Innovative Engineering Research Articles

Recent advances in biocatalytic and chemoenzymatic synthesis of oligonucleotides.

Access to synthetic oligonucleotides is crucial for applications in diagnostics, therapeutics, synthetic biology, and nanotechnology. Traditional solid phase synthesis is limited by sequence length and complexities, low yields, high costs and poor sustainability. Similarly, polymerase-based approaches such as in vitro transcription and primer extension reactions do not permit any control on the positioning of modifications and display poor substrate tolerance. In response, biocatalytic and chemoenzymatic strategies have emerged as promising alternatives, offering selective and efficient pathways for oligonucleotide synthesis. These methods leverage the precision and efficiency of enzymes to construct oligonucleotides with high fidelity. Recent advancements have focused on optimized systems and/or engineered enzymes enabling the incorporation of chemically modified nucleotides. Biocatalytic approaches, particularly those using DNA/RNA polymerases provide advantages in milder reaction conditions and enhanced sustainability. Chemoenzymatic methods, combining chemical synthesis and enzymes, have proven to be effective in overcoming limitations of traditional solid phase synthesis. This review summarizes recent developments in biocatalytic and chemoenzymatic strategies to construct oligonucleotides, highlighting innovations in enzyme engineering, substrate and reaction condition optimization for various applications. We address crucial details of the methods, their advantages, and limitations as well as important insights for future research directions in oligonucleotide production.

Does Digital Infrastructure Construction Serve as a New Engine for Green Sustainable Innovation? A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on the "Broadband China" Pilot Policy

Does Digital Infrastructure Construction Serve as a New Engine for Green Sustainable Innovation? A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on the "Broadband China" Pilot Policy

MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF ZE41 MAGNESIUM ALLOY REINFORCED WITH INCONEL FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE APPLICATIONS

Abstract Magnesium alloys are known for their lightweight and desirable properties, as they hold significant potential for innovative engineering applications. The present study investigated the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of a magnesium alloy (ZE41) reinforced with Inconel ceramic particulates. The Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites (MMMC) were fabricated using the stir casting method, with varying weight percentages (wt. %) of Inconel (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 wt. %). The microstructural examinations of the MMMC specimens were performed using SEM, SEM+EDS analyses, and Optical Microscopy (OM), which revealed a strong interfacial bond well-defined between the Magnesium matrix and the Inconel particulates. This uniform distribution of reinforcement particulates significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the composite materials. The tensile tests showed that the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) improved progressively with up to 8% Inconel reinforcement, achieving a maximum UTS of 202.56 MPa, a 24.47% improvement compared to the base Magnesium alloy. However, the UTS decreased beyond 8% Inconel due to increased brittleness. Hardness tests indicated that the highest hardness value of 76.1 HV was achieved for the composite containing 12 wt.% Inconel, marking an 18.85% increase over the base alloy. Additionally, the wear rate decreased with increasing Inconel reinforcement, demonstrating improved wear resistance. Specifically, the wear rate dropped from 2.58 × 10-7 g/mm at 0% Inconel to 0.84 × 10-7 g/mm at 12% Inconel, showing a 67.44% reduction in wear rate compared to the pure AA6082 matrix. The findings from the present work, indicate the potential of Inconel-reinforced ZE41 composites towards achieving optimized strength and hardness levels for applications requiring high-performance materials. The present research is a contribution to the body of knowledge on the development of magnesium composites and highlights the importance of reinforcement compositions for enhancing their mechanical and microstructural characteristics.

Формирование гуманитарного мышления у будущих инженеров-строителей в процессе изучения общеинженерных дисциплин

In modern conditions of the need to increase the prestige of an engineer and build innovative engineering in our country, there is a great demand for a professional with humanitarian thinking. Such thinking allows solving engineering problems taking into account the value-semantic component and subjective factors. As the analysis of the existing system of training future engineers shows, the task of forming humanitarian thinking in students is not actually set, and the humanitarization of engineering education is correlated either with an increase in the share of humanitarian disciplines, or with forms of the educational process that involve training some universal skills. The problem of the research is to identify, from the standpoint of the methodology of the humanitarian-anthropological and metacognitive approaches, the features of the formation of humanitarian thinking in future civil engineers. In the context of this methodology and based on the analysis of scientific literature devoted to the phenomena of humanitarianism, humanitarian knowledge, thinking and humanitarian thinking, the concepts of "humanitarian thinking" and "humanitarian engineering thinking" are clarified. The novelty of the study is that the experience of humanitarian thinking is revealed in conjunction with the metacognition of the individual and is substantiated as a humanitarian component of the content of engineering education. The conditions for the formation of humanitarian thinking in future civil engineers in the process of studying general engineering disciplines are identified. Such conditions are associated with: the inclusion of dialogic situations in the educational process, the basis of which are metacognitive cues; metaphorization of the material of academic subjects in the course of cognitive activity; the implementation of textual-dialogical technology in classes as the leading pedagogical means of forming the quality under study and a way of actualizing the position of the subject of thinking in students. The article presents the data of a diagnostic survey devoted to identifying the level of humanitarian thinking in 185 students of different courses of the engineering and technology faculty of Kalmyk State University. The results of a formative experiment are presented, which confirmed the provisions of the research hypothesis concerning the change in the qualitative attitude to the profession among students in connection with the experience of humanitarian thinking and the dependence of the level of such thinking on the skills of metacognitive cognition.

The Green Innovation Engine: How GHRM Practices Influence Sustainable Performance in Manufacturing Industries

Green HRM, which focuses on environmental sustainability in the context of HRM, is a relatively new term that has seen a dramatic change in recent years. The individuals who work for a company are its most important valuable asset. Wherever HRM is responsible for the company's environmentally conscious initiatives is the focus of this green HRM practice study. This study takes green innovation (GI) into account as a mediator between green HRM practices i.e., green recruitment & selection (GRS), green training & development (GTD), green compensation benefits (GCB), green performance management (GPM), green employee relation (GER) and sustainable performance (SP) in manufacturing industries of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In order to accomplish the study objectives, this study collect data from 240 managerial level employees who working in manufacturing industries. This study used analysis tool SPSS V25 for data analyzing. Based on findings, GHRM practices i.e., GRS, GTD, GCB, GPM, and GER has significantly and positively influence sustainable performance. Furthermore, green innovation (GI) partially mediates the relationship GHRM practices i.e., GRS, GTD, GCB, GPM, GER and sustainable performance. The research could prove to be helpful in a number of different ways, including in terms of concept, methodologically, and practically. These interested parties include senior management of companies, researchers, human resource professionals, and the Pakistan security exchange commissions.

Advancing Natural Killer Cell Therapy: Genetic Engineering Strategies for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy.

Natural killer (NK) cells are pivotal innate immune system components that exhibit spontaneous cytolytic activity against abnormal cells, such as infected and tumor cells. NK cells have shown significant promise in adoptive cell therapy because of their favorable safety profiles and minimal toxicity in clinical settings. Despite their advantages, the therapeutic application of unmodified NK cells faces challenges, including limited in vivo persistence, particularly in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Recent advances in genetic engineering have enhanced the therapeutic potential of NK cells by addressing these limitations and improving their therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we have described various methodologies for the genetic modification of NK cells, including viral vectors, electroporation, and nanoparticle-based approaches. The ongoing research on nanomaterialbased approaches highlights their potential to overcome current limitations in NK cell therapy, paving the way for advanced cancer therapy and improved clinical outcomes. In this review, we also emphasize the potential of engineered NK cells in cancer immunotherapy and other clinical applications, highlighting the expanding scope of NK cell-based treatments and the critical role of innovative genetic engineering techniques.

Understanding the limitations of substrate degradation in bioelectrochemical systems.

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are innovative environmental engineering systems that harness the metabolic activities of microbial communities to convert chemical energy in waste into electrical energy. However, MFC performance optimization remains challenging due to limited understanding of microbial metabolic mechanisms, particularly with complex substrates under realistic environmental conditions. This study investigated the effects of substrate complexity (acetate vs. starch) and varying mass transfer (stirred vs. non-stirred) on acclimatization rates, substrate degradation, and microbial community dynamics in air-cathode MFCs. Stirring was critical for acclimating to complex substrates, facilitating electrogenic biofilm formation in starch-fed MFCs, while non-stirred MFCs showed limited performance under these conditions. Non-stirred MFCs, however, outperformed stirred systems in current generation and coulombic efficiency (CE), especially with simple substrates (acetate), achieving 66% CE compared to 38% under stirred conditions, likely due to oxygen intrusion in the stirred systems. Starch-fed MFCs exhibited consistently low CE (19%) across all tested conditions due to electron diversion into volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microbial diversity was higher in acetate-fed MFCs but unaffected by stirring, while starch-fed MFCs developed smaller, more specialized communities. Kinetic analysis identified hydrolysis of complex substrates as the rate-limiting step, with rates an order of magnitude slower than acetate consumption. Combined hydrolysis-fermentation rates were unaffected by stirring, but stirring significantly impacted acetate consumption rates, likely due to oxygen-induced competition between facultative aerobes and electrogenic bacteria. These findings highlight the trade-offs between enhanced substrate availability and oxygen-driven competition in MFCs. For real-world applications, initiating reactors with dynamic stirring to accelerate acclimatization, followed by non-stirred operation, may optimize performance. Integrating MFCs with anaerobic digestion could overcome hydrolysis limitations, enhancing the degradation of complex substrates while improving energy recovery. This study introduces novel strategies to address key challenges in scaling up MFCs for wastewater treatment, bridging the gap between fundamental research and practical applications to advance environmental systems.

Advances in CAR T cell therapy: antigen selection, modifications, and current trials for solid tumors.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies, achieving remarkable clinical success with FDA-approved therapies targeting CD19 and BCMA. However, the extension of these successes to solid tumors remains limited due to several intrinsic challenges, including antigen heterogeneity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in CAR T cell therapy aimed at overcoming these obstacles. We discuss the importance of antigen identification by emphasizing the identification of tumor-specific and tumor-associated antigens and the development of CAR T therapies targeting these antigens. Furthermore, we highlight key structural innovations, including cytokine-armored CARs, protease-regulated CARs, and CARs engineered with chemokine receptors, to enhance tumor infiltration and activity within the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Additionally, novel manufacturing approaches, such as the Sleeping Beauty transposon system, mRNA-based CAR transfection, and in vivo CAR T cell production, are discussed as scalable solution to improve the accessibility of CAR T cell therapies. Finally, we address critical therapeutic limitations, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), and suboptimal persistence of CAR T cells. An examination of emerging strategies for countering these limitations reveals that CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genetic modifications and combination therapies utilizing checkpoint inhibitors can improve CAR T cell functionality and durability. By integrating insights from preclinical models, clinical trials, and innovative engineering approaches, this review addresses advances in CAR T cell therapies and their performance in solid tumors.

International Journal for Innovative Engineering and Management Research

International Journal for Innovative Engineering and Management Research

Creating an Innovation Engine to Advance Medicine for Patients with Rare Diseases.

Creating an Innovation Engine to Advance Medicine for Patients with Rare Diseases.

Association of current Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, and Schistosoma mekongi infection status and intensity with periportal fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Periportal fibrosis is a severe morbidity caused by both current and past exposure to intestinal schistosomes. We aimed to assess the association between current infection status and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, or Schistosoma mekongi with periportal fibrosis. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Global Health, Global Index Medicus, and MEDLINE from database inception to June 18, 2024. We applied methodological filters to limit our search to randomised controlled trials or observational studies, including before-and-after study designs. Animal studies were excluded, and no date or language limits were applied. We excluded reviews, editorials, personal opinions, and case reports. Self-reported infection status was an ineligible exposure. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and full-text reports for eligibility. A third reviewer was consulted in cases of disagreement. The outcome of periportal fibrosis was recorded as reported by study authors to investigate variation in liver fibrosis definitions. For the key exposure of current infection, data were extracted for Schistosoma species, diagnostics, and author-provided infection status and intensity definitions. A meta-analysis was conducted for current schistosome infection status and intensity against author-defined current periportal fibrosis. Pooled effect sizes were derived using inverse-variance weighted random effects. Subgroup analyses included study characteristics and quality. The modified National Institute of Health risk of bias tool was used for assessing study quality. The protocol adhered to PRISMA reporting standards and was prospectively registered on PROSPERO, CRD42022333919. Our electronic search retrieved 2853 records, of which 1036 were duplicates. Nine records were identified in bibliographies of eligible full-text reports. We screened 1826 titles and abstracts to find 282 articles that met our inclusion criteria for full-text review. 41 studies were eligible for systematic review, 33 studies were eligible for infection status meta-analysis, and seven studies were eligible for infection intensity meta-analysis. Periportal fibrosis was heterogeneously defined with the Niamey ultrasound protocol most used. When findings were pooled, current schistosome infection status was associated with a higher likelihood of periportal fibrosis compared with no current infection (odds ratio [OR] 2·65, 95% CI 1·79-3·92; p<0·0001). Heterogeneity was high (I2=95·81%). In sub-Saharan Africa, before the widespread introduction of mass drug administration in 2003 there was a significant association between current infection status and periportal fibrosis (OR 5·38, 95% CI 2·03-14·25) but this association was no longer present after 2003 (1·19, 0·82-1·74). No association of current infection status was observed with periportal fibrosis in studies that used the Niamey protocol (1·57, 95% CI 0·95-2·59). Associations depended on moderate to high risk of bias studies. No significant differences in pooled effect sizes were observed between infection intensity categories and periportal fibrosis. WHO guidelines use current schistosome infection intensity as a proxy for schistosomiasis-related morbidity. Our findings support that current infection status is only tenuously associated with periportal fibrosis. Guidelines are needed to better monitor schistosomiasis-related morbidities. Nuffield Department of Population Health Pump Priming Fund, Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund, John Fell Fund, Robertson Foundation, and UK Research and Innovation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.

Enhancement of anti-sarcoma immunity by NK cells engineered with mRNA for expression of a EphA2-targeted CAR.

Paediatric sarcomas, including rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma, represent a group of malignancies that significantly contribute to cancer-related morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. These cancers share common challenges, including high rates of metastasis, recurrence or treatment resistance, leading to a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20% for patients with advanced disease stages. Despite the critical need, therapeutic advancements have been limited over the past three decades. The advent of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based immunotherapies offers a promising avenue for novel treatments. However, CAR-T cells have faced significant challenges and limited success in treating solid tumours due to issues such as poor tumour infiltration, immunosuppressive tumour microenvironments and off-target effects. In contrast, the adaptation of CAR technology for natural killer (NK) cells has demonstrated potential in both haematological and solid tumours, suggesting a new therapeutic strategy for paediatric sarcomas. This study developed and validated a novel CAR-NK cell therapy targeting the ephrin type-A receptor-2 (EphA2) antigen, which is highly expressed in various paediatric sarcomas. CAR expression was successfully detected on the surface of NK cells post-electroporation, indicating successful transfection. Significantly, EphA2-specific CAR-NK cells demonstrated enhanced cytotoxic activity against several paediatric sarcoma cell lines in vitro, including those of rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma, compared to unmodified NK cells. Transient messenger RNA (mRNA) transfection of NK cells is a safe approach in genetic engineering, with further chemical modifications to mRNA enhancing stability of temporal EphA2-CAR expression in NK cells, thereby promoting prolonged protein expression. Additionally, in vivo EphA2-CAR-NK cells showed promising anti-cancer activity in rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma mouse models. The study provides a foundational basis for the clinical evaluation of EphA2-targeted CAR-NK cell therapy across a spectrum of paediatric sarcomas. The enhanced anti-tumour effects observed in vitro/vivo suggests potential for improved therapeutic outcomes in hard-to-cure paediatric sarcomas. Addressing unmet clinical needs in paediatric Sarcomas. Paediatric sarcomas, including rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and osteosarcoma, exhibit poor survival rates in advanced disease stages. The lack of significant therapeutic progress over the past three decades necessitates innovative treatment approaches. Advancing immunotherapy with CAR-NK cells. Natural killer (NK) cells modified with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) represent a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of CAR-T cells, particularly in solid tumours. CAR-NK cells are associated with enhanced tumour targeting, reduced off-target effects, and improved safety profiles. EphA2 as a therapeutic target. EphA2, a receptor overexpressed in multiple paediatric sarcomas, is identified as a viable target for CAR-based immunotherapy due to its critical role in tumour progression and angiogenesis. Innovations in mRNA-based engineering. This study demonstrates the feasibility of transient mRNA transfection to engineer NK cells for CAR expression, offering a non-integrative and safer alternative to viral transduction. Enhancements in mRNA stability through chemical modifications, can further optimise protein expression. Preclinical efficacy of EphA2-CAR NK cells. EphA2-specific CAR-NK cells exhibit superior cytotoxicity against sarcoma cell lines in vitro and demonstrate significant anti-tumour activity in in vivo mouse models of rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma. Clinical translation potential. The findings establish a strong preclinical rationale for the clinical evaluation of EphA2-targeted CAR-NK therapy as a novel immunotherapeutic option for paediatric sarcomas. Future research directions: Combining EphA2-CAR NK cells with immune checkpoint inhibitors or other immunomodulatory agents could further enhance therapeutic outcomes and durability. Advanced preclinical models mimicking human tumour microenvironments are needed to refine and optimise this therapeutic approach.

Innovative engineering of superoxide dismutase for enhanced cardioprotective biocatalysis in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

The present research compares the stability, catalytic activity, and cardioprotective benefits of the designed superoxide dismutase (SOD) variation SOD-M3 to those of the naturally occurring enzyme, along with additional alternatives. SOD-M3 exhibited a 51.5 % increase in expression yield, reaching 50 mg/L, compared to the wild-type's 33 mg/L. In structural biology, the average distance between atoms of stacked proteins or molecules is measured by RMSD. Testing the precision of protein-ligand docking models is a typical application. The projected structure closely resembles the reference or native structure when the RMSD is low. The enzyme's durability improved significantly, resulting in negligible aggregation in the Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 2.1 Å. SOD-M3 catalytically increased superoxide radical scavenging capability by 40 % and inhibited nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by 90 % at 1 μg/mL concentration. The material exhibited increased stability, as seen by its decomposition temperature (Tm) of about 80 °C, as opposed to 65 °C in the wild-type strains. In cardiomyocyte protection experiments, SOD-M3 reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production by 55 % while decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations by 60 %. Since a 51.5 % increase in expression yield for SOD-M3 indicates improved production efficiency, which makes large-scale manufacturing more viable for clinical applications, it is therapeutically essential. Higher expression yields mean more cost-effective manufacture for enzyme-based therapy research and commercialization. In vivo, SOD-M3 decreased myocardial infarction diameter by 44 % while improving cardiac function, including increased ejection percentage and fractional contraction. The histopathological investigation revealed undamaged heart tissue and less necrotic areas. The results reported here demonstrate SOD-M3's superior activity of enzymes, cardioprotective perspective, and stability, making it a promising therapeutic alternative for illnesses related to cellular oxidation & ischemic cardiac diseases. An increase in enzyme concentrations can enhance the obtaining of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which build up during ischaemia episodes; therefore, this increase is essential. Improving the enzyme's solubility and stability by site-directed modifications makes SOD-M3 more stable and effective in physiological circumstances where its activity is crucial for therapeutic efficacy maximization. A further benefit of increased expression yield is that it can lower manufacturing costs, which will help get SOD-M3 into clinical settings. These modifications raise SOD-M3's cardioprotective potential, making it a strong contender for novel therapies against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion impacts.

Research on Pharmaceutical Tax Management Issues in the Digital Economy

In the era of the digital economy, the deep integration of information technology with the pharmaceutical industry has become a new engine for innovation and development in the pharmaceutical sector. However, the integration of the pharmaceutical industry faces a series of challenges, such as difficulties in the identification of tax elements, asymmetry of tax-related information, low levels of informatization in pharmaceutical enterprises, insufficient information technology capabilities in tax authorities, and incomplete policies and regulations in the pharmaceutical industry, which constrain the healthy development of pharmaceutical companies. Against the backdrop of modern tax governance reform, the pharmaceutical industry urgently needs to strengthen tax management to adapt to new changes. Firstly, tax authorities need to leverage information technology to innovate and transform the systems of tax law enforcement, services, and regulation. Secondly, pharmaceutical companies need to use information technology to solidify their management foundations and enhance their capabilities and skills. Lastly, tax laws and policies related to the pharmaceutical industry need to be adjusted and improved in a timely manner to meet the new requirements of the digital transformation in the pharmaceutical sector. With the joint efforts of all parties, support and protection can be provided for the healthy development of the pharmaceutical industry. 在数字经济时代，信息技术与医药产业的深度融合，已成为推动医药行业创新和发展的新引擎。然而，医药产业融合发展过程中面临一系列挑战，税收要素认定困难、涉税信息不对称、医药企业信息化水平不高、税收部门信息化征管能力不足、医药行业政策法规不健全等，制约医药企业健康发展。在税收治理现代化改革背景下，医药行业亟需加强税收管理以适应新变化。首先税务机关需要利用信息技术，实现税务执法、服务、监管制度的创新和变革。其次医药企业需要运用信息化手段，夯实管理基础，提升能力与本领。最后医药税收法规政策需要与时俱进的调整与完善，以适应医药行业数字化转型的新要求。在多方共同努力之下，为医药行业的健康发展提供支持和保障。

Future cities and sustainable development: Integrating renewable energy, advanced materials, and civil engineering for urban resilience

This review focuses on the integration of renewable energy, advanced materials, and civil engineering to foster urban resilience in future cities. As urban populations continue to grow, the demand for sustainable solutions to mitigate environmental impact and enhance quality of life becomes increasingly urgent. This review explores how the convergence of renewable energy sources, innovative materials, and civil engineering practices can contribute to the development of resilient cities capable of meeting the challenges of the 21st century. The integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, offers opportunities to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Advancements in renewable energy technologies allow for the generation of clean, reliable energy within urban environments, promoting energy independence and reducing carbon footprints. Additionally, the utilization of advanced materials in urban infrastructure can enhance durability, efficiency, and sustainability. Nanotechnology, for example, enables the development of high-performance materials with superior strength, flexibility, and resilience. These materials can be used in construction, transportation, and water management systems to improve infrastructure resilience and longevity. Furthermore, civil engineering plays a crucial role in designing and implementing sustainable urban infrastructure. From green building practices to resilient urban planning, civil engineers are instrumental in creating cities that can withstand environmental hazards and adapt to changing conditions. By integrating renewable energy, advanced materials, and innovative engineering solutions, cities can enhance their resilience to climate change, natural disasters, and other challenges. This review examines case studies and examples of successful integration of renewable energy, advanced materials, and civil engineering in urban development projects worldwide. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing these solutions, including technological barriers, financial considerations, and policy frameworks. The integration of renewable energy, advanced materials, and civil engineering is essential for building resilient and sustainable cities of the future. By embracing innovation and collaboration across disciplines, cities can enhance their capacity to thrive in the face of environmental, social, and economic challenges, ultimately improving the quality of life for urban residents while preserving the planet for future generations.

A Review of teaching environment and social factors influencing engineering innovation in Henan vocational students

A Review of teaching environment and social factors influencing engineering innovation in Henan vocational students

Innovations in Epidermal Tissue Engineering

This paper reviews recent advances and challenges in epidermal medical engineering and scaffold material research. The basic elements of tissue engineering include seed cells, scaffold materials and bioactive factors. Current skin tissue engineering techniques offer innovative therapeutic avenues for the repair of large wounds, mainly through suitable tissue scaffolds. The paper also discusses the principles of skin regeneration, including skin structure and function, the process of skin regeneration, and explores the potential of stem cells and exosomes in scar-free healing. Future research directions will focus on developing high-performance biomaterials and scaffolds, optimising stem cell delivery methods, finding optimal stem cell sources and maintaining stem cell activity. In particular, the combined use of natural polymers such as filipin proteins and sodium alginate is expected to create composites that more closely resemble extracellular matrices, thus better promoting cell proliferation and differentiation. In addition, the study of stem cells and exosomes offers new ways to achieve scar-free healing, potentially improving healing efficiency and reducing scar formation when combined with bioscaffolds.

From Structure to Performance - Enhancing the Efficiency and Longevity of OLED Devices

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have emerged as the most advanced and popular display technology, offering exceptional color quality, efficiency, and design flexibility. Despite their widespread adoption in consumer electronics, OLEDs, particularly Blue OLEDs, face significant challenges such as limited lifespan, efficiency constraints, and high production costs. This paper comprehensively illustrates the operational principle, device structures, and evaluation standards of OLED technology and devices. It explains the sandwich and multi-layer structures and the physical process of carrier injection, recombination, and exciton formation. The study also delves into the challenges in depth, focusing on rapid degradation and lower energy efficiency, and discusses potential solutions, like advancements in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials. It underscores the need for continuous innovation in material development and device engineering to maintain OLED's competitive edge in the display technology market. Moreover, the paper underscores the promising future of OLED, especially in applications demanding superior display quality and flexibility, and highlights the technology's potential to lead the next generation of electronic displays.

Sustainable Engineering Solutions for Urban Environments: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions

Urbanization presents significant environmental challenges that require sustainable and innovative engineering solutions. This article explores the critical need for sustainable engineering practices in urban environments, focusing on advances in construction, energy, waste management, and green infrastructure. We look at the most advanced construction technologies, such as modular and prefabricated building systems, which reduce waste and energy consumption. In energy, we look at the integration of renewable energy sources, energy-efficient building designs, and smart grid technologies to minimize carbon footprints. Sustainable waste management strategies, including recycling, composting, and waste-to-energy, are emphasized to mitigate the environmental impacts of waste. It also addresses the role of green infrastructure, such as green roofs, green walls and urban parks, in improving air quality, reducing stormwater and improving urban biodiversity. By addressing these key areas, sustainable engineering can contribute to resilient, environmentally friendly and equitable urban environments. However, challenges such as high initial costs, political barriers and technological limitations persist. Future research and policy initiatives should focus on addressing these barriers and promote the widespread adoption of sustainable engineering solutions.

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Insights into Pathogenesis, Immune Evasion, and Technological Innovations in Oncolytic and Vaccine Development

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) represents a significant advancement in therapeutic medicine, offering unique molecular and cellular characteristics that make it exceptionally suitable for medical applications. The bullet-shaped morphology, RNA genome organization, and cytoplasmic replication strategy provide fundamental advantages for both vaccine development and oncolytic applications. VSV’s interaction with host cells through the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and its sophisticated transcriptional regulation mechanisms enables precise control over therapeutic applications. The virus demonstrates remarkable versatility through its rapid replication cycle, robust immune response induction, and natural neurotropism. Recent technological innovations in VSV engineering have led to enhanced safety protocols and improved therapeutic modifications, particularly in cancer treatment. Attenuation strategies have successfully addressed safety concerns while maintaining the therapeutic efficacy of the virus. The molecular and cellular interactions of VSV, particularly its immune modulation capabilities and tumor-selective properties, have proven valuable in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. This review explores these aspects, while highlighting the continuing evolution of VSV-based therapeutic approaches in precision medicine.