Inorganic Ion-exchange Materials Research Articles

Synthetic Inorganic Ion-exchange Materials. XX. Ion-exchange Properties of Crystalline Antimonic(V) Acid with Alkaline Earth Metal Ions

Abstract A stoichiometrical ion-exchange was observed for all the systems of Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ with H+ in the crystalline antimonic(V) acid as a cation exchanger. The selectivity sequence, Mg2+<Ba2+<Sr2+<Ca2+, has been found for the ion-exchange reactions in 0.1 M nitrate salt solutions of different alkaline earth metals. Breakthrough and further elution studies were carried out in order to test the reversibility of the ion-exchange reactions. X-Ray analysis indicates that a solid solution forms for the ion-exchange system of the alkaline earth metal ions in the crystalline antimonic(V) acid.

ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC INORGANIC ION‐EXCHANGE MATERIALS. XVIII. ION‐EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIUMS OF CRYSTALLINE ANTIMONIC(V) ACID WITH ALKALI METAL IONS

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 10, Issue 16 Physical Inorganic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC INORGANIC ION-EXCHANGE MATERIALS. XVIII. ION-EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIUMS OF CRYSTALLINE ANTIMONIC(V) ACID WITH ALKALI METAL IONS M. ABE, M. ABESearch for more papers by this author M. ABE, M. ABESearch for more papers by this author First published: April 17, 1979 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197916027AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume10, Issue16April 17, 1979 RelatedInformation

Synthetic Inorganic Ion-Exchange Materials. XIX. Ion-Exchange Behavior and Separation of Alkaline Earth Metals on Crystalline Antimonic(V) Acid as a Cation Exchanger

Abstract A study of the distribution coefficients on crystalline antimonic(V) acid (C-SbA) as a cation exchanger shows an unusual affinity series (Mg < Ba < Ca < Sr) for microamounts of alkaline earth metals in a nitric acid solution. An extremely slow rate of adsorption was observed for calcium and strontium ions on the exchanger. On the basis of the distribution coefficients, the effective separation of Mg2 +-Ba2 +, Mg2 +-Cs+-Ba2 +, and Mg2 +-Cs+-Ca2 +, Sr2 + has been achieved with a small column (1.0 or 2.0 × 0.4 cm i.d.) of C-SbA.

Separation of 137Cs from nuclear waste

Sodium zirconate is one member of a family of new inorganic ion exchange materials which have high affinity for all actinides and fission product cations except for Cs +. A combination of cold, tracer and high level liquid waste experiments with sodium zirconate has shown that 70–80 and 80–100% of the Cs + in high level liquid waste remains in solution following batch or column equilibration, respectively. The fact that 137Cs can be obtained in relatively pure form permits subsequent conversion directly to an insoluble radiation source. This is of prime importance in areas such as sewage sludge sterilization via γ-ray irradiation.

The mechanism of ammonia/ammonium ion uptake by α-zirconium bis (mono hydrogen ortho arsenate) monohydrate

Abstract The ion-exchange mechanism of α-zirconium arsenate (α-ZrAs) has been examined for the system [(NH3 + NH4+)/H+] in aqueous media by ion-exchange, X-ray studies and thermal methods of analysis. The behaviour of the material was also studied with anhydrous liquid and gaseous ammonia. During the investigation two new phases, θ-ZrAs Zr[(HAsO4)2·10H2O] and mono ammonium zirconium arsenate [Zr(NH4AsO4) (HAsO4)H2O] have been found. Their X-ray diffraction patterns are reported. The chemical stability of α-ZrAs at various pH values has also been determined. It is concluded that α-zirconium arsenate is an efficient inorganic ion-exchange material and could be of use in the removal of ammonia from waste water treatment plants.

Synthetic Inorganic Ion-Exchange Materials. XVI. Chromatographic Separation of Microamounts of Sodium and Potassium from a Large Quantity of Lithium Chloride by Using Crystalline Antimonic(V) Acid as a Cation Exchanger

Abstract Crystalline antimonic acid (C-SbA) as a cation exchanger shows a low distribution coefficient value (0.33) for lithium ions and a relatively high value (>4.8 × 102) for sodium and potassium ions in 0.1M nitric acid solution, and has a reasonable rate of adsorption and desorption for these metal ions. A new method is presented for removing microamounts of sodium and potassium from a large quantity of lithium chloride by using a frontal chromatographic technique. A favorable separation is obtained by passage of the lithium chloride solution containing microamounts of sodium and potassium, dissolved in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution, on a C-SbA column of 6.0 × 0.8 cm i.d. The retention is quantitative with a maximum capacity of 1.81 meq/g for sodium ions and 1.15 meq/g for potassium ions in a 0.1 M nitric acid solution. The adsorbed sodium and potassium ions are readily eluted with a 5 M ammonium nitrate solution containing 1 M nitric acid as the eluant, and then the C-SbA column is easily regenerated by using a 1 M nitric acid solution. The method is applied for the removal of microamounts of sodium and potassium from commercial reagents of lithium chloride.

Equilibration studies of an inorganic ion exchange material with liquid nuclear waste simulant using radiotracer techniques

Ion exchange distribution coefficients of zirconium, ruthenium, europium, and strontium, elements found in high level nuclear waste, were determined for a new titanium hydrous oxide-type inorganic ion exchange compound. Coefficients were determined at ambient temperatures and at 85°C. The equilibrations were done in solutions simulating the composition of nuclear waste expected from the Allied-General Nuclear services, Barnwell. South Carolina plant. The progress of each reaction was monitored by adding a radiotracer of the element investigated to the simulated waste solution. Ambient temperature distribution coefficients ranging from a high of 1.2·106 for Zr to a low of 58 for Eu were obtained when equal weights of ion exchange material were used. Significantly higher distribution coefficients were found at 85°C than at ambient temperatures.

Conversion of Waste Zircaloy Hulls to Zirconate Ion Exchange Materials for Waste Stabilization

A new method for management of waste Zircaloy fuel hulls is proposed as an alternative to compaction and burial. It involves using the waste as a feedstock in a chemical process for preparing inorganic zirconate ion exchange material. Enough zirconate could be prepared from the waste hulls to stabilize all the high-level liquid waste generated in light water reactor fuel reprocessing, and in this way the two waste streams would be combined. The proposed conversion operation would involve chlorination of the Zircaloy waste with NH4Cl and distillation of volatile chlorides, reaction of the distillate with isopropyl alcohol to form intermediate alkoxides, and hydrolysis of the intermediate to form the zirconate. The conversion would be accomplished with recycle of all reagents so that no new major waste stream would be created. The chemical basis for the conversion process, simplified process flowsheets, and an analysis of the various options illustrate the feasibility of the full-scale process. A preliminary economic study was made that indicated that the full-scale operation should be technically and economically feasible.

Synthetic inorganic ion-exchange materials : XV. Chromatographic separation of alkali metalions using phosphoantimonic(V) acid as a cation exchanger

The use of phosphoantimonic(V) acid as a cation exchanger in the chromatographic separation of alkali metal ions has been investigated. The mutual separation of alkali metal ions (except the Li +-Na + pair) was achieved by using a relatively small column (6.0 × 0.8 cm I.D.) with ammonium nitrate solution as the eluent.

Synthetic Inorganic Ion-exchange Materials. XIII. The Mutual Separation of Alkali Metals with Three Different Antimonic Acids

Synthetic Inorganic Ion-exchange Materials. XIII. The Mutual Separation of Alkali Metals with Three Different Antimonic Acids

Mössbauer Effect of Exchangeable Ferrous Ions in Y Zeolite and Dowex 50 Resin

The area under the Mössbauer absorption curve of Fe2+ in organic (Dowex 50) or inorganic (Linde Y zeolite) ion exchange materials is greatly enhanced when the water-saturated solids are evacuated at room temperature or cooled to near liquid-nitrogen temperature. This result, considered in the light of findings by other techniques, is evidence of the solvation of ions in the water-filled resin or zeolite. Solvation of cations and its appearance upon hydration following treatment at high temperature is proposed as a criterion of reversible exchange in some materials.

Synthetic Inorganic Ion-exchange Materials. XII. Some Observation on Surface Structure and Cation-exchange Behaviour of Three Different Antimonic Acids

Abstract The cation-exchange behaviour and surface functionality of three different antimonic acids, amorphous, glassy and crystalline, were studied by thermogravimetric measurement, infrared absorption spectrometry and change in uptake of potassium ions upon heating. The ion-exchange capacities of the amorphous and glassy antimonic acids decrease with the loss of chemically bonded water. In contrast, the capacities of the crystalline acid heated within 200°C rarely change because of the loss of the interstitial (free) water and no drastic change occurs in the surface structure of the crystal. The crystalline acid with free water removed adsorbs moisture upon exposure to the atomsphere at room temperature. Upon heating above 300°C, the tenaciously bonded water was removed and the cation-exchange capacity decreased simultaneously. The infrared absorption spectra indicated that the surface functionality of the crystalline acid, similar to that of crystalline sodium antimonate Na[Sb(OH)6], is different from those of the amorphous and glassy acids. It seems that chemically bonded water in the crystalline acid is tenaciously combined as Sb-OH.

Synthetic Inorganic Ion-exchange Materials. X. Preparation and Properties of So-called Antimonic(V) Acid

Abstract The preparation of so-called antimonic acid under various experimental conditions has been investigated in order to establish its usefulness as a chemically-stable cation-exchange material. In this experiment, the antimonic acid was mainly obtained by the hydrolysis of antimony pentachloride, and was rarely obtained from metallic antimony or potassium pyroantimonate. The hydrolyzed precipitate was amorphous at first, but it was gradually transformed into crystalline powder by keeping it in the mother liquor for a long time. The crystallization of the amorphous precipitate was facilitated by raising the temperature within a range of 0–80°C, and by increasing the concentration of strong mineral acid on aging, regardless of the kinds of starting antimony substances. The water-content of the air-dried samples is decreased by increasing the period of aging; the composition of the sample approximates Sb2O5·4H2O. The crystal of the antimonic acid is cubic and belong to the space group Oh7(Fd3m), with a lattice constant of 10.382 Å. The measurement of solubilities for the air-dried antimonic acid showed that both the amorphous and the glassy acids are soluble forms and that the crystalline is an insoluble form. The uptakes of potassium ions on these antimonic acids were little changed on the kinds of form; the uptake of lithium ions on the crystalline acid was very small as compared those on the amorphous and the glassy acids. This behavior may be attributed to the existence of different types of so-called antimonic acid, with different selectivities of their lithium ion adsorption, rather than to any difference in the size of the particle.

Synthetic Inorganic Ion-exchange Materials. IX. The Mutual Separation of Alkali Metals with Antimonic Acid

Synthetic Inorganic Ion-exchange Materials. IX. The Mutual Separation of Alkali Metals with Antimonic Acid

Inorganic Ion-Exchange Materials (Topics in Inorganic and General Chemistry, Volume 2). By C. B. Amphlett

Inorganic Ion-Exchange Materials (Topics in Inorganic and General Chemistry, Volume 2). By C. B. Amphlett

Ion exchange in fused salts : I. Chromatographic behaviour of various metal cations in fused salts on γ-alumina and synthetic inorganic ion exchange materials

The chromatographic adsorption on γ-alumina and synthetic inorganic ion exchange materials of various metal cations dissolved in a fused lithium nitrate—potassium nitrate eutectic was studied. The results obtained seem to confirm that metal ions are adsorbed by ion exchange, although other mechanisms, e.g. oxide precipitation, or formation of insoluble phosphates, are possible. A relationship between the adsorption of the metal ions tested, the solubility of their oxides and the ionic potentials was found. Some conflicting results of other authors are discussed.

Synthetic inorganic ion-exchange materials—IV: Equilibrium studies with monovalent cations and zirconium phosphate

Equilibrium studies with zirconium phosphate and 0·1 N solutions containing pairs of cations have shown that the systems Cs +/Rb + and Cs +/K + give normal rectilinear isotherms, while S-shaped curves are obtained for exchange between H + ions and either Cs + or Rb + ions, with pronounced reversal of selectivity. This behaviour is tentatively ascribed to steric factors which may arise when the exchanging ions differ appreciably in size. Values are given for the free energies of the exchange reactions, and in the Rb +/H + and Cs +H + systems for the heats and entropies also.

Synthetic inorganic ion-exchange materials—II: Hydrous zirconium oxide and other oxides

The oxides ZrO 2, ThO 2, and TiO 2 behave as anion exchangers in acid and neutral solution and cation exchangers in alkaline solution, the pH at which their behaviour changes depending upon the oxide itself and possibly also upon the nature of the exchanging ion. The oxides have been prepared in granular form and their reversible reactions with ions in solution have been studied; they are monofunctional exchangers, with appreciable rates of exchange, and display the expected affinity towards ions in solution. Owing to their weakly basic nature, exchanged ions are readily removed by treatment with water. When ZrO 2 is treated with phosphoric acid it is converted into zirconium phosphate having properties qualitatively similar to the material described in Part I; the reaction cannot be solely one of anion exchange, but must involve breakdown of the oxide and introduction of further acid phosphate groups by neutralization. WO 3 is a cation exchanger in acid solution, but dissolves in alkaline solution.

Synthetic inorganic ion-exchange materials—I zirconium phosphate

This paper describes some of the properties of zirconium phosphate as an example of a class of very stable synthetic inorganic ion-exchange materials, which may be prepared in granular form suitable for column operations. It exhibits properties typical of a polyfunctional, weakly acid cation exchanger, with capacities up to ∼5 mequiv/g in alkaline solution. Materials with a low phosphate : zirconium ratio possess in addition anion-exchange properties due to anions retained in the structure from the original zirconium salt. Cations may be exchanged rapidly and reversibly upon acid phosphate groups in the gel structure. Distribution coefficient measurements for alkali metal and alkaline earth ions have been made, and the material shows promise for separation purposes; uptake is reduced at elevated temperatures owing to hydrolysis. The stability of the material towards water at temperatures up to 300°C suggests its possible use for water treatment in high-temperature systems, as well as other possibilities.