Innovation In Countries Research Articles

Conceptualising the Role of the UAE Innovation Strategy in University-Industry knowledge Diffusion Process

Universities are considered one of the primary sources of knowledge and an essential component of the triple helix theory. They fuel the industries with the required expertise and pool of resources to operate efficiently. Moreover, entrepreneurial universities successfully contributed to regional development and employment growth by supporting entrepreneurial activities and incubation programmes. Thus, university-industry collaboration is vital for enhancing knowledge-based industries' knowledge diffusion as well as the regional innovation atmospheres. On the other hand, countries and regional authorities strive to stimulate their regional development by encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship activities. For example, the UAE announced its 2015 innovation strategy that focused on seven industries: education, technology, renewable energy, transportation, education, health, water, and space. The strategy stressed the role of universities R & R&D, first-class research, and promoting incubation services as one of the country's main innovation enablers. Thus, universities, scholars and industry should concentrate on the identified sectors to achieve the strategic innovation goals. This work aims to conceptualise and test the relationship and collaboration between industry and universities in the UAE and the impact of the innovation strategy on this relationship. Therefore, we critically analyse literature on the university-industry relationship and connect it with the UAE innovation strategy that resulted in a conceptual university-industry relationship model where the innovation strategy and UAE government act as a moderator of this relationship. The initial results show that the conceptual model includes research and curriculum collaboration. Research collaboration includes joint research, research fund, commercialisation of the research output, while curriculum collaboration includes the programmes and courses updates and joint training programmes. The developed model is still in its early stage of development and requires further updates based on interviews with the HEIs researchers and the survey results.

Heterogeneity is the rule, not the exception? A tentative typology of national innovation systems

The inquiry departs from the idea that heterogeneity is the rule, not the exception, regarding the National Innovation Systems (NIS) worldwide. The paper’s main goal is to advance understanding with empirical-based knowledge on how this uneven pattern occurs by formulating an original typology of NIS that surpasses the continental boundaries analysis and, primarily, highlighs the strengths of few and weaknesses of most nations. Using the Global Innovation Index (GII), the paper employs descriptive analysis, bivariate correlation, and variance analysis, followed by clustering. The cluster analysis created five types of NIS that displayed an even more accurate description of how innovative countries are, beyond the income or continent cohorts. This original and comprehensive approach to the NIS disparities is crucial to advancing in how few countries continue to improve their innovative performance. At the same time, most countries keep struggling to increase innovation capacity to overcome their economic underdevelopment issues.

Bilateral Trade and Investment Relations Analysis: Indonesia and South Korea

This paper attempts to assess potential opportunities and complementary cooperation of the bilateral economic relations of Indonesia and South Korea. On December 18th, 2020, both countries had officially signed the Indonesia-Korea CEPA. Indonesia has a big population for potential consumption and rich in primary products such as rubber, mineral, and palm oil. South Korea has immense potential in investment, light manufacture, and high-technology products and is classified as the most innovative country in the world for four consecutive years of 2016-2019 (Innovation Index, Bloomberg). This paper has two aims, first is assessing potential trade and long-run investment relations. It applies a combination calculation of RCA (Revealed Comparative Advantage) and CMSA (Constant Market Share Analysis). The second is knowing the potential impacts both short-run and long-run after tariff rate removal using the GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) model simulation. This paper found that Indonesia and South Korea can have complementary bilateral economic relations on trade and investment. Indonesia can learn how to avoid the Middle-Income Trap from South Korea experienced with manufacturing development. This paper showed that both countries could have mutual benefits in trade in the short-run and productivity improvement in the long-run.

The Process Mechanism and Effectiveness of the Indigenous Innovation Policy in China

On the way of China striving to become an innovative country, the National Middle and Long-Term Plan for Science and Technology Development 2006-2020 (MLP) released in 2006, in which “indigenous innovation” initiative was promulgated, is recognized as the most influential policy that contributes substantially. However, there is no consensus as to whether the institution is the root cause of technological and economic growth. A top-down strategy such as the MLP for a spontaneous indigeneity is inundated with discrepancy, the mechanism of which is unclear to policy-makers and puzzles researchers. Based on an integrated perspective of institutional logics and agency theory, we develop a framework to elucidate the conduction process of the indigenous innovation initiative and the intrinsic mechanism where policy interacts with organizational strategies and individual interests within its bounded actors. By combing primary data that was collected during the past 15 years with secondary data, case analysis and patent analysis are performed, the results of which capture the chain of changes provoked by the transmission, interpretation, distortion, and adaptation to the policy during their responses to multiple institutional logics and agency issues.

Does Eco-Innovation now Help Mitigate Future Climate Change Risk? Recent Evidence from Europe.

Climate change and eco-innovation intertwine time and social life in current political, social, environmental, and economic debates. Although, the complexity surrounding this interdependence across time and space and consequent short-term versus long-term trade-offs experienced by the firms and the societies and ensuing public discourse has created social demand specifically in Europe. However, we do not find any significant literature that investigates the impact of country-level eco-innovation now on reduction in corporate CO2 emissions that will help mitigate future climate change risk. To fill this gap, this study investigates the potential impact of the eco-innovation index, comprising 16 indicators grouped into five dimensions, on the CO2 emissions of 903 firms from 17 European countries during 2010-2018. Using a dynamic regression analysis (GMM-System), we obtain quite encouraging evidence that the innovative country culture provides a conducive environment to profitable European firms to adopt eco-innovative policies to make their value chains eco-friendly that help improve their short-term as well as long-term financial performance appreciated by investors in the market. Our results also indicate the motivation of larger European firms to reduce their CO2 emissions to improve their image in response to social demand in society. At the governance structural level, financial development brings in environmental monitoring that cultivates a supportive culture for the corporates to promote corporate efforts to reduce CO2 emissions and mitigate climate change risk.

Regional green innovation efficiency and dynamic evolution of Chinese industrial enterprises: a three-stage super-efficiency DEA method based on cooperative game.

The level of development of industrial enterprises is related to a country's or region's overall competitiveness. It is critical to assess the green innovation efficiency of regional industrial enterprises scientifically and effectively in order to improve a country's overall green innovation capability. The green innovation system is divided into three sub-stages in this paper: technology development, economic transformation, and environmental protection. Based on the theory of innovation value chain, a three-stage super-efficiency DEA model of the cooperative game including shared inputs and undesirable outputs is constructed to calculate the overall efficiency, three sub-stages efficiency, and dynamic evolution of green innovation of industrial enterprises in China's provincial administrative regions and eight economic zones from 2015 to 2019 (divided by the time of ultimate output). The results indicate that (1) in terms of overall efficiency, the efficiency of green innovation is not high, and there are clear regional differences, as evidenced by the following states: the middle reaches of the Yangtze River economic zone > the eastern coastal economic zone > the southern coastal economic zone > the northern coastal economic zone > the northeastern economic zone > the northwestern economic zone > the middle reaches of the Yellow River economic zone, and the overall efficiency of the southwestern economic zone fluctuates around the average level of China; (2) from the standpoint of various stages, economic transformation stage efficiency > overall efficiency > technology development stage efficiency > environmental protection stage efficiency. The improvement of overall efficiency is largely dependent on the high efficiency of the economic transformation stage, but low efficiency in the environmental protection stage results in overall low efficiency; (3) from the perspective of the dynamic evolution trend, the overall efficiency and three sub-stages have been improved to varying degrees. However, due to the low efficiency of the environmental protection stage, there is still a long way to go to achieve the goal of innovation-driven development; (4) based on the classification analysis, it was determined that the green innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises in only a few regions belongs to the "three high innovation type," which must take targeted measures to improve the inefficient innovation process links.

Analysis of Global Innovation Index by structural qualitative association

The Global Innovation Index (GII) is a popular index for measuring country's innovation competitiveness. Hence, this study intends to analyze the whole relationships of the GII. The GII structure consists of multiple layers of variables. In a research structure, when there are more variables and more layers, the number of relationships can grow very huge. This study uses both fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis and structural qualitative association as the research methods and proposes a systematic approach to screen out the insignificant relationships. This study uses GII 2020 as the data and concludes two relationships for Positive GII and two for Negative GII. When all antecedents but Market Sophistication are Positive, the GII tends to be Positive. On the other hand, when all antecedents but Market Sophistication are Negative, the GII tends to be Negative. This study then provides new ranking of the countries based on the empirical results. Though the new ranking for a specific country may be different from the original one, the top countries in the original ranking remain on the top on the new ranking and the bottom countries remain in the bottom.

Evaluation for Development Effect of Enterprise Innovation with Neural Network from Low-Carbon Economy

China has resolved to pay more and more attention to the sustainability of ecological construction and social development. The country has proposed a low-carbon economy policy; development and management of enterprises are also actively responding to the call for a low-carbon economy. Through a series of innovations and changes, it intends to realize its own low-carbon production and business development, thereby promoting transformation and optimization of industrial institutions. Innovation is a significant driving force of national economic development. In order to build China into an innovative country, there is a need of national innovation strategy and innovation system. The state vigorously promotes the implementation of innovation-driven development strategies. Enterprises are not only an important carrier for the state to implement mass entrepreneurship and innovation but also a powerful driving force for development of economy. There is a dire need and importance to identify techniques to evaluate impact of corporate innovation on development effects with low-carbon economy. Considering this aforementioned problem, random initialization parameters in back propagation network are used. This evaluation process can easily lead to the functioning of the model falling in the local optimum. The work designs an impact evaluation model (IGWO-BP) with improved gray wolf algorithm (IGWO) in order to optimize BP network. To improve optimization ability for GWO, the study uses the chaotic map to initialize the population. The nonlinear convergence factor strategy as well as dynamic weight strategy is used to promote GWO, so as to optimize initial weight as well as threshold point for the BP network. The IGWO-BP is applied to perform evaluation of the impact in case of enterprise innovation relevant to development effects with low-carbon economy.

ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE CURRENT TECHNOLOGICAL BASIS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Technological development is one of the indicators of a country's competitiveness, indicating the presence of advanced research and innovation. This paper discusses the technological development of the country, from the point of view of the infrastructural elements of the national innovation system. The purpose of the study is to assess the state of development of the technological basis of the Republic of Kazakhstan. For the evaluation were used quantitative and qualitative methods, and cluster analysis. The results of the study revealed the main barriers to technological development, such as the low level of maturity of the technological infrastructure and institutional environment. Suggestions and conclusions can be used by stakeholders from the business environment, as well as organizations representing the country's national innovation system.

Is innovative technology a solution to Japan's long-run energy insecurity? Dynamic evidence from the linear and nonlinear methods

Energy insecurity [i.e., high energy security risk (ESR)] has been a persistent issue even for some developed countries and can eventually become a hindrance to their sustainable development. Moreover, while one of the ways to achieve sustainable development is to combat ESR, dealing with ESR is not a simple task because ESR itself is a complex concept and requires an innovative approach. One of the countries with the base for such an innovative approach is Japan. Japan is among the most technologically innovative countries in the world; Japan also has a high level of energy insecurity. In this respect, the main goal of this research is to examine how technological innovation (TI) in Japan impacted its energy security risk (ESR) in the long-run by utilizing the recently developed augmented linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) methods for the 1983–2018 period. The results revealed that TI curbs Japan's ESR; however, technological stagnation worsens Japan's ESR in the long-run. Additional results also demonstrated that renewable energy production limits Japan's long-run ESR, yet financial development intensifies it. The findings show that TI can induce positive spillover effects, and TI should become an integral part of Japan's energy policies in combating its long-run energy insecurity issues.

Public scientific literacy is the basis for the progress of social civilization

Within the context of China's current development and the goal of building an innovative country by 2035, the National Action Plan for Scientific Literacy (2021–2035) has emphasized that public scientific literacy is the basis for the progress of social civilization and oriented its systematic planning towards that end. The plan includes the following key statements. First, the basis for the progress of social civilization is a new starting point and direction for boosting public scientific literacy. Second, science and technology must take meeting people's growing needs for a better life as the basic starting point for the enhancement of public scientific literacy. Finally, establishing a more balanced and adequate form of development is the basic principle guiding the enhancement of public scientific literacy, and China is beginning to present itself as a global demonstration for the scientific literacy enhancement campaign.

Research on Sustainable Development Strategy of Chinese Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

Small and medium-sized enterprises are an important part of China's national economy. They play an irreplaceable role in the national economy and social development by constructing the main body of China's market economy, promoting economic development, promoting social employment and promoting social stability. At present, small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises, as the group with the greatest development potential and innovation vitality, play an important role in the process of building an innovative country in China. However, the short average life span is a common problem in China's small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises. After the financial crisis, due to the worldwide economic recession and the changes of China's macro-control policies, small and medium-sized enterprises are facing the problem of financing difficulties. At the same time, China's small and medium-sized enterprises generally have a big gap compared with domestic large enterprises and multinational companies in terms of technology, internal and external system construction and perfection. The sustainable development of small and medium-sized enterprises lies not only in the improvement of technical ability, but also in the establishment of internal and external systems.

Strategies for Cultivating College Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurial Ability

Employment is the first priority for survival today. With the increasingly severe employment situation, the employment problem of college students has become inevitable. In recent years, with the expansion of university scale, the number of university graduates is increasing rapidly, with an imbalance in the number, structure, and social demand of talents; moreover, there are significant differences between college students’ employment quality and social expectations. In order to cultivate the innovation and entrepreneurship ability of college students, this paper provides new ideas, analyzes the factors affecting the formation and development of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship ability, as well as proposes several strategies to enhance its scientificity, pertinence, and effectiveness, which are conducive to further strengthening innovation and entrepreneurship education as well as cultivating innovation and entrepreneurship talents in colleges and universities, thus providing strong support for talent training and teaching reform in colleges and universities in China. It also provides a solid foundation for China’s social innovation and entrepreneurship, along with innovative and entrepreneurial services to meet the needs of society, so as to improve the success rate of entrepreneurship among college students, effectively promote entrepreneurship-driven employment, and solve the employment problems of college students, which are conducive to China’s rapid transformation into an innovative country and a powerful country in terms of human resources.

Effective Strategies for Optimizing College Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education under the Background of “Internet +”

It is an unavoidable requirement of higher education to thoroughly refine the scientific concept of development and explore the innovative and entrepreneurial education of college students. Wide and effective creative and business literacy training for college students is an important means to reduce the fierce competition for jobs and an effective way to further build an innovative country. The purpose of this paper is to conduct an in-depth study on effective strategies to optimize creative and business literacy training for college students in the context of Internet+. This paper examines how to optimize college students’ creative and business literacy training in the context of Internet+, explains the related concepts and development status of college students’ creative and business literacy training, and discusses the value and practical significance of college students’ creative and business literacy training as well as the current innovation of college students in China. Opportunities, challenges, and problems are encountered in entrepreneurship. Survey experiments were conducted. The results show that more than 83.6% of graduates have some idea about creative and business literacy training, but the satisfaction of college students with the current creative and business literacy training is only 58.2%. Finally, this article suggests five points for optimizing college students.

Intangibles, innovation, and sector specialization in global value chains: A case study on the EU's and the UK's manufacturing industries

• An input-output framework for the quantification of intangibles as knowledge flows in sectoral linkages. • Classification of intangibles into domestic and imported. • Documented rise in the trade in intangibles for the EU's and the UK's manufacturing industries. • Domestic intangibles are correlated with innovation (patents). • Imported intangibles and patents contribute to manufacturing sectoral specialization in GVCs. • Need for concrete industrial and innovation policy at the national and the EU level. This study explores intangibles in global value chains (GVCs) and empirically investigates their effects on the sectoral specialization of 19 manufacturing industries from the EU-27 and the UK during 2000–2014. We draw data from the newly constructed GLOBALINTO Input-Output Intangibles Database, which was developed under a novel framework for the quantification of intangible assets that treats them as knowledge-intensive intermediate inputs and traded commodities in GVCs. We use this approach to introduce a novel origin dimension by distinguishing between domestic and imported intangibles. The main findings suggest that cross-country intangibles’ trade for the manufacturing sectors in the EU was on the rise during 2000–2014 and appears to be unaffected by the economic crisis. Diverse patterns of intangibles utilization emerge and highlight the significant heterogeneity among different sectors and across countries. Furthermore, we identify a significant correlation between domestic intangible inputs and innovation production (patents) while imported intangibles and patents appear to contribute to sectoral specialization, especially for innovative countries. Our results highlight the need for concrete policy frameworks at the national and the EU level that facilitate trade in intangibles and encompass the heterogeneity among different sectors and different national agendas to improve competitiveness and growth.

Framework Analysis of Scientists and Technicians Reporting from China's Mainstream Media's WeChat Official Accounts based on Six Central News Agencies

Nowadays, the world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century, and public communication of science & technology has been becoming more and more vital. It is one of China's media's responsibilities to create "Star Scientists" and to tell unique stories of scientists and technicians well with Chinese characteristics. The rapid development and deep integration of new media have put forward higher requirements on mainstream media for the typical reports and public opinion guidance of scientists and technicians. In this quantitative research, 272 reports on Chinese scientists and technicians from six central news agencies' WeChat official account within six months, including Xinhua News Agency and Guangming Daily, were taken as study objects by using content analysis. Based on Zang Guoren's Three Levels of Frame Theory, original texts were coded for statistical analysis of each report's theme, genre, schematic structure, characters, rhetorical context, form, page views, likes and wows. In the end, the study explored characteristics of different media, reflected on existing problems of science & technology communication, and made five suggestions for advancing integrated media reports on typical scientific figures in the new era, in order to accelerate to build China into an innovative country, as well as a science & technology giant.

Energy policy and green innovation: A quantile investigation into renewable energy

Using panel data of 102 countries from 1990 to 2018, this research investigates the varying effect of renewable energy policies on renewable energy green innovation along with the distribution of green innovation. The panel quantile model with additive fixed effect is adopted in this paper, and the research conclusions are as follows. (1) Green innovation positively correlates with national renewable energy policy. (2) Renewable policy is more effective in countries with stronger green innovation capacity. (3) In five different areas of renewable energy, renewable policy is unable to promote green innovation in the lowest innovative countries. (4) Renewable policy exerts the smallest influence on green innovation of geothermal energy compared to other renewable energies. In sum, this paper provides an empirical reference for governments to launch renewable energy policies.

Types, Scope, and Differences of Employment Discrimination Faced by PhD Graduates: An Empirical Study Based on Data from the 2017 National Graduation Survey

The human resource allocation and efficient utilization of PhD graduates directly affects China’s macro strategy of building an innovative country with strong human resources. The existence of different forms of overt or hidden employment discrimination leads to “multiple losses of efficiency” on the national, organizational, and individual levels. This empirical study based on data from the 2017 National PhD Student Graduation Survey found that the main types of employment discrimination encountered by doctoral graduates in employment are first-degree discrimination, gender discrimination, age discrimination, regional discrimination, marital status discrimination, and other discrimination in descending order of incidence. And the incidence of multiple employment discrimination, i.e. encountering two or more types of discrimination at the same time, is 27.18%. In addition, there are differences in the incidence of the various types of employment discrimination between different genders, ages, selection methods, types of training units, academic disciplines, and regions. Further regression results show that the gender barrier effect, age barrier effect, and regional barrier effect in the employment of doctoral students are typical manifestations of employment discrimination.

Booster or Stumbling Block? The Role of Environmental Regulation in the Coupling Path of Regional Innovation under the Porter Hypothesis

In the 2018 Global Environmental Performance Index, China’s global air quality rank was fourth from last, indicating a more pronounced conflict between the environment and development compared with other countries. Because of the vastness of China’s land area, the development of different regions is imbalanced. The achievement of the stipulated goal to be among the top innovative countries in the world by 2035 not only depends on the economically developed eastern part of China but also on the relatively economically underdeveloped central, western, and northeastern parts. In this context, this paper uses time-varying qualitative comparative analysis to explore how the coupling paths of environmental regulation affect regional innovation. The results show that: (1) In most cases at the overall level of China, the Porter hypothesis is supported, and environmental regulation can play the role of a “booster” and stimulate regional innovation. In a few cases, however, the Porter hypothesis is not supported. (2) The Porter hypothesis is also supported in most cases at the regional level, where environmental regulation is mostly a “booster” for regional innovation in the east, center, west, and northeast. (3) Comparison of regional heterogeneity shows that environmental regulation is more important for stimulating regional innovation in the east than in the center, west, and northeast. This study helps to identify the role of environmental regulation in regional innovation. Moreover, it also helps to understand the emphasis China placed on environmental management during the early stages of its economic development.

Directors’ Foreign Experience and Firm Innovation

ABSTRACT This paper investigates whether board directors with foreign experience promote firm innovation. The evidence suggests that firms with a larger proportion of directors with foreign experience on their board have better innovation outcomes, both quantity and quality. This finding remains for various robustness tests. We propose three potential underlying channels behind and verify them. The findings show that the positive effect of directors’ foreign experience on firm innovation is stronger for highly innovative industries and more pronounced when foreign experience is gained in highly innovative countries, supporting the advising channel. Besides, independent directors exert a greater effect on innovation than non-independent directors, supporting the monitoring channel. Furthermore, directors with foreign experience provide more failure-tolerant CEO incentives as they lower CEO turnover-performance sensitivity and CEO pay-for-performance sensitivity, supporting the insurance channel. Overall, our paper provides robust and comprehensive evidence for the impact of directors’ foreign experience on firm innovation.