Inorganic Exchangers Research Articles

ChemInform Abstract: ISOTOPICALLY DECOUPLED VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA AND PROTON EXCHANGE RATES FOR CRYSTALLINE AMMONIA AND AMMONIA HYDRATE

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 13, Issue 13 Physical Inorganic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: ISOTOPICALLY DECOUPLED VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA AND PROTON EXCHANGE RATES FOR CRYSTALLINE AMMONIA AND AMMONIA HYDRATE C. THORNTON, C. THORNTONSearch for more papers by this authorM. S. KHATKALE, M. S. KHATKALESearch for more papers by this authorJ. P. DEVLIN, J. P. DEVLINSearch for more papers by this author C. THORNTON, C. THORNTONSearch for more papers by this authorM. S. KHATKALE, M. S. KHATKALESearch for more papers by this authorJ. P. DEVLIN, J. P. DEVLINSearch for more papers by this author First published: March 30, 1982 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198213012AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume13, Issue13March 30, 1982 RelatedInformation

ChemInform Abstract: WATER‐AMMONIA EXCHANGE AT AMMINERHODIUM(III) COMPLEXES IN AQUEOUS AMMONIACAL SOLUTION

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 12, Issue 35 Physical Inorganic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: WATER-AMMONIA EXCHANGE AT AMMINERHODIUM(III) COMPLEXES IN AQUEOUS AMMONIACAL SOLUTION S. BALT, S. BALTSearch for more papers by this authorA. JELSMA, A. JELSMASearch for more papers by this author S. BALT, S. BALTSearch for more papers by this authorA. JELSMA, A. JELSMASearch for more papers by this author First published: September 1, 1981 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198135027Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume12, Issue35September 1, 1981 RelatedInformation

Selective cation-exchange separation of cesium(I) on chromium ferricyanide gel

The removal of /sup 137/Cs from liquid streams of nuclear power plants and from processed radioactive waste of nuclear fission has received increasing attention from ion-exchange chemists. A desirable exchanger (adsorbent) for /sup 137/Cs removal is one which can adsorb it significantly and selectively in the presence of appreciable amounts (approx. 2molL/sup -1/) of Na/sup +/, NH/sub 4//sup +/, and H/sup +/. This paper deals with the exchange properties of the inorganic exchanger, chromium ferricyanide gel (CFiC). The stability of the gel in both acid and salt solutions and its high specificity for cesium are responsible for its good scavanger properties in removing long lived /sup 137/Cs from radioactive waste. The chromium ferricyanide exchanger is highly selective for monovalent cations, the order being Ag/sup +/>Tl/sup +/>Cs/sup +/>Rb/sup +/>K/sup +/>Na/sup +/. It does not adsorb any bivalent, trivalent, and tetravalent ions even when present in trace amounts. (2 figures, 3 tables) (DP)

Early and late systemic effects of colchicine on muscle permeability to inorganic phosphate.

A single systemic injection of 75 micrograms colchicine/100 g body weight in the lumbar muscles increases within 6 h the permeability of the extensor digitorum longus muscle to inorganic phosphate. Twenty four hours after the injection the specific activities and isotope uptakes of both inorganic and organic-bound acid-soluble phosphates are markedly increased. By the third day a maximal four-fold increase in rate of inorganic phosphate exchange is reached. The observed effects are slowly reversible, a near normal situation obtaining after 30 days. They are qualitatively different from those observed after administration of vincristine sulphate and bupivacaïne (Marcaine).

Determination of caesium in river and sea waters by electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrometry. Interference of cobalt and iron

For the enrichment or the simple recovery of caesium from river and sea waters, selective inorganic exchangers were considered. Ammonium hexacyanocobalt ferrate (NCFC) was chosen because it can be used in strongly acidic solutions (with the exception of concentrated sulphuric acid). Caesium is fully retained by the NCFC chromatographic column and can then be recovered by dissolution in hot sulphuric acid. The solution is then diluted and analysed, either directly or following caesium separation, by atomic-absorption spectrometry.To check the reliability of the analytical procedure, a series of experiments were carried out in which the possible interfering species were added to the aqueous caesium solution prior to analysis. The well known ionic interference in flame atomisation processes caused by magnesium, calcium, strontium and metals was investigated by electrothermal atomisation measurements. The experimental data showed that this effect does not occur even when these elements are present in concentrations of the order of thousands of parts per million. However, strong interferences from iron and cobalt were observed.

Bicarbonate exchange through the human red cell membrane determined with [14C] bicarbonate.

1. Bicarbonate transport across human red cell membranes was studied between 0 and 10 degrees C at alkaline pH values by determining the efflux of 14C-labelled bicarbonate from resealed erythrocyte ghosts. Transfer of labelled CO2 was eliminated as a source of error, when formation of intracellular 14CO2 was inhibited with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The study showed that there are no fundamental differences between the characteristics of bicarbonate and of chloride self-exchange as has been inferred from previous studies of chloride-bicarbonate exchange. 2. Efflux of radioactivity could be reduced more than 99% by reversible and irreversible inhibitors of anion transport. Inhibition of both chloride and bicarbonate self-exchange was linearly related to the binding of 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS) to the membranes. Complete (i.e. greater than 99%) inhibition was obtained after binding of 1.2 x 10(6) DIDS molecules per cell. 3. Bicarbonate self-exchange proved a saturable function of bicarbonate concentration, with a maximum at external and internal concentrations of approximately 100 mM, showing self-depression at higher bicarbonate concentrations, and half-maximum exchange flux at a concentration of 10 mM. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that the exchange mechanism has two anion binding sites, one mediating ion transport and the other causing transport inhibition. 4. Maximum exchange flux of bicarbonate was about 30% larger thant that of chloride, and the affinity of bicarbonate for the transport site was about three times larger than that of chloride. The apparent activation energy of bicarbonate exchange was 28 kcal/mole, the same order of magnitude as found for other inorganic anions between 0 and 10 degrees C. 5. The ability of other inorganic anions to exchange with bicarbonate decreased in the sequence Cl greater than NO3 greater than F greater than Br greater than or equal to I, corresponding to the sequence of the rate of self-exchange of halides. 6. Counter-transport of bicarbonate could be driven by a chloride gradient, when ghosts containing KCl were suspended in a medium containing traces of labelled bicarbonate in addition to a non-permeating anion. Concentration ratios (ci/co) up to about 1000 could be obtained. 7. It is concluded that bicarbonate is transported by the inorganic anion exchange mechanism of the erythrocyte membrane. The slight differences between the exchange kinetics of chloride and bicarbonate were explained by differing affinities of the two anions for the two anion binding sites of the transport system.

The use of inorganic exchangers to improve the 82Sr 82Rb generator

Of the radioactive analogs of potassium, 82 Rb + (T 1 2 = 78 s) is one of the most attractive, particularly in institutions with positron detection devices. This is the case primarily because it is available as a radionuclide generator product by decay of its long-lived parent 82 Sr (T 1 2 = 25 days) and, as such, does not require in-house cyclotron production. Considerable effort elsewhere has resulted in the development of two generator systems, both employing organic exchangers as solid supports. Although both have been useful particularly in animal studies, neither is ideal for biomedical applications since both employ nonphysiologic eluants. We have investigated the possibility of developing a generator which may be eluted with physiologic saline by studying the inorganic exchangers Al 2O 3 and ZrO 2. The results presented herein show that ZrO 2 columns eluted with 0.9% NaCl, pH 7.5 exhibit reasonable 82Rb yields (40%/15 ml) and low 82Sr breakthrough (about 2 × 10 −70%/ml). The 82Sr breakthrough does not increase after elution with at least 131 of eluant and over extended periods.

Simultaneous determination of arsenic and antimony in environmental samples by radiochemical neutron activation analysis

A radiochemical separation procedure using an inorganic exchanger, tin dioxide (TDO), for the separation of arsenic from antimony is reported here. This separation avoids the interference of 564 keV gamma-ray of122Sb in the measurement of the 559 keV gamma-ray of76As in neutron activation analysis. Environmental samples, after neutron irradiation and digestion, are taken up in 1M HCl–0.1M HF and passed through a TDO column which selectively retains arsenic. The effluent from the TDO column, after proper conditioning, is passed through an anion exchange column for quantitative retention of antimony. The procedure has been utilized for arsenic and antimony determination in NBS Orchard Leaves and NBS Albacore Tuna.

ChemInform Abstract: EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS IN DIAMMINECOPPER(II) CARBONATE

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 10, Issue 2 Physical Inorganic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS IN DIAMMINECOPPER(II) CARBONATE K. KAMASE, K. KAMASESearch for more papers by this authorK. OSAKI, K. OSAKISearch for more papers by this authorN. URYUE, N. URYUESearch for more papers by this author K. KAMASE, K. KAMASESearch for more papers by this authorK. OSAKI, K. OSAKISearch for more papers by this authorN. URYUE, N. URYUESearch for more papers by this author First published: January 9, 1979 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197902020Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume10, Issue2January 9, 1979 RelatedInformation

The quantity-intensity relations of potassium in soils from plots having nine fixed crop rotations for six years

Soil samples collected 6 years after raising of various cereals, pulses, oil seed and tuber crops in nine fixed rotations were used to study the quantity-intensity relations of potassium. Potassium activity ratio, where the soil neither gains nor looses K, was correlated in a highly significant manner (P = 0.01) with the total amount of K fertilizer applied during 6 years. The K buffering capacity, the slope of the Q/I curve, when the soil neither gains nor looses K, was positively correlated (P = 0.05) with K saturation of the total and inorganic cation exchange capacities to a similar extent. Superimposing Q/I curves showed no appreciable difference between samples from different treatments. Desorption of potassium with increasing soil∶solution (0.01M CaCl2) ratio followed a Langmuir type of equation and supported the conclusions drawn from quantity-intensity curves.

Preliminary Study on Use of Zeolite for Isolation and Removal of Long-Lived Cesium in Liquid Waste from Nuclear Power Stations

Environmental contamination with long-lived radiocesium (137Cs) should cause difficulties in proceeding with deep sea disposal of radioactive waste solidified in cement. The problem would be solved, if 137Cs could be isolated from the radioactive waste for separate disposal. For this purpose, a preliminary study was carried out on the isolation and removal of 137Cs with zeolite, an inorganic exchanger. Zeolites from Futatsui in Akita Prefecture and from Itaya in Yamagata Prefecture showed a strong selective affinity for Cs in preference to various other co-present ions. The best performance in practical isolation and removal was obtained with the zeolite (clinoptilolite) from Itaya sized to 40~100 mesh, and with the liquid passed at a specific space velocity of 25. In practical application, a selective zeolite column could be installed upstream of the conventional demineralizer equipping the liquid waste treatment system of nuclear power stations, in order to adsorb and eliminate 137Cs and prevent its reaching the conventional demineralizer. This should solve one of problems encountered in deep sea disposal of radioactive waste.

WA radiochemical study of the kinetics of ion-exchange on zirconium antimonate

This paper reports the radiochemical study of the kinetics of ion-exchange of Rb+ and Cs+ with H+ on zirconium antimonate. The slow step which determines the rate of exchange of these ions is diffusion through the particle. Values for the diffusion coefficients, energy of activation, and entropy of activation have been calculated. The data obtained have been compared with those reported for other organic and inorganic exchangers.

Incorporation Du Radiophosphate Plasmatique Dans Les Fractions Phosphates Minéral, Organiques Acido-Solubles Et Phospholipidiques Des Nerfs Sciatiques De Lapin, Normal Et En Voie De Degénérescence Wallérienne

Inorganic phosphate exchanges between plasma and sciatic nerve have been measured in the rabbit using a 32PO4 tracer technique. Inorganic phosphate is taken up at the rate of 0.13 microng per hour and per 100 mg fresh weight. Incorporation of plasma radiophosphate is markedly increased into the inorganic and organic acid soluble phosphate fractions of the distal part of the sectioned sciatic nerve. This increase is already signficant within one hour after surgical division, spreading at least 3 cm distally within 6 hours. This high level of incorporation persists until the 29th day of degeneration. These results favour the hypothesis that the axonal continuity maintains the metabolic activity of the Schwann cells at an inframaximal level. We confirm the rapid decrease in total phospholipid concentration in the nerve undergoing Wallerian degeneration as well as the marked increase in their specific activity. We show however that this increase in specific activity is due partly to the increased specific activities of the precursors (organic acid soluble phosphates), partly to the disappearance of a metabolically insert pool (myelin phospholipids). The Schwann cells of the nerve undergoing Wallerian degeneration do not have a more active phospholipid metabolism than their normal counterparts.

Recent progress in the field of synthetic inorganic exchangers having a layered or fibrous structure

In the first part, recent results on crystalline insoluble acid salts of tetravalent metals having a layered structure are critically examined. The dependence of the interlayer distance of crystalline zirconium phosphate on its water content and counter ions is discussed and an ion-exchange mechanism for monovalent and divalent ions, in both aqueous and molten salt mediam, is proposed. Furthermore, the effect of the degree of crystallinity of zirconium phosphate on its ion-exchange properties and electrical conductivity, the dependence of its selectivity for large cations on steric hindrance and the catalytic effect of small amounts of sodium ions on the exchange of large hydrated cations are also discussed. Other layered exchangers, such as zirconium arsenate and titanium phosphate, are also considered and some general points on their ion-exchange properties as a function of the tetravalent metal ion and polybasic acid groups involved are made. The second part deals with the synthesis and ion exchange properties of fibrous inorganic ion exchangers with special regard to fibrous cerium(IV) phosphate. In the third part, some practical applications of the exchangers examined, in both ion-exchange and electrochemical processes, are reported.

Selectivity sequences of a series of tripositive cobalt(III) complexes on inorganic and organic exchangers

The elution sequences of four cobalt(III) complexes on a wide range of papers loaded with inorganic exchangers, modified celluloses and resin papers were examined and the results are discussed in relation to the paper electrophoretic behaviour of these complexes and their tendency to form outer-sphere complexes.

Dosage des impuretes dans le zinc de haute purete par activation aux neutrons

A destructive method for the measurement of impurities in high purity zinc by neutron activation analysis is described. It essentially uses organic resins and inorganic exchangers for the separations. Sensitivities at the ppb level are obtained for a high number of elements.

The application of inorganic exchangers to radiochemical separations on neutron-activated high-purity materials

Cet article traite de l'utilisation d'echangeurs mineraux dans l'analyse destructive de materiaux de grande purete, en particulier pour la determination systematique d'un grand nombre d'elements. On indique brievement des ameliorations recentes dans la methode permettant d'evaleur mathematiquement les modes de separation radiochimique a l'aide des echangeurs mineraux. On decrit les modes de separation dans le cas du dosage des impuretes dans de l'aluminium et du zinc de haute purete. Les resultats pour plusieurs echantillons de zinc obtenus par purifications successives sont donnes, ces resultats mettent en evidence l'evolution de la distribution des differentes impuretes. On presente aussi les resultats obtenus dans le cas d'un echantillon de zinc choisi comme etalon.

Electrical conductivity of sodium and calcium forms of the synthetic inorganic exchanger zeolite type A

The electrical conductivity of the sodium and calcium forms of the synthetic inorganic exchanger, zeolite type A, was determined. The isoconductance point method, usually used for the determination of electrical conductivity of exchangers, was found unsuitable for the zeolite because the latter hydrolyzes. The conductivity of the dispersed phase was calculated from the measured conductivity of dilute suspensions and their equilibrium solutions by using Maxwell's equation. The electrical conductivity of the Na-zeolite was found to be 1163 ± 112 ohm −1 cm −1 × 10 −6 and that of the Ca-zeolite, 31 ± 4 ohm −1 cm −1 × 10 −6 at a frequency of 1000 Hz. By comparing the equivalent conductivity of the counter ions to the equivalent conductivity of the same ions in a dilute aqueous solution, an estimate of the “degree of dissociation” of the sodium and calcium counter ions was obtained.

Evidence for Myosin-like Intermediates in the Hydrolysis of Adenosine Triphosphate by Sperm-Tail Flagella

Abstract The ATPase of glycerinated sperm flagella from the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) catalyzes the preferential exchange of water oxygens into the phosphate originating from ATP. This type of exchange, so far known only for myosin-related ATPases, occurred under conditions (60 mm Mg2+, 1 to 10 mm Ca2+) in which no inorganic phosphate-water exchange or exchange into unhydrolyzed ATP was observed. These results suggest that similar intermediates are formed by both skeletal myosin and flagellar ATPase during the cleavage of ATP, in spite of the known large differences in physical and enzymatic properties of the two contractile systems.

Chromium separation by inorganic exchangers in activation analysis of biological materials

A neutron activation technique for determining chromium in blood serum and red cells is described. Carrier-free chromium-51 is adsorbed onto manganese dioxide, after removal of sodium-24 and phosphorus-32 by adsorption onto hydrated antimony (V) oxide and tin (IV) oxide respectively. The separation takes 1·5 hr and recovery is 99 per cent. 0·35−0·23 μg chromium were found per ml of serum or red cells.