Technologies In Russia Research Articles

Dataset of Program Source Codes Solving Unique Programming Exercises Generated by Digital Teaching Assistant

This paper presents a dataset containing automatically collected source codes solving unique programming exercises of different types. The programming exercises were automatically generated by the Digital Teaching Assistant (DTA) system that automates a massive Python programming course at MIREA—Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA). Source codes of the small programs grouped by the type of the solved task can be used for benchmarking source code classification and clustering algorithms. Moreover, the data can be used for training intelligent program synthesizers or benchmarking mutation testing frameworks, and more applications are yet to be discovered. We describe the architecture of the DTA system, aiming to provide detailed insight regarding how and why the dataset was collected. In addition, we describe the algorithms responsible for source code analysis in the DTA system. These algorithms use vector representations of programs based on Markov chains, compute pairwise Jensen–Shannon divergences of programs, and apply hierarchical clustering algorithms in order to automatically discover high-level concepts used by students while solving unique tasks. The proposed approach can be incorporated into massive programming courses when there is a need to identify approaches implemented by students.

Development of the Field of Elastomer Adhesives at the Koshelev Department of Chemistry and Technology of Elastomer Processing of Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA–Russian Technological University

Development of the Field of Elastomer Adhesives at the Koshelev Department of Chemistry and Technology of Elastomer Processing of Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA–Russian Technological University

Implementing the Concept of Open Innovation in Russia: State, Regional and Corporate Level

Introduction. The recent imperatives challenge the conventional innovation system in Russia and initiate developing the concept of open innovations. The paper targets analyzing the comparative characteristics of the concept of open innovations to be implemented at three levels, federal, regional, and corporate one, to clarify features and barriers that hinder a diffusion of innovations. Materials and Methods. The study has been performed employing statistics collections to analyze the degree of applying open innovations at various levels. Using the method of hierarchical analysis and the k-means method, we have clustered subjects in Russia into three strata depending on the power of cooperative ties. The results of the correlation analysis allowed us to clarify the factors influencing the development of open innovations. Results. The conclusion has been derived about insufficiency in supporting an implementation of open innovations at the federal and regional levels that negatively affects their performance in the corporate sector. The open innovations are more frequently initiated in large business companies. However, organizations note a lack of information about inventions and difficulties to interact with various actors. These conclusions have been demonstrated while analyzing the dynamics of regions in terms of using a scientific cooperation by organizations. As a result, the authors identified the major barriers for implementing open innovations. Discussion and Conclusion. General directions for the domestic development of open innovations have been formulated to contribute to stimulating a growth in the number of participants and their interest in innovations, expanding spatial and industry boundaries, as well as initiating new solutions in conventional technologies. The results of the study can be employed by authorities while making new programs and platforms to support an innovative development at the federal level; by local government when composing a strategy for innovative improvement of regions; by subjects of business, industry and science at the corporate level to advance innovation and strengthen their cooperation.

Will Russia become a blueprint for emerging nations’ high-tech reforms? evidence from a 26-countries dataset

The central question of this study concerns the emergence of the Russian development model over the past decade. It highlights that this development model could be a blueprint for other emerging markets. Russia is one of the leaders of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, having improved its standing in international ratings for quality of life, human development, sustainable development, innovation, and high technology. Russia's experience can be helpful to developing countries. We study and evaluate innovation in a digital business society amid technological turmoil competing with artificial intelligence. We focus on the digital competitiveness index, the density of robots in industry, and unemployment, thereby building a novel comprehensive dataset of the economy's systemic socioeconomic and technological development under the conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. We draw attention to Russia's new business environment that exhibits valuable specifics (e.g., emerging institutions and imperfect competition as clouds in the business landscape) shaped by its current transitional character. We estimate that technological progress will ensure digitalization, the prevention of extended unemployment, and the achievement of full-scale automation. Russia's innovation policy has substantial advantages for emerging market settings. This study also shows that institutionalizing the new approach provides enduring digital economy advantages for emerging markets, including effectiveness, progressiveness, and sustainability.

Modern Approaches to the Development of Green Innovations: Industry-Specific Features

Relevance. Modern approaches to the development of industries in the Russian Federation are associated with the introduction of "green" innovations, since these technologies are currently one of the incentives for the formation of a new techno-economy.The purpose is to substantiate modern approaches to the development of "green" innovations on the example of one of the sectors of the economy - construction.Objectives: to analyze strategic alternatives for the construction sector of the Russian Federation; consider methods of greening the economy of construction production through the concept of "green" construction; to consider available solutions to strategic problems in the form of incremental innovation: an improved production method and the introduction of a model of the organizational and economic mechanism of management greening.Methodology. In the course of the study, general scientific methods of logical and statistical analysis were used to determine the level of greening of the Russian Federation using various indicators, as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis to identify barriers to increasing activity in the field of "green" construction.Results. The use of innovative technologies in construction costs only 0.8% more than the construction of a standard building, while achieving the basic levels of green building standards leads to an increase in its cost by about 2-3%. Innovative methods for improving construction are substantiated, and a method for determining the level of corporate and social responsibility, taking into account the environmental factor, is analyzed in detail.Conclusions. The introduction of the concept of "green" construction and ecologization of the economy will set a new vector in the country's innovative activity, thereby contributing to the formation of the techno-economy of the Russian Federation. The legislative framework for promoting the concept of "green" construction in the Russian Federation has been established, but this is not enough to increase the number of projects in this area and their implementation. Using innovations in the construction industry, companies support the Russian innovation market and contribute to the future of not only the Russian environment, but also the Russian economy.

Quality of Machinery and Equipment Provides a Strategy for the Breakthrough in Mechanical Engineering

The possibilities of solving the problems formed in modern engineering in Russia, associated with the low competitiveness of domestic technology, are investigated. Organizational, technological and economic solutions have been proposed that will accelerate the improvement of product quality and the expansion of production volumes in accordance with the requirements of technological modernization of the country's economy. At the core of these decisions there is the organization of large machine-building companies and complexes capable of raising the quality of mechanical engineering products to the level of the world's best analogues at all stages of the machines’ life cycle, as well as the reasonable choice of the areas of diversification and technological modernization of production, the organization of branded engineering and technical support for manufactured machines and equipment.

Social and humanitarian aspects of the innovation policy of European countries (Case of the UK and Finland)

Purpose: to study the approaches and priorities for innovation policy oriented to solve developed countries' social and humanitarian problems (case of the UK and Finland).Methods: due to the descriptive method the array of documents forming the innovation policy of the UK and Finland was determined and analysis singled out its social and humanitarian aspects. The historical method helped to trace the evolution of innovation policy. By the comparative method the goals and content of the innovation policy of the two countries were compared.Results: the UK and Finland face the same type of social and humanitarian challenges characterizing European countries. The authors hypothesized the similarity of the principles of responses to these challenges in the innovation policy of the two innovation-active countries, despite the differences in the fundamentals of the market economy functioning: minimal state intervention in the free market (the UK) and the economic processes regulation in the North Europe welfare state (Finland). An analysis of government documents relating to innovation policy, analytical reviews and statistical materials confirmed this assumption.Conclusions and Relevance: innovation policy as an institution has been examined for a long time but its social and humanitarian aspects are not yet sufficiently specified and presented in fragments. The study of the principles of socially oriented innovation policy in the UK and Finland expands the understanding of innovation policy's transformation that accelerates the transition of innovation activity from «technological determinism» to «social constructivism». A wide range of stakeholders are involved in that innovation policy's formation and implementation: the academic sector, business structures, and end users. The results of the study can be used to develop recommendations for improving Russia's innovation policy.

Regional Innovation Clusters Management Efficiency

Introduction. The article describes the fundamentals of regional inno­vation clusters, trends in their growth in the world and in Russia, and emphasizes the significance of improving their management in light of clusters' growing importance in boosting the innovation potential of the nation as a whole and of particular regions. The issues regarding organizing and managing the growth of innovation clusters are given special consideration. The study revealed the benefits of focusing on the innovative ecosystem integrator strategy, which uses networking forms of cluster development regulation in the form of regional innova­tion ecosystems. The article examines the outlook for innovation clus­ters in Russian areas with a high potential for technological and sci­entific advancement. Methods. The study's tasks were resolved using both theoretical and empirical research methods. The former include the abstraction, generalization and systematization methods. The lat­ter include the methods of algorithmization, comparative analysis and modeling, which allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of innovation clusters, and helped formulate the outlook for the coor­dinated development of the economy of regions and clusters. Results and Discussion. The authors, guided by the criterion of innovation-sec­toral orientation of Russian innovation clusters, identified the different types of clusters formed in the Russian regions, examining their strat­egies and development priorities, which predetermine the decision in favor of a specific development direction. Conclusion. The potential fu­ture development paths of regional innovation clusters in Russia were taken into consideration; management strategies and priority develop­ment areas to increase the effectiveness of clusters in the regions were formulated. A promising direction for this problem's future elaboration appears to be the modeling of motivational mechanisms for the growth of regional innovation clusters and boosting their efficiency.

The Year of Science and Technology in Russia as a Factor in Promoting University Brands on the Online Media

Russian President Vladimir Putin declared 2021 to be the Year of Science and Technology. It was intended to popularize science and increase the prestige of the profession of a scientist. Universities have become one of the main active actors in holding the Year of Science and Technology in Russia. The article examined the media activity of universities associated with the Year of Science and Technology, analyzed newsworthy events and identified the most prominent brands of universities in this context. The media posted the most publications about universities and the Year of Science and Technology in February and December 2021. It was the beginning and the end of the theme year. The study showed that universities actually used the news related to the Year of Science and Technology in their work. At the same time, the leading positions in the information field were hold by the traditional leaders of the media activity ratings (Lomonosov Moscow State University, HSE University, Kazan Federal University). News about famous people who supported measures that were important for all science received the biggest media coverage. The results of the study can be used by modern Russian universities to plan a communication strategy.

INNOVATIVE AND INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES OF DOMESTIC ENGINEERING: STATUS AND TRENDS

In today’s reality, Russia’s technological vulnerability problem requires an urgent solution. Therefore, intensifying investment and innovation activities in the mechanical engineering sector, the main system-forming sector of the economy, is crucial for the survival of our country. The author recognizes the close interdependence of investment and innovation processes and aims to conduct a comparative and correlation analysis based on official data from the Federal State Statistics Service for one type of activity related to mechanical engineering.
 The study reveals that the crisis in Russian engineering, which began in the 1990s, is ongoing, with extremely low levels of innovation and investment. These factors are insufficient for the technical and technological re-equipment of the country’s machine-building sector. Additionally, the depreciation of partially and completely worn-out equipment exacerbates the crisis.
 The author believes that the development of mechanical engineering and related sectors in the Russian economy can only occur when the ruling elites implement a radical change in the direction of state policy. This change should prioritize the integrated use of state support measures to systematically address the identified problem. The author emphasizes that such a change in policy should follow a rhetoric of innovation and investment by the ruling elites.

Technology of the Reinforced Concrete Structures Post-Tensioning

Introduction. A large number of building materials is used for construction of buildings and structures, the reinforced concrete is being one of them. It has the leading position when choosing the material for construction of buildings and structures. However, like any other material, the reinforced concrete has its disadvantages: apart from considerable weight of the reinforced concrete structures, the impossibility to cover with them the large spans can also be referred to disadvantages, as the increase of structures’ spans impairs the economic efficiency of using the reinforced concrete. To handle this, engineers have developed the technology of steel reinforcement prestressing. Thanks to prestressed reinforcement, it has become possible to increase the spans and reduce the cross section of the reinforced concrete structures. This scientific paper investigates the technology of steel reinforcement post-tensioning.Materials and Methods. The materials for the research were obtained from the available scientific editions, articles, journals and Internet blogs. The documents’ content analysis method was used to write the article. In the course of the research, it is planned to find the information about the post-tensioning technology. The object of the study is the steel wire-rope post-tensioning.Results. Thanks to the research, the data on the history of origin of the reinforcement prestressing technology was obtained and the advantages and disadvantages of post-tensioning were analysed.Discussion and Conclusions. After the research, the data on the technology of steel reinforcement post-tensioning was obtained, the application of the technology in Russia in the construction of industrial and civil facilities was considered. This technology allows increasing the spans and reducing the cross section of the reinforced concrete structures.

Russia’s Legal Regulation and Experience in the Field of BIM Implementation at Different Stages of the Construction Facility Life Cycle

Introduction. The article focuses on the problems and prospects of building information modelling (BIM) technologies development in the construction industry of the country, valid development strategies, BIM technologies implementation and influence in the construction industry. It has been proved that creation of a digital twin of a construction facility at the design stage ensures its efficient management at the construction as well as operational stages. By studying BIM technologies legal regulation framework the possibilities of their use by the construction organisations have been outlined. The stages of the capital construction facilities life cycle have been defined, the categories of companies using BIM technologies in designing and construction practices have been specified. The aim of the study is to identify the problems hindering implementation of information modeling technologies in the construction industry of the Russian Federation and to propose solutions through automation of all processes at different stages of the capital construction facility life cycle.Materials and Methods. There are plenty of factors directly and indirectly affecting the time period of BIM implementation in the construction industry: the role of the state, the existing construction philosophy and many others. Considerable progress can be observed in the Scandinavian countries, in Netherlands, Germany, Singapore, France. The leading positions belong to the USA and Great Britain. But even in these countries it would be wrong to speak about complete implementation of BIM in the construction industry. In the Russian Federation the UK experience of BIM technologies implementation in the construction industry is used. For the UK authorities the main outcome of the information technologies implementation is maximum transparency of budget spending and control of construction costs. Therefore, all state construction projects are executed using the information modeling technologies. Russia has partly adopted the foreign countries experience in its construction industry – according to the Government Regulation No. 331 the design of all capital buildings and structures under the federal and regional orders must be carried out using an information model; and the package of materials to be included into an information model and general rules for its formation are regulated by the Russian Federation Government Regulation No. 1431, put into effect earlier.Results. In the Russian Federation the implementation of BIM technologies in the construction industry is regulated by the following regulatory documents: the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation, the Russian Federation Government Regulations, National Standards of the Russian Federation (GOST) and Codes of Practices (SP), Methodological Guidelines and Requirements for the State Expert Appraisal of Design Documentation and assessment of the information model. One should refer to the regulatory documents available on the official websites such as websites of the National Association of Organisations in the field of Information Modelling Technology (NOTIM), National Designers and Surveyors Association (NOPRIZ), as well as the Ministry of Construction, Housing and Utilities of the Russian Federation (Minstroy of Russia). On the whole BIM technologies in Russia are underdeveloped. BIM technologies are practically not used at the stages of construction and operation.Discussion and Conclusions. Building information modeling is more than just a new way of designing. This is a fundamentally different view on the facility life cycle management (building, installation of equipment, operation and maintenance and repairs). BIM technologies implementation in the construction sector is a long and controversial process. Sufficient time is required to optimise and set up the information technologies application in all areas of construction and operation. This work resulted in working through and finding solutions to the main problems of implementing the information modeling in construction: as follows from the foreign countries experience the acceleration of BIM technologies implementation in Russia should begin with strengthening the legislative framework via drawing up the national standards and technical regulations upon the initiative of the Ministry of Construction, Housing and Utilities of the Russian Federation.

Китайские исследования в области российской (советской) философии науки и техники

Since the early 1950s, the first generation of Chinese scientists who studied En­gels’ Dialectics of Nature have been dealing with philosophical problems of natu­ral science in the wake of developments in Soviet philosophy. This was dictated by the need to serve the needs of national policy and the tasks of developing a philo­sophical theoretical system in the PRC. The fruits of such cooperation significantly influenced the theoretical construction and development of the “dialectic of nature in China”. Over the past 70 years, Chinese scientists have continuously observed the development of the Soviet philosophy of natural science and its subsequent theoretical offshoots, using methods of comparative analysis in relation to the his­torical context of their existence. The philosophy of science and technology origi­nated in the Soviet Union and is developing in the Russian Federation on the basis of Russian scientific culture, which contains the “gene” of materialistic dialec­tics (as, indeed, the “mutations” that arose as a result of countering this gene). As a branch of knowledge, the philosophy of science and technology has under­gone an evolution from Russian natural philosophy to the Soviet philosophy of natural science, has passed the path of formation of the Soviet (and later – Russian) philosophy of science, philosophy of technology, as well as such a promising re­search direction as “science, technology and society”. The philosophy of science and technology in Russia deserves that the international scientific community should study it, research and adopt its experience, and also, if possible, make its feasible contribution to “science and technology studies in Russia (USSR)” and to the study of the direction “science, technology and society” in Russia.

Engineering economics and engineering economics education strategy

Acceleration of scientific and technological progress requires a new approach to the training and retraining of talent engaged in the real sector of the economy, which is particularly true of the economy’s elite – engineering personnel. Globalization imposes new requirements with regard to the quality of modern engineers’ education. Russian engineers are confronted with the task of carrying out technological modernisation of the industry and entering new markets with new high-tech products. This necessitates a conceptualization of the cultural traditions, philosophical and historical foundations of modern engineering education, which makes the need to create a new type of educational environment extremely obvious. The article substantiates the creation and implementation of a new strategy for continuous engineering education based on transdisciplinarity and the combination of engineering education with economic and linguistic knowledge as well as knowledge in the field of information technology.

ТРЕНДЫ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКОНОМИК СТРАН МИРА И ПРИОРИТЕТНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ДЛЯ РОССИИ

Innovative development is one of the key factors determining the level of competitiveness of all modern states of the world. That is why the use of indicators to assess their innovative potential is becoming a priority task facing the world scientific community. The article discusses the main components that make up the Global Innovation Index (GII) as one of the promising tools for indicative evaluation. Within the framework of this scientific study, the analysis of the regional structure of the largest innovative macroregions of the world was carried out, and the key features of the leading countries that influenced their ranking in 2022 were identified. The authors have made attempts to identify the strengths and weaknesses of Russia's innovation policy, which influenced its dynamics in the GII, and also assessed the poten-tial of innovative development of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Finally, the authors have identified a number of patterns that affect the development of competitive innovation ecosystems.

Possibilities of Science in Innovative Development: “Measuring Technologies”

The purpose of the study is to identify the main conditions that ensure the influence of science on innovation, especially in terms of technological innovation. Comparative and structural analysis, application of measurement procedures, and evaluation of empirical data constitute the methodology of the study. The results of the study can be reduced to a number of provisions confirmed by analysis. Firstly, in Russia, in the course of permanent reorganizations, the institutional, informational, funding, and even personnel potential (due to a reduction in the number of researchers) was greatly weakened. Thus, the impact of scientific knowledge on the innovation process was clearly reduced, although the thesis that innovations are always results of scientific activities is difficult to dispute. Secondly, we should not talk about it as a direct relationship, but through the time lags. It is they who become a stumbling block in the conducting and planning current scientific and technological policy. Thirdly, the author has showed the main problems of technological innovation in Russia, identified in the course of many years of author’s research, supporting the important conclusion about the lack of an accurate representation and measurement of the level of technological effectiveness of the economy. The author has also proposed to solve this problem by detailing and improving accounting and statistical procedures in the field of technology, e. g., by means of technological maps, as well as by introducing an indicator as technology coverage of relevant objects (enterprises, regions, etc.). The current piece measurement of technologies does not consider coverage. Such an omission causes a significant distortion in the assessment of the technological level, as well as in further studies of the relationship between basic science, R&D, and technological development.

The Personnel of Russian Technological Sovereignty: Former Problems and Immediate Solutions

This research article is devoted to assessing the compliance of quantitative and structural indicators of the personnel higher education with the needs of the country’s economy. The authors try to determine the main directions for providing the economy with professional staff and the resulting tasks that universities face. The purpose of this article is to compare various indicators of the structure with higher-educated graduates’ number in Russia and in OECD countries (by areas of training), to find out the trends in this sphere, and to identify the reasons for the structural and quantitative discrepancy between the training of professional personnel in Russia and the need for them. There is studied the correspondence of the personnel training structure indicators in Russia by integrated groups of specialties to the predicted indicators of the sectoral structure of gross regional products and employment by types of economic activity. The article also analyzes the indicators of higher educated personnel training per ten thousand people and per GDP for Russia, Germany and the United States. Some results of additional analysis might be interpreted in different ways; the authors’ hypotheses make it possible to eliminate the possible contradictions obtained. An important result substantiated in the article is the medium-term shortage of personnel with higher education, as the number of professional personnel employed in the economy grows to compensate for the low level of labor productivity, the latter happening due to the scientifically and technologically lagging economy. Based on the results of the analysis, there are proposed higher-educated specialists’ shortage compensation mechanisms. This is wherefrom the urgent tasks of university management arise, their solution being of the utmost importance in the current work of university leaders at all levels. The article might be of interest for university leaders and employees, as well as for researchers specializing in the economics of higher education.

Museum Lighting as one of the Priorities of the Russian Light and Engineering Industry

The article reviews the goals and objectives set by the First International Scientific and Practical Conference “Light in Museum” for the Russian science community as well as the results of cooperation between the light engineering and museum professional communities in the field of technical, regulatory, and research support of modern museum lighting.

Factors Affecting R&D Share in University Revenues: Case of Russia

Recent government projects and initiatives (such as Priority 2030) have significantly increased the role of universities in creating and commercializing innovations in Russia. One of the most important indicators of university performance in these programs is R&D revenue. Its values have a significant deviation between universities that lead to different importance of R&D activities and make some universities more R&D oriented than others in the terms of their economics. This orientation can be considered an important factor of university sustainability as it allows it to be less dependent on admission volume which varies due to demographic waves and other endogenous factors. This paper studies the factors affecting the R&D orientation of big Russian universities. Monitoring the Efficiency of Higher Education Institutions provides sufficient data on Russian universities for such study including the share of R&D revenue in the total value of revenue which is used as a measure of R&D orientation. This study analyses the factors affecting this indicator using the data from the 49 largest Russian universities between 2015 and 2020 to build econometric panel data models. The modelling proves the significance of various factors such as entrance scores of students, the number of publications per faculty member, the share of young researchers, the ratio of average salary to the regional average salary, and the share of faculty members holding doctoral degrees. The research highlights the connection between publication performance and R&D activities and the importance of supporting young researchers in the development of scientific entrepreneurship.

Experts on Resistance to Reorganization of Structure and Technologies of Urban Mobility Provision in Russia: Challenges, Reasons, Solutions and Prospects

In 2022 a lot has changed in the Russian transport system. Today the urban transport systems of Russian cities are staying at the bifurcation point – they are awaiting serious changes. Therefore, it was interesting to investigate expert opinions of specialists on the prospects of the development of urban mobility provision technologies in Russia and possible changes in the current structure of citizens’ transportation approaches. The paper gives results of the research of opinions of transport market specialists on the issues of the probability of the shift of the current paradigm of transport services in Tyumen (a large Russian city with a population of 828.5 thousand people) and the necessity of reorganization of the structure and technologies of urban mobility provision due to the withdrawal of foreign automakers from the Russian market. The article presents the comparison of opinions between Tyumen professionals in the transport market and ordinary Russian citizens. The main conclusion of the research considers the serious resistance of the public environment to the expected reorganization of the structure and technologies of urban mobility provision in Russia.