Innate Traits Research Articles

The Intelligence Test as a Measure of Knowledge and the Nonconstancy of the Intelligence Score

The trait-test assumption of intelligence testing, according to which the test measures directly an innate trait, is contrasted with the conception that the test directly measures knowledge and that an innate trait could at best be measured only indirectly, the knowledge-test assumption. Two theories of knowledge accumulation are suggested, the linear learning theory, which assumes that knowledge accumulates as a linear function, and educational learning theory that postulates a positively accelerating function. A discussion follows of various phenomena related to the nonconstancy of the intelligence score, that have been largely overlooked apparently because the prevalent trait-test assumption does not account for them. It is shown that these phenomena fit well the predictions of a knowledge-test assumption combined with educational learning theory and that the nonconstancy is by itself rather predictable. This nonconstancy is then not an artifact of the “fallibility” of the measuring scale, but a fact that requires a revision in our dealing with and reporting of intelligence scores and in practices of prediction and experimental design.

Marx as a Social Economist: The Labor Theory of Value∗

In an essay in the December 1978 issue of the Review of Social Economy [Hunt, 1978, pp. 285-309], I suggested that the criteria for defining social economics should focus on whether the economic theor? ist gives importance to the fact that in any actual, concrete, empirical situation, economic behavior is an intersection of the innate traits of human nature ? universal human needs, potential for development, and degree of malleability ? and the peculiar or particular social institutions, social relationships and social processes characteristic of the socioeconomic system under consideration. In that essay I asserted that Veblen and Marx were two of the clearest examples of social economists. In the present essay, I shall elaborate on this view of Marx. For reasons that I have elsewhere discussed extensively, I con? sider a theory of value to be the very heart of a general economic theory. [Hunt, 1977, pp. 11-26; and Hunt, 1979, clips. 3-12] There? fore, I shall discuss Marx's labor theory of value in the belief that it is the most essential core of his social economics.

CORN AND EDUCATION

Journal Article CORN AND EDUCATION: Potentialities of the Individual Are Foreordained at Birth—Education Can Only Reveal the Innate Traits Already Present—Equal Opportunity for All Is Not Desirable in Education Get access ALBERT F. BLAKESLEE ALBERT F. BLAKESLEE Station for Experimental Evolution (Carnegie Institution of Washington)Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 8, Issue 2, February 1917, Pages 51–57, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111703 Published: 01 February 1917