminish iron deficiency. Animals and plants possess large ferritin complexes that accumulate, detoxify, or buffer excess cellular iron. However, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacks ferritin and uses vacuoles as iron storage organelles. Here, we explored how soybean ferritin expression influenced yeast iron metabolism, confirming that yeasts that express soybean seed ferritin could be explored as a novel strategy to increase dietary iron absorption.

Chitosan as a Drinking Water Treatment Coagulant

Inorganic aluminum or iron salts have been used for many decades to coagulate colloidal particles in surface water prior to flocculation, sedimentation and/or filtration. Although effective, inorganic coagulants have several disadvantages including large chemical dosages required for treating eutrophic waters, large volumes of chemical sludge produced, and toxic effects of metallic coagulants on the aquatic environment. Chitosan is a natural cellulose-like copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetyl-glucosamine. Because of their biodegradability chitosan-based materials have been suggested as a more eco-friendly coagulant for water and wastewater treatment. Chitosan was an effective coagulant in several prior laboratory studies. Practical application of chitosan as a drinking water treatment coagulant is evaluated here through a series of jar tests. The effectiveness of chitosan is compared to aluminum sulphate and ferric chloride with regard to treatment of algal-ladened waters. The optimum chemical dose for coagulation, optimum pH, and effectiveness for algae removal was determined for each coagulant. Practical aspects of applying chitosan at full-scale and the impact of feeding this chemical on overall treated water quality are addressed.

Iron Catalyzed Dual-Oxidative Dehydrogenative (DOD) Tandem Annulation of Glycine Derivatives with Tetrahydrofurans

A novel iron-catalyzed dual-oxidative dehydrogenative (DOD) tandem annulation of glycine derivatives with tetrahydrofurans (THFs) for the synthesis of high value quinoline fused lactones has been developed. The reactions were performed under mild reaction conditions. And the use of cheap substrates (glycine derivatives and THF) and an even cheaper simple inorganic iron salt as the catalyst makes this protocol very attractive for potential synthetic applications.

Iron-Catalyzed Directed C(sp(2))-H and C(sp(3))-H Functionalization with Trimethylaluminum.

Conversion of a C(sp(2))-H or C(sp(3))-H bond to the corresponding C-Me bond can be achieved by using AlMe3 or its air-stable diamine complex in the presence of catalytic amounts of an inorganic iron(III) salt and a diphosphine along with 2,3-dichlorobutane as a stoichiometric oxidant. The reaction is applicable to a variety of amide substrates bearing a picolinoyl or 8-aminoquinolyl directing group, enabling methylation of a variety of (hetero)aryl, alkenyl, and alkyl amides. The use of the mild aluminum reagent prevents undesired reduction of iron and allows the reaction to proceed with catalyst turnover numbers as high as 6500.

Preparation of iron-enriched baker's yeast and its efficiency in recovery of rats from dietary iron deficiency

ObjectivesIron is an important mineral, essential for the health and function of mammalian cells. Despite its key role, iron deficiency in humans is common worldwide, often leading to significant health issues within the population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of using iron-enriched baker's yeast as a source of iron, especially for the protection and recovery from conditions related to anemia. MethodsIron-enriched yeast was prepared by cultivating cells on basal medium comprising different iron concentrations. The effects of iron supplementation on animal health were assessed by feeding anemic rats with a variety of diets containing either inorganic iron or iron-enriched yeast. Body weight, iron bioavailability, blood parameters, and the activity of iron-containing enzymes (catalase) were studied. ResultsIron accumulation in yeast cells increased with iron concentration, reaching a maximum of 15 mg/g when 32 mM iron was applied. Rat groups fed iron-enriched yeast had the highest feed efficiency, iron bioavailability, and hemoglobin concentration. The source of iron supplementation influenced catalase activity in kidney tissues, increasing from 70 U/g tissue in anemic rats to 90 U/g tissue (inorganic iron salt), 110 U/g tissue (inorganic iron salt and non-enriched dry yeast), 145 U/g tissue (iron-enriched yeast 15 mg/g iron) and 115 U/g tissue (iron-enriched yeast 30 mg/g iron). The histologic study of tissues from liver, kidney, heart, and spleen of rats from different groups showed that the damage observed in tissues of anemic rats, was not observed after feeding with iron-enriched yeasts. ConclusionThe results demonstrated that ingestion of iron-enriched yeast is more efficient than inorganic treatment in recovery from iron deficiency, including tissue recovery in rats.

Bulk AGET ATRP of methyl methacrylate using iron(iii) acetylacetonate as a catalyst

In this work, polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was successfully conducted by atom transfer radical polymerization with activators generated by electron transfer (AGET ATRP) at 90 °C, using iron(III) acetylacetonate (Fe(acac)3) as a catalyst, ethyl alpha-bromophenylacetate (EBPA) as an initiator, ascorbic acid (AsAc) as a reducing agent and triphenyl phosphine (PPh3) as a ligand. The polymerization kinetics showed that the polymerization rate (the conversion reached up to 98.1% after 60 min) was much higher than that mediated by inorganic iron salts and it was affected by the feed of the iron catalyst. Moreover, the kinetic plots were linear, and the molecular weights of the resulting polymers with molecular weight distribution around 1.2, increased linearly with monomer conversions, indicating good features of “living”/controlled radical polymerizations. The end-functionality of the polymers was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and a chain extension experiment.

Comparison of efficacy of Ferrous and Iron Polymaltose salts in the treatment of childhood Iron Deficiency Anemia

ABSTRACT Background: Iron deficiency of anemia (IDA) is defined as reduced number of red blood cells, and / or reduced concentration hemoglobin (Hb) due to deficiency of iron. Treatment involves dietary modifications and inorganic iron salt supplements like ferrous sulfate (FS) or Iron polymaltose complex (IPC). The decision to select either drug rests on therapeutic efficacy, untoward side effects; cost of complete course, patient's compliance and discretion of physician. Both drugs can be prescribed in oral form. This study aimed at comparing the efficacy of two iron preparations (ferrous sulphate and iron polymaltose complex salts) in childhood iron deficiency anemia. Objective: To compare the efficacy of Ferrous Sulphate and Iron Polymaltose Complex salts in the treatment of childhood Iron Deficiency Anemia. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at Department of Pediatric Medicine Unit-II Mayo Hospital, Lahore, for a period of 6 months. One hundred and fifty children aged 6 months to 5 years suffering from iron deficiency anemia were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 75 each (Group A and B prescribed FS and IPC respectively). Results were analyzed in terms of rise in Hb from the baseline after three months. Increase in Hb level ≥2gm/dl after three months of treatment was considered as effective. Results were analyzed by SPSS version 17. Efficacy of both the drugs, was compared by chi square test. P value ≤0.05 was accepted as significant. Results: There were 34 cases (22.7%) in 6-12 months age, 77 cases (51.3%) between 1-3 years age and 39 cases (26%) between 3-5 years age. The number of male and female children was 82 (54.7%) and 68 (45.3%) respectively. The baseline hemoglobin of all study cases was 6.64±1.08gm/dl (6.59±1.13gm/dl in Group A and 6.69±1.04gm/dl in Group B). At completion of therapy, the mean hemoglobin of all study cases was 9.15±1.21gm/dl (9.20±1.17gm/dl in Group A and 9.11±1.25gm/dl in Group B). The difference between both groups was insignificant on statistical analysis. The observed rise in hemoglobin of all cases was 2.52±0.67gm/dl (2.62±0.61gm/dl in group A and 2.42±0.71gm/dl in group B). The difference between both groups was statistically insignificant. The observed efficacy among all study cases was seen in 96% cases (97.33% in group A and 94.67% in group B) with insignificant statistical difference. Conclusion: It was concluded that there was no significant difference in the efficacy of two drugs given for iron deficiency anemia in children. Ferrous sulphate salts are economical compared to iron polymaltose complex (IPC) and have equal efficacy without compromising untoward effects. Key words: Iron deficiency anemia, ferrous sulphate, iron polymaltose complex, hemoglobin

Comparison of Dissolution Profiles of Formulations Containing Ferrous Sulfate and Fumarate

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the dissolution profiles of seven commercial products containing ferrous sulfate and fumarate marketed in Argentina, based on their in vitro dissolution characteristics using USP Apparatus 2. INTRODUCTION Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies throughout the world, and the most severe form manifests as anemia. Both iron deficiency and anemia have severe repercussions on immune function, physical capacity for work, and attention span (1–3). In females, there is a risk of iron deficiency due to regular menstrual blood loss and the increase of iron demand during pregnancy. Peptic ulcer disease and nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs are common causes of blood (and therefore iron) loss. Anemia may be secondary to inflammatory or infectious diseases (4–7) or to a diet lacking other micronutrients essential for iron metabolism such as vitamins C, A, B12, and folate (8). Given the frequency of iron deficiency and diseases resulting in iron loss, it is not surprising that iron preparations are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in Argentina and that iron salts are components of many vitamin and mineral supplements (9). In fact, about 10% of elderly persons ingest over-the-counter preparations containing iron, and the standard medical care for pregnant woman includes iron supplementation. Iron absorption takes place at the duodenum and the upper jejunum of the gastrointestinal system. Even if there is no absorption in the stomach, this organ contributes to the process by the secretion of hydrochloric acid and enzymes, which help not only to set iron free from the food matrix but also to make it soluble (10–12). Iron absorption may be affected by a combination of different factors, such as the type of ingested iron, the nutritional status of the individual for this element, and the presence of absorption activators or inhibitors existing in the intestinal lumen together with iron (13–18). Iron is found in foods in two different groups, hemic iron and non-hemic iron. The heme-type iron is a part of hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and many other heme proteins, which are present principally in animal foods. The heme group, which is present in all of these proteins, is a complex organic ring, called protoporphyrin, bound to a divalent iron atom that has six coordination sites. Four of the sites are bound to the protoporphyrin, one to a nitrogen atom of the protein fraction, and the remaining site is available to bind to an oxygen molecule. The non-hemic type iron corresponds to iron that is not bound to a heme group and includes inorganic iron salts that are found principally in vegetal foods as well as in the principal pharmaceutical preparations utilized for iron deficiency therapy (19). Because non-hemic iron is found in a higher proportion in the diet, its absorption is significantly modified by the nutritional status of the individual for this element. Thus, if the natural iron depots are depleted, iron absorption will increase, and if the depots are saturated, iron absorption will decrease. There are different physiological states (e.g., growth and pregnancy) that produce a substantial increase in the absorption of this metal because of an increase in the synthesis of new biomolecules that have iron in their structure (19–23). The most therapeutically active form of iron is the ferrous form (Fe+2). Dietary ferric (Fe+3) form is converted to the ferrous form in the stomach. This reduction is greatly promoted by the presence of H+ and dietary ascorbic acid. The great advantage of this conversion is that the ferrous form (as compared with the ferric form) is much more easily released from the organic ligands to which it is bound and stays soluble (24) The commercially available salt forms mainly include ascorbate, citrate, fumarate, gluconate, oxide, succinate, and sulfate. The solubilities of these various salts in water or aqueous media are significantly different, and hence it is reasonable to expect that their dissolution rates could vary. Further complications and variations in the release of iron may arise because of changes in the formulation of a product with any given salt form and the presence *Corresponding author. e-mail: asegall@ffyb.uba.ar dx.doi.org/10.14227/DT190412P47

Easy Synthesis of Surface-Tunable Carbon-Encapsulated Magnetic Nanoparticles: Adsorbents for Selective Isolation and Preconcentration of Organic Pollutants

We have prepared core/shell structured carbon-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles (CMNPs) with a simple method by using inorganic iron salt and glucose solution as precursor substance. The synthetic procedure does not require the use of organic solvents. We have utilized X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman analysis to examine the surface properties of CMNPs prepared at different temperature. The specific surface areas, magnetization and contents of graphitized carbon on carbon shell of CMNPs increase with heat treatment temperature. The obtained CMNPs are used to adsorb or preconcentrate bisphenol A (BPA), 4-n-nonylphenol (4-NP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-OP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dipropyl phthalate (DPP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), dioctyl phthalate (DOP), sulfonamide, tetracyclines, and quinolones antibiotics organic compounds from water samples. The adsorption of analytes is mainly based on π-π stacking interaction, hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonds between analytes and graphitic carbon. As a result, the adsorption or extraction behaviors of CMNPs to analytes are controlled by the content of oxygen-containing species and graphitized carbon on carbon shell of CMNPs. CMNPs prepared at 200 °C have ample oxygen-containing species (80%) on surface and favor the adsorption and extraction of quinolones antibiotics. CMNPs heated at 300-500 °C with the graphitization efficiency of carbon shell lower than 50% exhibit great preconcentration performance to BPA, 4-NP, 4-OP, DBP, DCHP, DOP, tetracyclines, and quinolones antibiotics. CMNPs prepared at 850 °C are highly graphitized (80%) and have strong adsorption affinity to all model analytes; however, they can quantitatively extract only highly polar sulfonamide antibiotics and moderately polar DEP, DPP because of hard desorption of other model analytes. We suggest that the appropriate adsorbent to certain organic contaminants can be obtained with this technique just by tuning the heat temperature without any post-treatment.

A Simple and Highly Efficient Iron Catalyst for a [2+2+2] Cycloaddition to Form Pyridines

Joined by iron: The iron catalyst for the formation of pyridines at room temperature (see scheme), which was generated in situ from an inorganic iron salt and a diphosphine ligand, exhibited high reactivity and regioselectivity. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.