Innovative Formulation Research Articles

Dynamic sensory evaluation of selected sensory attributes and food‐related emotions during consumption of plant‐based milk alternatives applying temporal dominance of sensations and temporal dominance of emotions methods

AbstractDespite milk's rich nutrient profile, a growing number of consumers are opting for plant‐based beverages due to health, ethical, and ecological concerns. However, knowledge about the temporal aspects of sensory attributes and consumption‐evoked emotions in these milk alternatives remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the temporal characteristics of oat, almond, and soy drinks in comparison to conventional cow's milk from three Austrian brands. Employing temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) and temporal dominance of emotions (TDE) methods, 43 consumers assessed the dominance of selected sensory attributes and product evoked emotions over an evaluation period of 60 s for each test sample. The results reveal distinct patterns in sensory profiles and emotions associated with plant drinks, contributing to a better understanding of dynamic sensory perception in the evolving landscape of milk alternatives.Practical applicationsThe presented study offers valuable insights into the temporal sensory characteristics and emotional sensations associated with oat, almond, and soy drinks compared to traditional cow's milk. Utilizing the temporal dominance of sensations and temporal dominance of emotions methods, we identified distinct sensory patterns in milk alternatives and dominant product‐specific attributes and emotions. This research underscores the intricate interplay between sensory characteristics and consumption‐evoked emotions, which ultimately influence product acceptability. As the global shift towards plant‐based beverages gains momentum, future studies should delve into understanding evolving consumer preferences and exploring innovative formulations to enhance the sensory appeal of milk alternatives.

Option pricing under market maker's inventory risk: A case study of China

Recently the pivotal role of financial intermediaries, especially market makers, in the domain of option pricing has received significant attention. This study advances the modeling framework introduced by Fournier (2020) by incorporating market maker's inventory risk into option pricing for the Chinese market. Building on empirical findings, the dynamic of the ratio of market makers’ inventory risks to wealth is modified as continuous GARCH model. Moreover, we propose a general and innovative analytical formulation for option pricing and implied volatility, utilizing the auxiliary model method. The concluding empirical tests affirm the enhanced accuracy of our model over conventional approaches.

UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF UV RADIATION ON SKIN HEALTH: MECHANISMS, RISKS, AND PHOTOPROTECTION STRATEGIES

This comprehensive review examines the intricate relationship between UV radiation and skin health, delving into its mechanisms, associated risks, and potential photoprotection strategies. Drawing from centuries of herbal medicine and cosmetic practices, the efficacy of antioxidant-rich herbs in shielding against UV radiation-induced damage is highlighted. Studies showcasing the protective properties of plant extracts, such as green and black tea polyphenols and aloe vera formulations, underscore the potential of botanicals in skincare. The rise of herbal sunscreens in response to growing concerns over UV exposure reflects a paradigm shift in skincare practices. The review elucidates the diverse effects of UV radiation on the skin, encompassing sunburns, premature aging, and skin cancer development. Mechanisms underlying UVB-induced skin damage, including collagen breakdown, generation of free radicals, and interference with DNA repair mechanisms, underscore the imperative of implementing protective measures. The role of antioxidants in mitigating UV-induced damage and the development of innovative sunscreen formulations underscores ongoing efforts to enhance photoprotection strategies. Furthermore, the review underscores the multifaceted nature of UV radiation’s impact on skin health, emphasizing the importance of holistic approaches to photoprotection.Future research endeavors aimed at exploring novel photoprotective agents and assessing their efficacy in preserving skin health will be instrumental in mitigating the adverse effects of UV radiation and fostering overall skin well-being.

Towards eco-friendly plant growth regulator: A robustly stable and efficient uniconazole emulsion based on onion-like lamellar liquid crystal

As a commonly water-based pesticide formulation, conventional Emulsions in Water (EWs) always suffer from demulsification in actual complex environments and burst release due to their thermodynamic instability. The ecotoxicity and phytotoxicity caused by chemosynthetic adjuvants cannot be ignored. To address these issues, herein, using a soybean lecithin-based lamellar liquid crystal emulsion (LCE) as the carrier, we construct a robustly stable and low-toxicity EW with the “onion-like” bionic structure and achieve the efficient delivery of plant growth regulator (PGR) uniconazole (UZ). The hydrophobic UZ is firmly encapsulated within the orderly assembled Oil-in-Liquid Crystal-in-Water (O/LC/W) multilayers. This confinement endows UZ-LCE with robust stability, even while encountering disturbances such as dilution, shaking, and changes in pH, ions, and temperature. Furthermore, UZ-LCE exhibits enhanced wettability and affinity to foliar surfaces, as well as specific sustained-release ability. Owing to these superiorities of UZ-LCE, during two consecutive years of efficacy evaluations in cotton field experiments, UZ-LCEs administered through drip irrigation and foliar spray demonstrate remarkable enhancements in controlling excessive plant growth, increasing chlorophyll content, and boosting flower bud formation, surpassing the effectiveness of conventional EWs. UZ-LCE even outperforms commercial preparations (WP and SC) in balancing vegetative growth and reproductive growth, resulting in an 8.3% increase in yield. This research provides an innovative pesticide formulation with eco-friendly adjuvants, less organic solvent, and synergistic functionalities, which is prospective to be extended to other pesticide EWs and contribute to sustainable agriculture.

Deciphering the Effects of Different Types of Sunlight Radiation on Skin Function: A Review

Sunlight radiation is a fundamental component of our daily lives. Specifically, blue light as well as UV light appear to play a role in the development of oxidative stress, DNA damage, photoaging, and pigmentation through the chromophores in skin tissues. However, several skin problems like psoriasis, eczema, and atopic dermatitis can be avoided with short-duration exposures to low-energy blue light radiation or UV radiation. In addition, exploring the effects of blue light as well as UV radiation on skin is quite essential for the development of minimally invasive antiaging strategies and for the design of innovative cosmetic formulations in modern aesthetics and cosmetology. Thus, in this review, we present the advantages as well as the disadvantages of light radiation, with a special focus on blue light and UV radiation activity on the human skin. We also discuss the molecular action of blue light and UV radiation on human skin. Other types of light radiation are included to holistically approach the effect of light on human skin.

Antibiotic Loaded Phytosomes as a Way to Develop Innovative Lipid Formulations of Polyene Macrolides.

The threat of antibiotic resistance of fungal pathogens and the high toxicity of the most effective drugs, polyene macrolides, force us to look for new ways to develop innovative antifungal formulations. The aim of this study was to determine how the sterol, phospholipid, and flavonoid composition of liposomal forms of polyene antibiotics, and in particular, amphotericin B (AmB), affects their ability to increase the permeability of lipid bilayers that mimic the membranes of mammalian and fungal cells. To monitor the membrane permeability induced by various polyene-based lipid formulations, a calcein leakage assay and the electrophysiological technique based on planar lipid bilayers were used. The replacement of cholesterol with its biosynthetic precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol, led to a decrease in the ability of AmB-loaded liposomes to permeabilize lipid bilayers mimicking mammalian cell membranes. The inclusion of plant flavonoid phloretin in AmB-loaded liposomes increased the ability of the formulation to disengage a fluorescent marker from lipid vesicles mimicking the membranes of target fungi. I-V characteristics of the fungal-like lipid bilayers treated with the AmB phytosomes were symmetric, demonstrating the functioning of double-length AmB pores and assuming a decrease in the antibiotic threshold concentration. The therapeutic window of polyene lipid formulations might be expanded by varying their sterol composition. Polyene-loaded phytosomes might be considered as the prototypes for innovative lipid antibiotic formulations.

An innovative formulation for predicting the punching shear behavior in two-way reinforced concrete slabs

Punching shear failure represents one of the most critical and perilous challenges that slabs may encounter under load-bearing conditions. Numerous studies have delved into the mechanics of punching shear and the methods for assessing the strength of slabs against punching shear failures. However, owing to the inherent complexity of the punching shear phenomenon, a universally applicable relationship has remained elusive. This article introduces a mathematical framework for analyzing the punching shear strength of two-way reinforced concrete slabs. The framework leverages a dataset of 218 laboratory test results compiled from various literature sources. To achieve the objective, the authors preprocessed the database, optimized the computational architecture, established the computational structure, and extracted mathematical relationships from the resulting system, respectively. The punching shear values generated by the computational model presented in this article were also compared with those determined using existing relationships. The framework surpasses existing methods by achieving a demonstrably lower error rate in predicting punching shear strength. This translates into a significant advantage for engineers, enabling them to design two-way reinforced concrete slabs with greater confidence and accuracy. Furthermore, it can be a valuable tool for assessing the viability of strengthening strategies for existing slabs or guiding rehabilitation efforts to ensure structural integrity. By facilitating these applications, the proposed framework holds immense promise for enhancing the safety, reliability, and lifespan of two-way RC slabs.

Delivery Strategies, Structural Modification, and Pharmacological Mechanisms of Honokiol: A Comprehensive Review.

Honokiol (HK) is a traditional Chinese herbal bioactive compound that originates mainly from the Magnolia species, traditionally used to treat anxiety and stroke, as well as alleviation of flu symptoms. This natural product and its derivatives displayed diverse biological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial activities. However, its poor bioavailability and pharmacological activity require primary consideration in the development of HK-based drugs. Recent innovative HK formulations based on the nanotechnology approach allowed for improvement in both bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Chemical derivation and drug combination are also effective strategies to ameliorate the drawbacks of HK. In recent years, studies on HK derivatives and compositions have made great progress in the treatment of cancer, inflammation, bacterial infection, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases, demonstrating better activity than HK. The objective of this review is an examination of the recent developments in the field of pharmacological activity of HK and its drug-related issues, and approaches to improve its physicochemical and biological properties, including solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Recent patents and the ongoing clinical trials in HK are also summarized.

Development of immediate-release formulation with reliable absorption of rivaroxaban in various meal regimes.

The bioavailability of rivaroxaban at the higher doses (15 and 20 mg) is considerably reduced when the drug is administered on an empty stomach. This can lead to inadequate anticoagulant effect, and therefore, it is recommended to use the higher doses at fed state. However, proper posology may represent a barrier for some patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate innovative rivaroxaban-containing formulations designed to eliminate the food effect to ensure reliable absorption and thus to improve patient adherence with the treatment. Three prototypes (Cocrystal, HPMCP and Kollidon) with rivaroxaban were developed and their bioavailability and food effect in comparison to the reference product was tested in open label, randomized, single oral dose, crossover studies, where test products were administered under fasting and fed conditions and the reference product was administered under fed conditions. Comparable bioavailability for all tested prototypes both under fed and fasting conditions was demonstrated as the 90% confidence intervals of the geometric mean ratios for area under the concentration-time curve remained within the standard acceptance range of 80.00%-125.00%. An innovative immediate release form of rivaroxaban with no food effect on drug bioavailability has been developed, which may represent an important step toward increasing adherence, improving treatment outcome and reducing health care costs.

Advancing oral health: Harnessing the potential of chitosan and polyphenols in innovative mouthwash formulation

This paper explores the therapeutic perspectives of polyphenols and chitosan as potential anticancer agents in the mouthwash formulations. Taking into account the high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) among oral cancers, this discussion will concentrate on the potential advantages of these compounds in oral care, focusing on their impact on improving oral health and cancer prevention. According to the data, it appears that the mixture of BACs extract and chitosan may increase the efficiency of the apoptosis of cancer cells while reducing the undesired side effects. The cytotoxicity assays demonstrate a significant reduction in squamous carcinoma cell viability after incubation with BACs extract, with a marked decrease observed over 24–72 hours up to 76%. The anti-cancer properties of the BAC extract are related to luteolin, which is a predominant compound. The addition of 0.025% chitosan reduced the metabolic activity of cancer cells by 37.5%, suggesting a synergistic interaction between the compounds. This research highlights the potential of BACs and chitosan in modulating important molecular targets associated with cancer cell.

Development and Efficacy Evaluation of Innovative Cosmetic Formulations with Caryocar brasiliense Fruit Pulp Oil Encapsulated in Freeze-Dried Liposomes.

Encapsulation and drying technologies allow the engineering of innovative raw materials from plant biodiversity, with potential applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. Lipid-based nanoencapsulation stands out for its efficiency, ease of production, and versatility in encapsulating substances, whether hydrophilic or lipophilic. This work aimed at encapsulating pequi oil in liposomes and freeze-dried liposomes to enhance its stability and functional benefits, such as skin hydration and anti-aging effects, for use in innovative cosmetic formulations. Pequi oil-extracted from the Caryocar brasiliense fruit pulp, a plant species from Brazilian plant biodiversity-is rich in secondary metabolites and fatty acids. Liposomes and dried liposomes offer controlled production processes and seamless integration into cosmetic formulations. The physicochemical analysis of the developed liposomes confirmed that the formulations are homogeneous and electrokinetically stable, as evidenced by consistent particle size distribution and zeta potential values, respectively. The gel-type formulations loaded with the dried liposomes exhibit enhanced skin hydration, improved barrier function, and refined microrelief, indicating improvements in skin conditions. These results highlight the potential of dried liposomes containing pequi oil for the development of innovative cosmeceutical products. This research contributes to the valorization of Brazilian biodiversity by presenting an innovative approach to leveraging the dermatological benefits of pequi oil in cosmetic applications.

SP94 engineered erythrocyte membrane enhanced the targeted delivery of biomimetic nanosuspension with IDO immunotherapy and chemotherapy in liver cancer

The efficient eradication of tumor cells remains a critical challenge in the realm of liver cancer therapies. The combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy holds more significant potential for improving treatment efficacy. However, the effectiveness of immunotherapy is mainly impeded by the high activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which creates an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment via robust proliferation of immunosuppressive T regulatory cells (Tregs) and inhibition of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Herein, we developed SR-ATO-ASIV@NS, a liver cancer-targeting peptide (SP94) modified RBCM-coated biomimetic nanosuspension. This innovative formulation incorporates the chemotherapeutic agent arsenic trioxide (ATO) and the immunomodulator astragaloside IV (AS-IV) as IDO inhibitor for the combined chemoimmunotherapy of liver cancer. The SR-ATO-ASIV@NS increased the solubility of both ATO and AS-IV and displayed excellent stability and exhibited high drug-loading efficiency, rendering it suitable for efficient dual drug delivery. Furthermore, this biomimetic nanosuspension efficiently evaded immune response and showed specific uptake in liver cancer cells via SP94 receptor-mediated endocytosis. The remarkable pharmacokinetic profile, characterized by prolonged blood circulation, enhanced the in vivo anti-tumor efficacy in H22 tumor bearing mice through the synergistic action of the dual drugs. On one hand, the released ATO resulted in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which stimulated the induction of apoptosis pathways via Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase mechanism. While on the other hand, AS-IV effectively blocked the IDO activity and hinders the production of Tregs within the tumor microenvironment. Consequently, the reduced Tregs population fosters the proliferation of CTLs, alleviating ITM and intensifying the immunotherapeutic response for the efficient killing of cancer cells. Additionally, the successful inhibition of liver cancer metastasis to the lungs and robust increase in T memory cells further boosted the anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy of SR-ATO-ASIV@NS. In summary, SR-ATO-ASIV@NS represents a novel and scientifically sophisticated strategy in targeted biomimetic nanotherapeutics. This approach not only enhances site-specific drug delivery but also showcases promising potential for advancing the field of combined chemoimmunotherapy for liver cancer.

Epoxy resin/ aluminium hydroxide/expanded graphite synergistic effects on advancing flame retardancy, mechanical structure and thermal management of octadecanoic acid and octadecanol-based eutectic phase change materials

In the present research, a novel approach wherein a flame-retardant composite phase change material (PCMs) is devised by incorporating eutectic PCMs, epoxy resin (ER), aluminium hydroxide (ATH), and expanded graphite (EG). This innovative formulation capitalizes on the synergistic interaction between ER and ATH, alongside the porous structure of EG, resulting in a triple-layer encapsulation of the eutectic PCMs. The outcome of this formulation is marked by remarkable thermal stability, even under extreme conditions such as exposure to temperatures as high as 800 °C. Notably, one of the representative samples, denoted as S5, showcases impressive attributes with a thermal conductivity of 1.335 W∙m-1K−1 and a substantial phase change latent heat of 150.4 J∙g−1. It was observed an increase in latent heat up to 181.3 J∙g−1 after 100 heating–cooling cycles of composite PCMs. This indicates the good thermal reliability of the form-stable composite PCMs synthesized. Moreover, the composite PCMs exhibit outstanding mechanical properties, especially S5 which showed a 14.69 % and 400.12 % increase in compression strength and compression modulus compared with pure eutectic PCM (S0), respectively. Besides, the ternary composition of ER, ATH, and EG enhances the flame retardancy of the composite PCMs, yielding a substantial reduction of 67.33 % in peak heat release rate and 50.38 % in total heat release. This collaborative effect also establishes a robust defense mechanism against the rapid propagation of flames, as exemplified by the attainment of a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. As a result, the flame-retardant ER/ATH/EG ternary-based form-stable composite PCM presents itself as a promising candidate for ensuring both safety and efficiency in thermal management applications.

QbD Based Formulation Development and Optimisation of Ozenoxacin Topical Nano-Emulgel and Efficacy Evaluation Using Impetigo Mice Model.

To formulate and optimize Ozenoxacin nano-emulsion using Quality by Design (QbD) concept by means of Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and converting it to a gel to form Ozenoxacin nano-emulgel followed by physico-chemical, in-vitro, ex-vivo and in-vivo evaluation. This study demonstrates the application of QbD methodology for the development and optimization of an effective topical nanoemulgel formulation for the treatment of Impetigo focusing on the selection of appropriate excipients, optimization of formulation and process variables, and characterization of critical quality attributes. BBD was used to study the effect of "% of oil, % of Smix and homogenization speed" on critical quality attributes "globule size and % entrapment efficiency" for the optimisation of Ozenoxacin Nano-emulsion. Ozenoxacin loaded nano-emulgel was characterized for "description, identification, pH, specific gravity, amplitude sweep, viscosity, assay, organic impurities, antimicrobial effectiveness testing, in-vitro release testing, ex-vivo permeation testing, skin retention and in-vivo anti-bacterial activity". In-vitro release and ex-vivo permeation, skin retention and in-vivo anti-bacterial activity were found to be significantly (p < 0.01) higher for the nano-emulgel formulation compared to the innovator formulation (OZANEX™). Antimicrobial effectiveness testing was performed and found that even at 70% label claim of benzoic acid is effective to inhibit microbial growth in the drug product. The systematic application of QbD principles facilitated the successful development and optimization of a Ozenoxacin Nano-Emulsion. Optimised Ozenoxacin Nano-Emulgel can be considered as an effective alternative and found to be stable at least for 6months at 40°C / 75% RH and 30°C / 75% RH.

In Silico Analysis of the Ga3+/Fe3+ Competition for Binding the Iron-Scavenging Siderophores of P. aeruginosa-Implementation of Three Gallium-Based Complexes in the "Trojan Horse" Antibacterial Strategy.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms combined with the ever-draining antibiotic pipeline poses a disturbing and immensely growing public health challenge that requires a multidisciplinary approach and the application of novel therapies aimed at unconventional targets and/or applying innovative drug formulations. Hence, bacterial iron acquisition systems and bacterial Fe2+/3+-containing enzymes have been identified as a plausible target of great potential. The intriguing "Trojan horse" approach deprives microorganisms from the essential iron. Recently, gallium's potential in medicine as an iron mimicry species has attracted vast attention. Different Ga3+ formulations exhibit diverse effects upon entering the cell and thus supposedly have multiple targets. The aim of the current study is to specifically distinguish characteristics of great significance in regard to the initial gallium-based complex, allowing the alien cation to effectively compete with the native ferric ion for binding the siderophores pyochelin and pyoverdine secreted by the bacterium P. aeruginosa. Therefore, three gallium-based formulations were taken into consideration: the first-generation gallium nitrate, Ga(NO3)3, metabolized to Ga3+-hydrated forms, the second-generation gallium maltolate (tris(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyronato)gallium), and the experimentally proven Ga carrier in the bloodstream-the protein transferrin. We employed a reliable in silico approach based on DFT computations in order to understand the underlying biochemical processes that govern the Ga3+/Fe3+ rivalry for binding the two bacterial siderophores.

Exploring the antifungal potential of Annona muricata leaf extract-loaded hydrogel in treating vulvovaginal candidiasis

Vulvovaginal candidiasis, mostly caused by Candida albicans, remains a prevalent concern in women's health. Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae), a plant native from Brazil, is well-known for its therapeutic potential, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. This study presents an innovative hydrogel formulation containing the ethanolic extract from A. muricata leaves designed to control C. albicans in an in vivo model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Here, we report the development, thermal, physicochemical and rheological characterization of a Carbopol®-based hydrogel containing A. muricata extract. Furthermore, we evaluated its activity in a vulvovaginal candidiasis in vivo model. Thermal analyses indicated that the addition of the extract increased the polymer-polymer and polymer-solvent interactions.Rheological analysis showed a decrease in the viscosity and elasticity of the formulation as the A. muricata extract concentration increased, suggesting a liquid-like behavior. After treatment with the Carbopol®-based hydrogel with A. muricata, our in vivo results showed a significant reduction in vulvovaginal fungal burden and infection, as well as a reduction in mucosal inflammation. The current research opens up possibilities for the application of the Carbopol®-based hydrogel with A. muricata as a natural therapeutic option for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.

A Novel Coacervate Embolic Agent for Tumor Chemoembolization.

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) has proven effective in blocking tumor-supplied arteries and delivering localized chemotherapeutic treatment to combat tumors. However, traditional embolic TACE agents exhibit certain limitations, including insufficient chemotherapeutic drug-loading and sustained-release capabilities, non-biodegradability, susceptibility to aggregation, and unstable mechanical properties. This study introduces a novel approach to address these shortcomings by utilizing a complex coacervate as a liquid embolic agent for tumor chemoembolization. By mixing oppositely charged quaternized chitosan (QCS) and gum arabic (GA), a QCS/GA polymer complex coacervate with shear-thinning property is obtained. Furthermore, the incorporation of the contrast agent Iohexol (I) and the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) into the coacervate leads to the development of an X-ray-opaque QCS/GA/I/DOX coacervate embolic agent capable of carrying drugs. This innovative formulation effectively embolizes the renal arteries without recanalization. More importantly, the QCS/GA/I/DOX coacervate can successfully embolize the supplying arteries of the VX2 tumors in rabbit ear and liver. Coacervates can locally release DOX to enhance its therapeutic effects, resulting in excellent antitumor efficacy. This coacervate embolic agent exhibits substantial potential for tumor chemoembolization due to its shear-thinning performance, excellent drug-loading and sustained-release capabilities, good biocompatibility, thrombogenicity, biodegradability, safe and effective embolic performance, and user-friendly application.

Softeners doped with asphaltene dispersants acting in synergy with resins: Molecular mechanisms underlying asphalt rejuvenation

In confronting the global climate change, reusing waste asphalt materials stands out as a key strategy for the transportation sector to preserve natural resources and reduce the carbon footprint. Recycling additives or rejuvenators are usually required in this practice, especially for boosting the recycling rate. Given the imperative need for a general compositional design principle of rejuvenators, we previously proposed an innovative formulation concept by combining softeners with asphaltene dispersants, and reported that the use of dispersants largely reduced the total quantity of rejuvenators needed and thus would minimize the environmental impacts. The present study is aimed for probing the molecular mechanisms underlying this observation, with additional interest focused on the synergistic effect of the dispersants with resins and also on the impacts due to their self-association. Selection of representative materials consisted of three types of dispersants including an ionic liquid, a phenolic amphiphile, and an ester plasticizer, in combination with an aromatic oil as the softener. Long-time molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was employed to inspect the aggregation of asphaltenes. Quantum chemical (QC) computation was performed to provide insights into the source of different dispersing behaviors. The results indicated that the three dispersants all acted in concert with resins in dispersing asphaltenes. The dispersion characteristics of asphaltenes could be viewed as a net result of the two competing mechanisms of the dispersing capability and self-association of the dispersant used. The ionic liquid exhibited much higher propensity to self-association at increasing concentrations than the phenolic dispersant, and yet the optimum performance was achieved for both when they were added at low dosages. The ester plasticizer showed minimal self-association and yielded improved dispersion with increasing concentrations. In all cases, the dispersing functionality mainly originated from the presence or formation of significant electron-withdrawing sites, collectively due to the highly electronegative cation and anion, hydrogen bonding, and polar groups. Comparison of the dispersing power was also conducted from different perspectives. The findings are expected to provide molecular insights for formulating versatile and more environmentally benign asphalt rejuvenators.

Eggshell waste bioprocessing for sustainable acid phosphatase production and minimizing environmental hazards

BackgroundThe Environmental Protection Agency has listed eggshell waste as the 15th most significant food industry pollution hazard. Using eggshell waste as a renewable energy source has been a hot topic recently. Therefore, finding a sustainable solution for the recycling and valorization of eggshell waste by investigating its potential to produce acid phosphatase (ACP) and organic acids by the newly-discovered B. sonorensis was the target of the current investigation.ResultsDrawing on both molecular and morphological characterizations, the most potent ACP-producing B. sonorensis strain ACP2, was identified as a local bacterial strain obtained from the effluent of the paper and pulp industries. The use of consecutive statistical experimental approaches of Plackett–Burman Design (PBD) and Orthogonal Central Composite Design (OCCD), followed by pH-uncontrolled cultivation conditions in a 7 L bench-top bioreactor, revealed an innovative medium formulation that substantially improved ACP production, reaching 216 U L−1 with an ACP yield coefficient Yp/x of 18.2 and a specific growth rate (µ) of 0.1 h−1. The metals Ag+, Sn+, and Cr+ were the most efficiently released from eggshells during the solubilization process by B. sonorensis. The uncontrolled pH culture condition is the most suitable and favoured setting for improving ACP and organic acids production. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the produced organic acids were carried out using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Lactic acid, citric acid, and hydroxybenzoic acid isomer were the most common organic acids produced throughout the cultivation process. The findings of TGA, DSC, SEM, EDS, FTIR, and XRD analysis emphasize the significant influence of organic acids and ACP activity on the solubilization of eggshell particles.ConclusionsThis study emphasized robust microbial engineering approaches for the large-scale production of a newly discovered acid phosphatase, accompanied by organic acids production from B. sonorensis. The biovalorization of the eggshell waste and the production of cost-effective ACP and organic acids were integrated into the current study, and this was done through the implementation of a unique and innovative medium formulation design for eggshell waste management, as well as scaling up ACP production on a bench-top scale.

Collaborative Scheduling Optimization of Container Port Berths and Cranes under Low-Carbon Environment

Motivated by the need for a green and low-carbon economy, we explore the co-scheduling optimization of berths and cranes. Our aim is to balance the carbon tax and operating costs of ports under uncertain conditions, proposing an innovative nonlinear mixed-integer programming formulation. To address this optimization challenge, we have developed an enhanced version of the adaptive spiral flying dung beetle algorithm (ASFDBO). In order to evaluate the performance of the ASFDBO algorithm, we performed a benchmark function test and a convergence analysis with other recognized metaheuristics. In addition, we verified the practical applicability of the ASFDBO algorithm in different test scenarios. Through numerical experiments, we analyze the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm’s scheduling solutions and improvement strategies. Results indicate that our collaborative scheduling optimization, which considers both carbon and production costs, achieves feasible solutions and reduces carbon expenses. Finally, we investigate the impact of different carbon tax rates on the joint scheduling optimization of berths and quay cranes, and the results show that a reasonable carbon tax policy can effectively reduce the carbon emissions of ports.