Development Of Innovative Materials Research Articles

Solar driven integrated CO2 capture and CH4 dry reforming via FexMny/Ni/CaAl multi-function materials

Integrated CO2 capture and dry reforming of CH4 (ICCU-DRM) holds great promise in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and producing value-added syngas simultaneously. However, the in-situ conversion is a highly endothermic process, which requires a large amount of energy to drive, making it very difficult for large-scale applications. The combination of solar energy in ICCU-DRM provide a potential solution to tackle the problem, but it needs to construct and evaluate multi-function materials (MFMs) with good features of CO2 adsorption, catalytic conversion and light absorption. Herein, we report a synthesis approach to prepare Fe5Mn5/Ni/CaAl for use in the solar driven ICCU-DRM, which directly utilize the solar energy for syngas production with excellent comprehensive performance. The material prepared demonstrates an average spectral absorbance of 85.81 %, and a CO2 capacity of 8.46 mmol·g−1 with up to 89 % conversion to syngas. We expect the synthesis strategy has good implications on the development of innovative materials for carbon reduction and energy storage applications.

Production and assessment of UV-cured resin coated stearyl alcohol/expanded graphite as novel shape-stable composite phase change material for thermal energy storage

Expanded graphite-phase change materials (PCM) structures are reinforced to polymers with various methods to fabricate advanced thermal energy storage materials. However, these methods still suffer from processing time and product efficiency challenges. In this study, the UV-curing method was used to produce shape-stable EG-PCM-reinforced resin composites with fast curing and low process temperature of the resin. The composite material, comprising UV-curable resin (30 %), stearyl alcohol (65 %), and Expanded graphite (5 %), was synthesized. This synthesis aimed to address the limitations of traditional PCMs, such as low thermal conductivity and leakage. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the materials' phase change behavior and thermal stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were conducted to elucidate the microstructure and crystallinity of composite materials. The composites, exhibiting near-perfect impermeability with leakage as minimal as 0.89 %, not only enable the attainment of cooler environments by 2–3 °C under hot air conditions but also demonstrate exceptional thermal stability up to 207 °C, as evidenced by TGA results. Additionally, they offer a remarkable melting enthalpy value of 153.1 J/g. These composites, with their shape-retention ability during phase transitions and high thermal energy storage capacity, are a versatile and efficient option for sustainable energy management. This research contributes to the development of innovative materials for renewable energy integration and reducing carbon emissions.

Overcoming Challenges in OLED Technology for Lighting Solutions

In academic research, OLEDs have exhibited rapid evolution thanks to the development of innovative materials, new device architectures, and optimized fabrication methods, achieving high performance in recent years. The numerous advantages that increasingly distinguish them from traditional light sources, such as a large and customizable emission area, color tunability, flexibility, and transparency, have positioned them as a promising candidate for various applications in the lighting market, including the residential, automotive, industrial, and agricultural sectors. However, despite these promising attributes, the widespread industrial production of OLEDs encounters significant challenges. Key considerations center around efficiency and lifetime. In the present review, after introducing the theoretical basis of OLEDs and summarizing the main performance developments in the industrial field, three crucial aspects enabling OLEDs to establish a competitive advantage in terms of performance and versatility are critically discussed: the quality and stability of the emitted light, with a specific focus on white light and its tunability; the transparency of both electrodes for the development of fully transparent and integrable devices; and the uniformity of emission over a large area.

Simulation approach to study kinetic heterogeneity of gadolinium catalytic system in the 1,4-cis-polyisoprene production

Abstract This article presents a novel simulation approach for solving the inverse problem of kinetic heterogeneity in polymerization processes, specifically focusing on the production of polyisoprene using a gadolinium chloride solvate-based catalytic system. The proposed method is based on the assumption that the distribution of active centers (ACs) can be described by model distributions. By utilizing primary physicochemical data, such as the polymerization rate and molecular weight distribution, the simulation approach automatically identifies the kinetic parameters, determining the Frenkel statistical parameter and solving the problem of kinetic heterogeneity. The experimental results revealed the presence of at least three distinct types of ACs, each contributing different proportions to the polymerization process. The simulation approach offers valuable insights into the complexities of catalytic systems and their role in polymerization, paving the way for optimizing reaction conditions and advancing industrial polymer synthesis processes. This study marks a significant step forward in understanding and controlling polymerization reactions, with potential implications for the development of innovative materials and industrial applications.

Green synthesis of carbon nanotubes functionalized with iron nanoparticles and coffee husk biomass for efficient removal of losartan and diclofenac: Adsorption kinetics and ANN modeling studies

The presence of emerging contaminants in wastewater poses a global environmental challenge, requiring the development of innovative materials or methods for their treatment. This study focused on the production of green functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and using them in the adsorption of the pharmaceuticals Losartan (LOS) and Diclofenac (DIC). The efficiency of the methodology was verified by characterization techniques. Elemental composition analysis indicated a significant increase in the iron content after the green functionalization, proving the effectiveness of the method. Thermogravimetric analysis showed similar thermal degradation profiles for pristine CNTs and functionalized CNTs, indicating better post-functionalization thermal stability. BET analysis revealed mesoporous characteristics of CNTs, with increased surface area and pore volumes after functionalization. X-Ray diffraction confirmed the preservation of the lattice structure of the CNTs post-functionalization and post-adsorption, with changes in peak broadening suggesting surface modifications. LOS and DIC adsorption were evaluated via kinetic studies at four different concentrations (0.1–0.4 mmol/L) that were best represented by the pseudo-second order model, suggesting chemisorption mechanisms, with faster and higher uptakes for DIC (0.084–0.261 mmol/g; teq = 5 min) when compared to LOS (0.058–0.235 mmol/g; teq = 20 min). The curves were also studied via artificial neural networks (ANN) and revealed that the best ANN architecture for representing the experimental data is a network with [3 5 5 2] neurons trained using the Bayesian-Regularization algorithm and the Log-sigmoid (hidden layers) and Linear (output layer) transfer functions. The desorption study showed that CaCl2 had better performance in CNT regeneration, reaching its removal capacity above 50% up to 3 cycles, for both pharmaceuticals. These findings reveal the potential of the developed material as a promising adsorbent for targeted removal of pollutants, contributing to advances in the remediation of emerging contaminants and the application of artificial intelligence in adsorption research.

Antifungal Susceptibility Assessment of Innovative and Non-Conventional Lime Mortars Incorporating Almond-Shell Powder Bio-Waste Subjected to Particle-Dispersion Technique.

A favorable environment for fungi colonization in building materials' surfaces can emerge when certain hygrothermal conditions occur. Thus, reducing fungal growth susceptibility is of major interest. Furthermore, if the integration of bio-wastes is performed in parallel with the development of innovative materials for this purpose, a more sustainable and environmentally friendly material can be obtained. In this study, the fungal susceptibility of lime mortars incorporating almond-shell powder (ASP) microparticles (2 and 4%, wt.-wt. in relation to the binder content) was evaluated. The particle-dispersion technique was employed to prepare the bio-waste introduced in the mixtures. The fungal susceptibility of ASP samples was compared with nanotitania (n-TiO2) with recognized antifungal properties. Mechanical strength, water absorption, and wettability tests were also performed for a better characterization of the composites. Although the addition of 2% ASP led to mechanical properties reduction, an increase in the compressive and flexural strength resulted for 4% of the ASP content. Difficulties in fungal growth were observed for the samples incorporating ASP. No fungal development was detected in the mortar with 2% of ASP, which may be correlated with an increase in the surface hydrophobic behavior. Furthermore, mortars with ASP revealed a reduction in water absorption by capillarity ability, especially with 4% content, suggesting changes in the microstructure and pore characteristics. The results also demonstrated that an improvement in the physical and mechanical properties of the lime mortars can be achieved when ASP microparticles are previously subjected to dispersion techniques.

The Prospective Applications of Arising Nanostructured Dielectric Materials in Storage of Energy: A Comprehensive Review

Background: The manufacture and study of innovative materials that enable the availability of relevant technologies are vital in light of the energy demands of various human activities and the need for a substantial shift in the energy matrix. Objective: A strategy based on the creation of enhanced applications for batteries has been devised to reduce the conversion, storage, and feeding of renewable energy like fuel cells and electrochemical capacitors. Methods: Conductive polymers (CP) can be utilised instead of traditional inorganic chemicals. Electrochemical energy storage devices with similar capabilities can be built using approaches based on the production of composite materials and nanostructures. Results: CP's nanostructuring is notable for its concentration on synergistic coupling with other materials, which sets it apart from other nanostructures that have been developed in the preceding two decades. This is due to the fact that, when paired with other materials, their distinctive morphology and adaptability significantly enhance performance in areas like the suppression of ionic diffusion trajectories, electronic transport and the improvement of ion penetrability and intercalation spaces. Conclusion: The present study forecasts the wide-ranging modern applications of diverse nanostructured dielectric materials along with its future prospectives. The potential contributions of nanostructured carbon nanotubes to the development of innovative materials for energy storage devices are also critically discussed in this context, which delivers a summary of the present state of information on this emerging topic.

Molecular dynamics investigation of ionanofluids (INFs): Towards a deeper understanding of their thermophysical, structural and dynamical properties

Ionanofluids (INFs) are a novel type of heat transfer fluids consisting of fine nanoparticles suspended in ionic liquids (ILs). They exhibit improved thermal properties, including enhanced thermal conductivity, non-volatility, and non-flammability, making them ideal candidates for various applications, especially solar concentrators. In this work, for the first time, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to investigate the thermophysical, structural, and dynamical properties of a specific INF composed of the [HMIM][BF4] IL and SiC nanoparticles in the temperature range of 298.15–338.15 K and at different nanoparticle volume fractions, i.e. 1.10 %, 2.27 %, and 3.47 %. Radial distribution functions (RDFs) revealed a strong structural correlation between the fluorine atoms of anion and the HR atom of the cation ring and also with the carbon and silicon atoms of the nanoparticle. The results showed that with increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles, ions tend to have more interactions with nanoparticles, and the interactions between the anions and cations decrease. As a result, the thermal conductivity, viscosity, and density of ions in the INF increases. Finally, we made some comparisons between the simulated thermal conductivities and viscosities of the studied INF with classical models. The results showed that, in some cases, the simulation results were even better than some models compared to the experimental values. The insights obtained from this study not only enhance our understanding of the structure and dynamic behavior of the INF, but also can contribute to the development of innovative materials and more efficient solar thermal systems.

Magnetic spirals and biquadratic exchange in 1D MoX[formula omitted] spin chains

We researched the one-dimensional configurations of MoX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I), a spin chain with antiferromagnetically frustrated moments S=32 located at the Mo sites. Our research revealed a spontaneous magnetic order in this group of one-dimensional setups. The magnetic system within the one-dimensional chain reacts collectively due to various magnetic couplings, creating topological spirals with great potential for technology. The key element is the discovery of compelling evidence for biquadratic exchange, which has recently been studied in two-dimensional magnetism. Moreover, we identified antiferromagnetic couplings that go beyond the nearest neighbor, causing frustration. Our research also revealed the connection between these 1D structures through van der Waals interactions, turning them into appealing quasi-two-dimensional magnets with highly tailored electric and magnetic characteristics. Our extensive calculations provide a strong foundation for comprehending the complex behavior of these one-dimensional chains and provide insight into the development of innovative materials with improved electronic and magnetic characteristics. These advances pave the way for various technological applications, especially in new-generation spintronics and magnonic devices.

Ultrashort Peptide Grafting on Mesoporous Films and Its Impact on Ionic Mesopore Accessibility.

An approach for direct in-pore solid-phase ultrashort peptide synthesis on mesoporous films using the amino acids arginine, leucine, and glycine is presented. Although the number of grafted amino acids remains low, the ionic mesopore accessibility can be gradually adjusted. The addition of arginine in up to five reaction cycles leads to a progressive increase in positive mesopore charge density, which gradually increases the anionic mesopore accessibility at acidic pH. At basic pH, the remaining silanol groups at the pore wall still dominate counter-charged cation mesopore accessibility. Thus, specific peptide sequence design is demonstrated to be a sensitive tool for molecular transport control in nanoscale pores. Overall, the direct in-pore solid-phase ultrashort peptide synthesis on mesoporous films using the sequences of different amino acids opens up exciting opportunities for the development of innovative materials with precisely tailored properties and functions based on specific peptide sequence design.

Facile electrochemical determination of sertraline at nanomolar concentration using bimetallic MXene NbTiCTx and MWCNTs hybridized electrodes as sensing platform

A novel and facile electrochemical determination of Sertraline at nanomolar concentration using bimetallic MXene NbTiCTx and MWCNTs hybridized electrodes as sensing platforms is demonstrated. NbTiCTx/MWCNTs composites were produced by etching NbTiAlC to obtain NbTiCTx, and ultrasonically mixing this with MWCNTs. An electrochemical sensor based on NbTiCTx/MWCNTs nanocomposite modified (NbTiCTx/MWCNTs/GCE) was constructed, for use in the sensitive detection of Sertraline (SER). The successful preparation of NbTiCTx/MWCNTs and the electrochemical performance of the electrodes were verified by Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance characterization methods. The experimental results show that NbTiCTx/MWCNTs/GCE can increase the SER oxidation peak current, with two good linear relationships (R2 = 0.9910 and 0.9967) between the current and the concentration of SER (5.0–10.0 μM and 10.0–100.0 μM), with a detection limit of 0.16 μM (S/N = 3). The sensor has good selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility and stability, and enables the sensitive determination of SER in human serum and urine samples of clinical biological fluids. It is believed that this work is significant and is of broad interest for work in innovative material development and biomedical applications.

МУЛЬТИФРАКТАЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ДИСПЕРСНЫХ ПОЛИМЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ

Multifractal analysis is one of the tools for studying complex objects with self-similar structure, such as dispersed polymetallic systems. This paper deals with the application of multifractal analysis to describe and evaluate the characteristics of dispersed polymetallic systems (Fe-Al-Co, Fe-Al-Cr, Fe-Al-Mo) obtained by galvanic substitution. The study reveals important aspects, such as the distribution of fractal dimensions, which allows a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of formation and development of structures in polymetallic systems. The presented results can be useful for the development of new materials and technologies, as well as for the improvement of existing methods of analysis and quality control of polymetallic systems. It is shown that the spectrum of generalized fractal dimensions of Fe-Al-Co is similar to the spectrum of the Serpinsky dodecahedron - an S-shaped downward curve. The calculated generalized fractal dimension is 1.662, which indicates a lower complexity of the Fe-Al-Co sample structure compared to the model Serpinsky dodecahedron. The micrograph of a particle of the synthesized Fe-Al-Cr disperse sample shows an agglomerated structure of micron dimensions, which, in turn, is formed from interconnected spherical-like formations of 50-200 nm in size. The spectrum of generalized fractal dimensionality of Fe-Al-Cr also presents an S-shaped rising curve. The generalized fractal dimension in this case is 1.881, which is higher than that of the Fe-Al-Co dispersed system sample. The obtained results have shown that the multifractal spectrum and the distribution of fractal dimensions can serve as tools for analyzing the mechanisms of formation and evolution of the structure of polymetallic systems. This opens up new opportunities for the development of innovative materials with specified properties, improvement of existing technologies and quality control of materials.

Advancements in 3D Printing Materials for Diverse Industries: A Review and Future Prospects

3D printing has brought significant changes in many industries. It helps to create products with impressive strength and versatility. This paper aims to investigate and evaluate the different types of materials used in 3D printing, evaluating the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of different materials. It majorly focuses on thermoplastic, metal-based materials, and hybrid and composite materials. This paper also provides the current and future scenarios of 3D printing. This review covers all valuable insights into a large spectrum of different types of materials used in 3D printing and provides a small glance at these transforming industries. As the study expands the development of innovative materials and printing techniques will surely come to the surface and will expand the possibilities of 3D printing applications in the future.

The Role of High‐Entropy Materials in Lithium‐Based Rechargeable Batteries

AbstractThe low energy density, safety concerns, and high cost associated with conventional lithium‐ion batteries pose challenges in meeting the growing demands of emerging applications. While lithiumsulfur batteries (LSBs) offer high specific capacity, their commercial viability is hindered by the prevalent issue of shuttle effects. Furthermore, the potential of solid‐state lithium batteries is constrained by the suboptimal ionic conductivity and significant interphase problems. High‐entropy materials (HEMs) have emerged as a strategic approach for the development of innovative materials possessing exceptional properties. In recent times, some studies have been undertaken to explore the potential of HEMs in lithium‐based rechargeable batteries, showcasing their favorable characteristics. This work provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of various factors associated with HEM materials, encompassing elements, structure, and morphology, on the reversibility of reactions and cycling stability. This work also presents an analysis of the effects of elements and morphology on the properties of HEMs in LSBs, which can trap soluble lithium polysulfides and enhance reaction kinetics. Additionally, the work provides an overview of high‐entropy electrolytes, including both solid‐state and non‐aqueous liquid electrolytes. Furthermore, the research outlines future research directions aimed at investigating more efficient HEMs and enhancing the overall performance of lithium‐based rechargeable batteries.

A functional Pickering emulsion coating based on octadecenylsuccinic anhydride modified γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks for food preservation

In the rapidly advancing field of colloid and interface chemistry, food-grade nanoparticles are garnering increased attention for their potential applications in food preservation and innovative material development. Pickering emulsions, stabilized by solid particles, are especially noteworthy for their versatile applicability, spanning from food preservation to innovative material engineering. However, crafting a reliable, application-specific Pickering emulsion that amalgamates both stability and functionality poses a substantial challenge. In this research, we present an in-depth analysis of octadecenylsuccinic anhydride (ODSA) modified γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks (OCMs) stabilized ODSA Pickering emulsions, probing their stability across varying pH values and ionic strengths, and evaluating their groundbreaking applications, notably in paper coating and enhancing food shelf life. Our results unequivocally indicate a pronounced improvement in paper water resistance and fruit preservation after treatment with the OCMs-ODSA emulsion, heralding a novel methodology in these areas. Additionally, our studies illuminate the intrinsic antimicrobial attributes of OCMs, accentuating their cardinal role in augmenting the emulsion's preservation capabilities and heralding potential widespread applications in microbial mitigation, decay deterrence, and beyond.

Synthesize and crystallization behavior of SiOC/SiC nanocomposites derived from organosilane slurry residue

AbstractA route preparing SiOC/SiC nanocomposites directly by pyrolysis of organosilane slurry residue was investigated. Organosilane slurry residue's unique composition, containing both silicon and carbon, offers an intriguing platform for developing advanced ceramic materials. The pyrolysis process is examined comprehensively, revealing the chemical reactions and structural changes leading to SiC crystals formation. The phase evolution at various annealing temperatures was revealed. Crystallization behavior in the process were studied. The results reveal that SiOC matrix was generated at annealed temperature 800°C and SiC nanoparticles were formed at 1300°C. In comparison to phase separation of SiOC, carbothermal reduction of SiO2 was domain in SiC formation. This research advances the understanding of SiOC/SiC nanocomposites, highlighting the value of repurposing industrial byproducts for sustainable and innovative materials development.

Probing the Molecular Mechanism of Viscoelastic Relaxation in Transient Networks.

Hydrogels, which have polymer networks through supramolecular and reversible interactions, exhibit various mechanical responsibilities to its surroundings. The influence of the reversible bonds on a hydrogel's macroscopic properties, such as viscoelasticity and dynamics, is not fully understood, preventing further innovative material development. To understand the relationships between the mechanical properties and molecular structures, it is required to clarify the molecular understanding of the networks solely crosslinked by reversible interactions, termed "transient networks". This review introduces our recent progress on the studies on the molecular mechanism of viscoelasticity in transient networks using multiple methods and model materials. Based on the combination of the viscoelasticity and diffusion measurements, the viscoelastic relaxation of transient networks does not undergo the diffusion of polymers, which is not explained by the framework of conventional molecular models for the viscoelasticity of polymers. Then, we show the results of the comparison between the viscoelastic relaxation and binding dynamics of reversible bonds. Viscoelastic relaxation is primarily affected by "dissociation dynamics of the bonds" and "network structures". These results are explained in the framework that the backbone, which is composed of essential chains supporting the stress, is broken by multiple dissociation events. This understanding of molecular dynamics in viscoelasticity will provide the foundation for designing transient networks.

Enhanced cellulose extraction from agave plant (Agave americana Species) for synthesis of magnetic/cellulose nanocomposite for defluoridation of water

Research on fluoride removal from water is currently focusing on the development of innovative materials for defluoridation water. The current study extracted and used enhanced cellulose from Agave americana species to synthesize a magnetic/cellulose nanocomposite for water defluoridation. Strong and light binary acids (H2SO4 and CH3COOH) were utilized to pretreat raw material to enhance cellulose extraction. Central composite design (CCD) was used to design experiments to find optimum condition for cellulose extraction. Four key factors (H2SO4 to CH3COOH ratio, acid concentration, temperature, and contact time) with three levels were designed by CCD. The lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose content of raw agave cellulosic fiber in this study were 5.5 ± 0.27, 20.5 ± 0.23 and 60.4 ± 0.31 % respectively. While, at the optimum conditions of 2.3 % acid concentration, 0.44 H2SO4 to CH3COOH ratio, 83.2 min of retention time, and 105.5 oC, cellulose content reached 940.25 %. Then, enhanced cellulose was covered with magnetic components, resulting in a magnetic/cellulose nanocomposite. The adsorbent materials were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Dynamic light scattering (DLS). In addition, textural features of the adsorbent were investigated. All characterization results suggest that the synthesized adsorbent has the required properties. Adsorption tests were carried out using various interaction components. The combined effects of critical process variables on defluoridation were examined. The adsorption isotherm was calculated. Overall, the research demonstrated that the produced magnetic/cellulose nanocomposite can be employed as an efficient and ecologically acceptable adsorbent for fluoride removal from water.

Seeing the Supracolloidal Assemblies in 3D: Unraveling High-Resolution Structures Using Electron Tomography.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging has revolutionized modern materials science, nanotechnology, and structural biology. Its ability to provide information about materials' structure, composition, and properties at atomic-level resolution has enabled groundbreaking discoveries and the development of innovative materials with precision and accuracy. Electron tomography, single particle reconstruction, and microcrystal electron diffraction techniques have paved the way for the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of biological samples, synthetic materials, and hybrid nanostructures at near atomic-level resolution. TEM tomography using a series of two-dimensional (2D) projections has been used extensively in biological science, but in recent years it has become an important method in synthetic nanomaterials and soft matter research. TEM tomography offers unprecedented morphological details of 3D objects, internal structures, packing patterns, growth mechanisms, and self-assembly pathways of self-assembled colloidal systems. It complements other analytical tools, including small-angle X-ray scattering, and provides valuable data for computational simulations for predictive design and reverse engineering of nanomaterials with the desired structure and properties. In this perspective, I will discuss the importance of TEM tomography in the structural understanding and engineering of self-assembled nanostructures with specific emphasis on colloidal capsids, composite cages, biohybrid superlattices with complex geometries, polymer assemblies, and self-assembled protein-based superstructures.

Coexistent, Competing Tunnelling, and Hopping Charge Transport in Compressed Metal Nanocluster Crystals.

Understanding charge transport among metal particles with sizes of approximately 1 nm poses a great challenge due to the ultrasmall nanosize, yet it holds great significance in the development of innovative materials as substitutes for traditional semiconductors, which are insulative and unstable in less than ∼10 nm thickness. Herein, atomically precise gold nanoclusters with well-defined compositions and structures were investigated to establish a mathematical relation between conductivity and interparticle distance. This was accomplished using high-pressure in situ resistance characterizations, synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the Murnaghan equation of state. Based on this precise correlation, it was predicted that the conductivity of Au25(SNap)18 (SNap: 1-naphthalenethiolate) solid is comparable to that of bulk silver when the interparticle distance is reduced to approximately 3.6 Å. Furthermore, the study revealed the coexisting, competing tunneling, and incoherent hopping charge transport mechanisms, which differed from those previously reported. The introduction of conjugation-structured ligands, tuning of the structures of metal nanoclusters, and use of high-pressure techniques contributed to enhanced conductivity, and thus, the charge carrier types were determined using Hall measurements. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the charge transport in gold nanocluster solids and represents an important advancement in metal nanocluster semiconductor research.