Inoculation Schedules Research Articles

Rhizosphere Bacteria Biofertiliser Formulations Improve Lettuce Growth and Yield under Nursery and Field Conditions

Rhizosphere bacteria can provide multiple benefits to plants, including increased nutrient supply, pathogen/disease control, and abiotic stress tolerance, but results from pot trials do not always translate to field conditions. This study tested whether rhizosphere biocontrol bacteria can also provide plant growth promotion and how benefits can be provided at a commercial farm. Commercial lettuce seeds and plants were treated with rhizosphere biocontrol bacteria Bacillus velezensis UQ9000N, B. amyloliquefaciens 33YE, Brevibacillus laterosporus 4YE, and Pseudomonas azotoformans UQ4510An. 33YE increased the head diameter, plant height, and fresh weight of the Green Moon cultivar, while 33YE, UQ4510An, and UQ9000N increased the fresh and dry weight of Liston, a more heat-tolerant cultivar, via a single seed treatment or repeat root treatments under nursery and field conditions across different inoculation schedules and growth stages. Significant growth promotion was also demonstrated when inoculating field plants after transplanting (in particular for 33YE). Applications of these microbial biostimulants to lettuce seeds or plantlets potentially enable earlier transplanting and earlier harvests. Repeat inoculations using irrigation water and long-lasting formulations may further advance the benefits of these biostimulants as microbial biofertilisers for plant growth promotions in the field.

Timely inoculation of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus improves its efficiency in combination with benzoylphenylurea compounds

• The most virulent Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) isolate screened was HearNPV-IR18. • This study precisely suggested the critical virus-inoculation time with benzoylphenylurea was the first 6 h of the third day. • Flufenoxuron in combination with the virus led to the most virulence promotion. • The order of benzoylphenylureas activity on the pest was flufenoxuron > teflubenzuron > diflubenzuron > lufenuron. Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) is highly virulent against cotton bollworm, and its combination with peritrophic membrane affecting chemicals, especially benzoylphenylurea compounds, can increase the relative speed of kill, leading to early and timely pest control. The biological activity of three HearNPV isolates (IR03, IR18, and IR20) was primarily evaluated on the second instar larvae of H. armigera . The highly virulent isolate (IR18, LC 50 : 8.43 × 10 3 OB/ml) and four benzoylphenylurea compounds (diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron, flufenoxuron, and lufenuron) were assessed on the pest larvae according to four per orally diet inoculation schedules. The highest mortality values were obtained when the virus was inoculated on the second (schedule 1) and third (schedule 2) days after flufenoxuron contamination with 98.67% and 97.30%, respectively, followed by teflubenzuron. All the benzoylphenylureas showed the highest mortalities using these two schedules. Flufenoxuron had a higher relative efficiency percent than the other compounds in all the schedules. The second schedule yielded the lowest LT 50 value using flufenoxuron with the highest relative speed of kill (38.40%), followed by the first schedule (30.02%). The second schedule can be relatively considered the most appropriate method for the combined use of benzoylphenylurea and HearNPV.

Blockchain-based security & privacy for biomedical and healthcare information exchange systems

Blockchain has become one of the most developing technologies in our country. Blockchain technology is a decentralized, distributed ledger that records the sources of digital assets. Electronic Medical Record (EMR) accommodates patient’s medical history, which has been carried out by a Physician or Doctor in a particular clinic or hospital or Healthcare center. Whereas, Electronic Health Record (EHR) holds patient’s entire health history, including immunization plans, diagnosis, lab reports, inoculation schedule, etc.,. This feature empowers the usage of Health IT in a more secure way with the amendment of blockchain technology. These records are maintained smart contract between the patient and the healthcare sector. In both EMR and EHR, the patient is the owner of his own data. This paper incorporates the features of blockchain technology to provide a collaborative work on Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) and Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and it concentrates highly in diabetes as it has a sharp magnification in current world. Though it is tedious to implement this EHR all over the country, this paper works for its implementation especially in the domain of diabetes.

Biodegradable Hyaluronic Acid Modified with Tetraglycine-l-octaarginine as a Safe Adjuvant for Mucosal Vaccination.

We have been investigating the potential use of polymers modified with cell-penetrating peptides as an adjuvant for mucosal vaccination and have already developed nondegradable poly( N-vinylacetamide- co-acrylic acid) (PNVA- co-AA) with which d-octaarginine, a typical cell-penetrating peptide, was grafted. Our previous murine infection experiments demonstrated that immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) were induced in systemic circulation and secreted on nasal mucosa, respectively, through 4-time nasal inoculations with a mixture of influenza viral antigens and d-octaarginine-linked PNVA- co-AA at 7-day intervals, and that immunized mice were perfectly protected from homologous virus infection. In the present study, we designed novel biodegradable polymers bearing cell-penetrating peptides from a perspective of clinical application. Hyaluronic acid whose glucuronic acid was modified with tetraglycine-l-octaarginine at a monosaccharide unit ratio of 30% was successfully developed. The hyaluronic acid derivative exhibited adjuvant activities identical to PNVA- co-AA bearing either d-octaarginine or tetraglycine-d-octaarginine under the above-mentioned inoculation schedule. We further found that there was no difference in humoral immunity between the 4-time inoculations at 7-day intervals and the 2-time inoculations at 28-day intervals. Intranasal IgA induced through the latter schedule with a smaller number of inoculations, which is clinically practical, exhibited cross-reactivity beyond the subtype of viral strains. In vitro toxicity studies demonstrated that the hyaluronic acid derivative was much less toxic than the corresponding PNVA- co-AA derivatives, and that both the polymers and their metabolites did not exhibit genotoxicity. Our results suggested that tetraglycine-l-octaarginine-linked hyaluronic acid would be a clinically valuable and safe adjuvant for mucosal vaccination.

Vaccine-Hesitant Justifications

Vaccine-preventable diseases have re-emerged as more individuals have strayed from the recommended inoculation schedule. Previous work on vaccine hesitancy is generally limited to content analyses. Using grounded theory, this project examines vaccine debates on a prominent discussion board over a period of five years. Individuals generally justified opposition or hesitancy toward vaccines through personal experience and/or research, and the concepts of narrative persuasion and the conflation of expertise help describe the most prominent characteristics of such discourse. A consideration of online comments regarding vaccinations allows practitioners to not only become better prepared for patient concerns they might encounter, and but also become more familiar with the types of anecdotes and narratives that may be influential but left unspoken in face-to-face conversations.

MEOR in Northwest Peru

This article, written by Assistant Technology Editor Karen Bybee, contains highlights of paper SPE 94934, "Biotechnology Application to EOR in Talara Offshore Oil Fields, Northwest Peru" by A. Maure, Microbes Inc., and A.A. Saldana, SPE, and A.R. Juarez, SPE, Petro-Tech Peruana S.A., prepared for the 2005 SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Rio de Janeiro, 20–23 June. Seven producing wells in the Providencia and Lobitos fields of Block Z-2 in the Talara basin were selected to evaluate a biotechnology approach for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The microbial-EOR (MEOR) candidates produce from faulted reservoirs by intermittent gas lift methods. The oils are paraffinic and present good candidates for biotreatability. Because of operational reasons not directly related to MEOR, the complete inoculation program was concluded in only four of the original seven wells. Biotechnology Biotechnology methods are founded in the use of sophisticated enzyme biochemistry to accelerate redox reactions that involve different hydrocarbon compounds. MEOR technology in the upstream sector is based on the systematic inoculation of producers and/or injectors with specific microbial systems, biocatalyzers, and nutrients. The pulsing program pursues as its primary goal the colonizing of the porous medium of the oil-bearing zones. The second objective is to control enzymatic reactions at water/oil interfaces in the producing formation to modify oil mobility by producing low-molecular-weight solvents and biosurfactants. Organic geochemistry methods monitor the stability and efficiency of these bioreactions. Producer Wells. Producer wells are treated by periodically pumping microbial batches downhole to reach the near-wellbore porous space. The microbial effect in treated wells benefits production in two ways. It removes organic damage occurring near the wellbore of the perforated interval to open nonproductive zones containing oils with a heavier and pseudoplastic behavior. This effect produces a high peak oil rate for a limited time. These treatments can produce permanent rheological effects by the compositional alteration that occurs at a larger colonization radius. This effect is the most important MEOR objective because this improvement is sustainable for a long period if a proper microbial inoculation schedule is continued. Injector Wells. In injector wells, the treatment uses the injected water as a carrier to introduce microorganisms and passive substances into active streamtubes of flooded space for target layers. Compared to the producer treatments, the advantage of treating injectors is a larger size of colonized zones with longer residence times. Biocracking. Biocracking is based on a systematic way to alter n-alkane compositional profiles in oils. The use of enzyme biochemistry accelerates the redox reactions involving linear hydrocarbons. Heavy paraffinic compounds can be transformed into shorter ones by the enzymatic action of repetitive cycles, which are assisted by symbiotic microorganisms and specific nutrients. By alternating aerobic/facultative hemicycles with strictly anaerobic, the time-coordinated action of selected groups of microorganisms in oxidant and reductive environments results in a substantial shift in oil compositional profile.

In vivo production of recombinant protein by a baculovirus vector inoculated perorally to the prefinal instar larvae of Bombyx mori L. (Lep., Bombycidae) aided by an optical brightener, Tinopal UNPA-GX

Budded particles of nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) were found to infect perorally the 4th (prefinal) instar larvae of Bombyx mori L. that were treated by an optical brightener, Tinopal UNPA-GX (Tinopal). Host larvae were fed a diet containing 0.3% (w/w) Tinopal on day 1 in the 4th instar and then fed a diet contaminated by budded particles of NPV (1.0 x 10 6 TCID 50 U/larva) that was pathogenic to B. mori (BmNPV) on day 2 (inoculation schedule 1). Another set of host larvae was fed a diet containing BmNPV budded particles (2.5 x 10 6 TCID 50 U/larva) together with 0.3% (w/w) Tinopal on day 1 in the 4th instar (inoculation schedule 2). Host larvae treated by both schedules died of viral infection. The operation of schedule 2 is simpler than that of schedule 1, although the former required higher doses of the virus for satisfactory infection. We inoculated a baculovirus vector carrying human serum albumin (HSA) gene into 4th instar B. mori larvae by schedule 1. Recombinant HSA was detected in the homogenate of host larvae 4 days after inoculation. The peroral inoculation of BmNPV budded particles aided by Tinopal may thus lead to industrial pharmaceutical production using a baculovirus vector for large numbers of insect hosts.

Equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D expressed in Pichia pastoris is hyperglycosylated and elicits a protective immune response in the mouse model of EHV-1 disease

Equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D (EHV-1 gD) has been shown in mouse models and in the natural host to have potential as a subunit vaccine, using various expression systems that included Escherichia coli, baculovirus and plasmid DNA. With the aim of producing secreted recombinant protein, we have cloned and expressed EHV-1 gD, lacking its native signal sequence and C-terminal transmembrane region, into the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The truncated glycoprotein D (gD) gene was placed under the control of the methanol inducible alcohol oxidase 1 promoter and directed for secretion with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-factor prepro secretion signal. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis of culture supernatant fluid 24 h after induction revealed gD-specific protein products between 40 and 200 kDa. After treatment with PNGase F and Endo H, three predominant bands of 34, 45 and 48 kDa were detected, confirming high mannose N-linked glycosylation of Pichia-expressed gD (Pic-gD). N-terminal sequence analysis of PNGase F-treated affinity-purified protein showed that the native signal cleavage site of gD was being recognised by P. pastoris and the 34 kDa band could be explained by internal proteolytic cleavage effected by a putative Kex2-like protease. Pic-gD, when used in a DNA prime/protein boost inoculation schedule, induced high EHV-1 ELISA and virus neutralizing antibodies and provided protection from challenge infection in BALB/c mice.

Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccine: Reconstitution of Lyophilised PRP-T Vaccine with a Pertussis-containing Paediatric Combination Vaccine, or a Change in the Primary Series Immunisation Schedule, May Modify the Serum Anti-PRP Antibody Responses

SummaryImmunogenicity data obtained after primary series immunisations against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), using a vaccine prepared by conjugating the capsular polysaccharide of Hib to tetanus toxoid (ActHIB™), were compiled from 146 study groups comprising 85 clinical trials or vaccination programs conducted between 1987 and 1999. ActHIB™ was administered as a monovalent lyophilised vaccine, injected either in association with another paediatric vaccine (at separate administration sites) or in combination (where the different vaccines are mixed together in the same syringe before injection). Review of these data reveals two trends. First, PRP-T vaccine, given either alone or in combination with DTwcP, resulted in a stronger anti-PRP serum antibody response than when PRP-T was combined with DTacP vaccine. Second, an accelerated (i.e. one-month interval) immunisation schedule tended to induce a poorer anti-PRP antibody response than did the more widely spaced, standard inoculation schedules. Although an in-depth analysis of these over 11 000 study subjects on an individual basis with multivariate analysis or multifactorial statistical methods might eventually provide working hypotheses to fully understand these phenomenon, the various licensed, PRP-T-containing paediatric combination vaccines have proved to be clinically effective.

A Study of the Ability of a TK‐Negative and gI/gE‐Negative Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) Mutant Inoculated by Different Routes to Protect Pigs Against PRV Infection

SummaryThe capacity of a TK‐negative (TK‐) and gI/gE‐negative (gI/gE‐) pseudorabies virus (PRV) mutant to protect pigs against Aujeszky's disease carried out by experimental infection with a virulent PRV strain, was tested. There were three groups, each of four susceptible pigs which were inoculated twice by two different schedules. Group 1 received the modified virus by the intradermal (first inoculation)‐intramuscular (second inoculation) routes; group 2 was treated by the intranasal (first inoculation)‐intramuscular (second inoculation) routes. The third group was left untreated as the control. All of the pigs were challenged intranasally with a virulent PRV strain and they were subsequently injected with dexamethasone. Two pigs in each group were necropsied on days 5 and 15 after dexamethasone inoculation. The challenge exposure resulted in mild clinical signs, increase in growth and a shorter period of virus shedding in vaccinated pigs, whereas the control group showed severe signs of Aujeszky's disease. No difference in the titre of the virulent virus which was excreted by pigs of all three groups, was observed and all animals seroconverted. Both the mutant strain and the wild‐type virus established a latent infection although only the latter was reactivated and shed. Slight lesions were observed in target tissues of the vaccinated animals and no significant differences were detected between the two inoculation schedules.

A study of the ability of a TK-negative and gI/gE-negative pseudorabies virus (PRV) mutant inoculated by different routes to protect pigs against PRV infection.

The capacity of a TK-negative (TK-) and gI/gE-negative (gI/gE-) pseudorabies virus (PRV) mutant to protect pigs against Aujeszky's disease carried out by experimental infection with a virulent PRV strain, was tested. There were three groups, each of four susceptible pigs which were inoculated twice by two different schedules. Group 1 received the modified virus by the intradermal (first inoculation)-intramuscular (second inoculation) routes; group 2 was treated by the intranasal (first inoculation)-intramuscular (second inoculation) routes. The third group was left untreated as the control. All of the pigs were challenged intranasally with a virulent PRV strain and they were subsequently injected with dexamethasone. Two pigs in each group were necropsied on days 5 and 15 after dexamethasone inoculation. The challenge exposure resulted in mild clinical signs, increase in growth and a shorter period of virus shedding in vaccinated pigs, whereas the control group showed severe signs of Aujeszky's disease. No difference in the titre of the virulent virus which was excreted by pigs of all three groups, was observed and all animals seroconverted. Both the mutant strain and the wild-type virus established a latent infection although only the latter was reactivated and shed. Slight lesions were observed in target tissues of the vaccinated animals and no significant differences were detected between the two inoculation schedules.

Acute vaginal candidosis model in the immunocompromized rat to evaluate delivery systems for antimycotics Modell der akuten Vaginalcandidose bei immunsupprimierten Ratten zur Bewertung lokaler antimykotischer Chemotherapie

A rat model of vaginal candidosis, suitable for screening new antifungal compounds or novel formulations was developed and validated. Two strains of Candida albicans, different inoculation schedules, quantitative assays for fungal burden and the necessity for immunosuppression were tested. The infection was evaluated clinically and histologically by fungal counts from the vaginal discharge. The animals without immunosuppression did not sustain the infection beyond 2-3 days, however, after immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide, the infection can be maintained for about 2 weeks and is suitable for the testing of topical antifungal therapies.

Humoral immunity in the ewe 3. The influence of adjuvants and immunisation regimes on Immune reactivity in the breeding ewe and her progeny

Breeding ewes were immunised with clostridial vaccine using different inoculation schedules. Results, showing differences in the class of antibody produced, were heavily dependent on the vaccination regime used. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were significantly lower in ewes given double doses of vaccine compared to ewes given a single inoculation or no treatment at all ( P < 0.01). Neonatal lambs showed significant de novo IgM production with interference in this antibody production in the lambs of ewes vaccinated with the clostridial vaccine ( P < 0.05). Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) levels were significantly increased in all lambs which had mothers vaccinated with the clostridial vaccine prior to or during pregnancy ( P < 0.025). The greatest quantity of IgG1 was transferred to lambs when their mothers were given a double injection with primary inoculation prior to conception and booster prepartum ( P < 0.025). No antigen specific immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) was detected in the lambs. Ewes were also immunised with BSA and their isotype specific serum antibody response was compared with their respective lambs. There was no detectable anti-BSA IgM in the lambs of all groups of ewes though specific IgG1 antibodies could be readily detected in the lambs of hyperimmunised ewes. The efficiency of transfer was related directly to the ability of the adjuvant to maximise IgG1 production in the ewe. Although immunised ewes produced high levels of IgG2, this was not transferred passively to the lamb.

Production and distribution of immunoglobulin-bearing cells in the intestine of young pigs infected with Ascaris suum

Pigs of 10 days-1 month old were orally infected with eggs of Ascaris suum at different rates and inoculation schedules. Histological sections from various parts of the small intestines were prepared to observe the production and localization of immunoglobulin-bearing cells. Fluorescent antibody and immunoperoxidase staining methods were used to determine the number of IgM-, IgA- and IgG-producing plasma cells in the intestinal lamina propria. Significant increases in immunoglobulin-bearing cells were observed in those pigs which received single inoculations of A. suum eggs. Pigs infected every 2,4,8 and 10 days with 10,000-20,000 embryonated eggs showed numerical increases in IgM-bearing cells. Increases in IgA-bearing cells were noted in pigs which received the higher number of eggs every 8-10 days. Higher concentrations of IgA- and IgM-bearing cells were observed in the jejunal mucosa of infected pigs as compared to those in the duodenum and ileum.

Influence of Inoculation Dose, Inoculation Schedule, Chicken Age, and Host Genetics on Disease Susceptibility and Development of Resistance to Eimeria tenella Infection

Various parasite- and host-related factors influencing disease susceptibility and development of protective immunity against Eimeria tenella infection were investigated in two inbred strains of chickens. Chickens that received a primary inoculation of 10(3), 10(4), or 10(5) oocysts showed a significant reduction in packed cell volume and produced significantly more oocysts than chickens inoculated with fewer oocysts. Younger chickens were as susceptible as older chickens to identical parasite doses. However, upon a secondary inoculation 5 weeks following primary inoculation, FP chickens 1 to 21 days old at the time of primary inoculation developed resistance to reinfection, whereas SC chickens less than 3 weeks old at the time of primary inoculation were highly susceptible to secondary infection. Flow cytometric analysis of spleen lymphocytes showed a substantial reduction in T-cell number in 1-day-old SC but not FP chickens. Furthermore, 1-week-old SC chickens showed depressed mitogenic responses to concanavalin A compared with 1-week-old FP chickens. There was no significant difference between SC and FP chickens in speen B-cell number, regardless of age.

Interfering effect of Isospora suis infection on Salmonella typhimurium infection in swine

Piglets were each orally inoculated daily for 4 consecutive days, with 10 4–10 5 nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella typhimurium and, starting 1 day after inoculation, with 50 000 Isospora suis sporulated oocysts. Control pigs were given S. typhimurium alone following the same inoculation schedule. Fecal samples were taken 5, 7 and 10 days after the coccidial inoculation, and all the pigs were necropsied 13 days after inoculation. S. typhimurium counts in the feces and in the cecal contents and the numbers of pigs positive for presence of S. typhimurium in the mesenteric lymph nodes of the dual-infected pigs were significantly ( P < 0.05) smaller than in those infected with S. typhimurium alone.

The effect of vaccination regimen on the transfer of foot and mouth disease antibodies from the sow to her piglets.

Four groups of pregnant sows were inoculated with type O1 foot and mouth disease (FMD) oil emulsion vaccine at various times before farrowing and samples of the sow's serum, colostrum and milk, and piglet's serum, collected during the first week after farrowing, were analysed for FMD virus neutralizing activity. No FMD neutralizing antibodies were detectable in the piglets serum at birth but they were present 1.5 h after suckling and peak titres were reached 1-3 days later. There was no significant difference between the antibody titres of colostrum samples collected from different teats at farrowing. However, similar samples collected 3 days later showed significant (P less than 0.005) fore to hind variation. The principal FMD virus neutralizing antibody class present in the sow's serum at farrowing and in their 3-day-old piglets was governed by the inoculation schedule employed. When the last vaccinations were given congruent to 30 days before farrowing (dbf) the predominant FMD virus neutralizing class was IgG. However, when the sows were vaccinated only congruent to 12 dbf the predominant class was IgM. A significant correlation was observed between the sow's serum titres and colostrum titres at farrowing (r = 0.90), and also between sows colostrum titres at farrowing and their 3-day-old piglets serum titres (r = 0.99).

Trypanosoma cruzi: inoculation schedules and re-isolation methods select individual strains from doubly infected mice, as demonstrated by schizodeme and zymodeme analyses.

Groups of mice received double infections with the Y and F strains of Trypanosoma cruzi, the first inoculum of either strain being followed by a second inoculum of the other strain on day 5, 15, 30-40, or 60-65. Parasites were re-isolated from blood into culture, either directly or with an intermediate passage in gamma-irradiated mice, at intervals between 7 and 35 days after the second inoculation. Strain identification in the re-isolated material was by electrophoresis of kDNA fragments generated by the EcoRI restriction endonuclease and by electrophoresis for glucosephosphate isomerase isozymes. Both strains were identified in 22% of re-isolates originating from the experimental mice and only one of them was present in the remaining re-isolates, strain F being the most frequent. In some instances either Y or F was re-isolated from the same blood source, depending on whether culturing had been preceded or not by passage through a mouse. These results are certainly related to strain differences in the various aspects of host-parasite relationship and, possibly, growth rates in culture. The results demonstrate that: (1) more than one strain of T. cruzi can coexist in the same host; (2) the timing and method of parasite isolation from the vertebrate host act as selective factors, and further passages (in mice or cultures) may completely eliminate one (or more) strain from originally mixed trypanosome population, and (3) kDNA restriction "fingerprints" and isozyme profiles are simple, sensitive, and reliable techniques for strain identification both in single and mixed preparations.

Management for health.

down-draught extractor fans are installed and protective clothing is worn. It is almost impossible to sterilize bone products and it would be a costly, indeed uneconomic, process. At a symposium at the Veterinary Public Health Association meeting in 1964 it was concluded that considering the widespread distribution of anthrax spores in imported animal products, coupled with the small number of cases in man, then man's resistance must be considerable. Extensive disinfection processes seem hardly justified since effective immunization is available to those at risk and effective chemotherapy for established cases. Few cases of anthrax among bone meal workers in this area have been seen since anthrax inoculation became routine. The odd case has occurred in those whose inoculation schedules had not been completed. I believe that professional gardeners should also be vaccinated against anthrax and that bone meal fertilizers should be packed in sacks carrying a prominent warning that gloves should be worn.

Effect on Mortality of Semipurified Diets versus Natural Feedstuffs Fed to Chickens Infected with Eimeria Tenella

SUMMARY Three different inoculation doses of E. tenella were given to male New Hampshire X Columbian chickens at three weeks of age. From five days before to one week after oral inoculation, a semipurified diet, thought to be complete in all known nutrients, was given to the chickens. An identical inoculation schedule was followed for chickens of the same age, sex, and breeding; a diet composed of natural feedstuffs was substituted for the semipurified diet. For each inoculation dose, chickens fed the semipurified diet had a significantly lower death rate than those on natural feedstuffs. A single inoculation dose of E. tenella was given to male New Hampshire X Columbian chickens at three weeks of age. From 4 days before to 8 days after oral inoculation, the chickens received either semipurified diets containing different protein or carbohydrate sources or diets containing graded concentrations of cellulose. The groups did not differ significantly in mortality.