Innate Knowledge Research Articles

Interweaving Ecology and Culture in Bibhutibhushan Bondopadhyay’s Of the Forest

This paper investigates the intricate relationship between ecology and culture as depicted in Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay's novel Of the Forest (Aranyak). It looks at how common situations and human social orders are profoundly interconnected, with social character and conventional structure of tribal and rustic communities formed by the forest. The novel depicts the forest not simply as a scenery but as an imperative, living substance that impacts the social, spiritual, and economic lives of the individuals occupying it. This consider uncovers how social structure, such as customs, legends, and jobs like chasing and horticulture, are closely connected to the rhythms of the forest. Through an ecocritical focal point, this paper investigates how the novel highlights the indigenous communities’ ecological information and maintainable structure. These communities don't see the forest just as a asset, but as a sacrosanct space necessarily to their social and spiritual personalities. Their customs, folklores, agricultural structure, and livelihoods—whether chasing, gathering, or farming are molded by the common rhythms of the forest. The novel portrays their relationship with land isn't fair financial, but profoundly social, fortifying a holistic approach where nature and culture are indivisible. The paper moreover digs into how Bandyopadhyay employs the novel to regret the loss of both environmental and cultural differences. As the forest destroyed, the conventional ways of life tied to it, driving to the fragmentation of the communities and havoc of cultural habits established in environmental settings. This demolition is depicted as a catastrophe of both the natural world and the human soul. The novel also studies the capitalist ethos that prioritizes economic advancement at the cost of ecological sustainability, addressing the menacing effect of modernization on both nature and innate culture. The article concludes by examining how Bandyopadhyay’s forest imagery transcends simple environmental imagery and transforms it into a symbol of cultural and environmental tolerance. The forest gets to be a location of social resistance to advancement of modernity, encapsulating a space where innate knowledge and practices proceed to offer an alternative to the destructive impact of modernization. The paper calls for a deeper understanding of the relationship between people and their environment, and calls for a return to a better relationship with nature.

Studying the Place of Transcendental Ideals and Human Instincts in Modern Psychology: An Insight into the Alternative Discourse of Mohammad Rafi-ud-Din

The integration of psychological and natural sciences is an ongoing process that aims to understand the human mind in the context of the natural world. Rafi-ud-Din has made significant contributions to this field with his concept of human nature and psychology. He argues that the urge for ideals is the real, ultimate, and sole dynamic power of human actions, and that it finds its roots not in instincts but in something transcendental and metaphysical. He describes man as a spiritual and moral self that has innate knowledge of good and evil, and builds his own discourse to describe human nature in the light of the Qur’ān. He also addresses the influential theories of Marx, Freud, Adler, and MacDougall at length and critiques the ideas that view human nature as primarily driven by instincts, arguing that this view reduces man to the status of a social animal and ignores the spiritual and moral dimension of human existence. His alternative discourse on the role of instincts in human psychology and the place of transcendent ideals in understanding man offers a unique perspective on this topic, and his work is an important contribution to the ongoing debate on the integration of psychological and natural sciences. This paper aims to study the ideas and approaches of Rafi-ud-Din about Human Nature and his efforts to refute the thoughts of modern thinkers.

Learning the Meanings of Function Words From Grounded Language Using a Visual Question Answering Model.

Interpreting a seemingly simple function word like "or," "behind," or "more" can require logical, numerical, and relational reasoning. How are such words learned by children? Prior acquisition theories have often relied on positing a foundation of innate knowledge. Yet recent neural-network-based visual question answering models apparently can learn to use function words as part of answering questions about complex visual scenes. In this paper, we study what these models learn about function words, in the hope of better understanding how the meanings of these words can be learned by both models and children. We show that recurrent models trained on visually grounded language learn gradient semantics for function words requiring spatial and numerical reasoning. Furthermore, we find that these models can learn the meanings of logical connectives and and or without any prior knowledge of logical reasoning as well as early evidence that they are sensitive to alternative expressions when interpreting language. Finally, we show that word learning difficulty is dependent on the frequency of models' input. Our findings offer proof-of-concept evidence that it is possible to learn the nuanced interpretations of function words in a visually grounded context by using non-symbolic general statistical learning algorithms, without any prior knowledge of linguisticmeaning.

Nativism and Plato’s Epistemology: Knowledge, Awareness, and Innate True Belief in the Meno

Abstract This article provides a rigorous defense of innate true belief in the Meno, to my knowledge, the first of its kind. While several commentators have proposed innate true belief in the past, the position has never been defended or explained in detail. Instead, the most thorough discussions of Plato’s innatism have opted for different innate objects. I defend my proposal against these recent alternatives by showing that the passages often thought to imply innate knowledge can arguably be better read in other ways. I then argue that they should be so read, because of an “awareness condition” Plato had on knowledge at the time.

NATIVISM, TRANSCENDENTALISM AND PHENOMENOLOGY: REVISITING THE NON-PLACEMENT OF THE SOURCE OF PHENOMENAL EXPERIENCE IN THE WORLD

Nativism as a theory that interprets certain abilities and ideas as innate [The contexts we will consider prefer to speak precisely of innateness in the sense of New European philosophical discussions and avoid the notion of “a priori”/“a posteriori”, respectively, and we will stick to this terminological pair.], is considered by some contemporary philosophers as an echo of outdated philosophical approaches. Critics for the most part reproach it for being unscientific and metaphysical. In one of its most extreme forms, nativism is accused of mysticism and lack of evidence. At the same time, a number of very authoritative thinkers openly call themselves nativists and defend this trend in philosophy, cognitive sciences, linguistics and other fields of knowledge (Chomsky, McGinn, Lawrence and Margolis). The main aim of this paper is to analyse the contemporary polemic between empiricists and nativists. It will be shown that the main polemical knot around which the debate unfolds can be easily untied through a transcendentalist interpretation of nativism. In particular, an appeal to phenomenology can help to notice the importance of the idea of the non-essentiality of the source of experience to experience. Phenomenology, which preserves the idea of this non-essentiality, has in mind a radical break with the ontology of natural objects, and will not, in particular, deduce innate knowledge from evolutionary mechanisms, nor will it place it within the biological structure of organisms (e.g., the brain or the neural processes in it). It remains to be shown that most of the positions and refutations of modern nativism are based on a misunderstanding of the classical “overcoming” of the dispute between empiricism and rationalism by transcendentalism and transcendental phenomenology, as well as the requirement of transcendentalism and transcendental phenomenology not to place the source of experience in the same world in which we locate experience itself. The study is to consider what the modern nativist view must look like in its transcendentalist interpretation in order to be a worthy opponent to modern empiricism.

Integrating PubMed Label Hierarchy Knowledge into a Complex Hierarchical Deep Neural Network

This paper proposes an innovative method that exploits a complex deep learning network architecture, called Hierarchical Deep Neural Network (HDNN), specifically developed for the eXtreme Multilabel Text Classification (XMTC) task, when the label set is hierarchically organized, such as the case of the PubMed article labeling task. In detail, the topology of the proposed HDNN architecture follows the exact hierarchical structure of the label set to integrate this knowledge directly into the DNN. We assumed that if a label set hierarchy is available, as in the case of the PubMed Dataset, forcing this information into the network topology could enhance the classification performances and the interpretability of the results, especially related to the hierarchy. We performed an experimental assessment of the PubMed article classification task, demonstrating that the proposed HDNN provides performance improvement for a baseline based on a classic flat Convolution Neural Network (CNN) deep learning architecture, in particular in terms of hierarchical measures. These results provide useful hints for integrating previous and innate knowledge in a deep neural network. The drawback of the HDNN is the high computational time required to train the neural network, which can be addressed with a parallel implementation planned as a future work.

Perceived Stressors and Support in Family Caregivers of Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder.

Stress experienced by family caregivers of individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) contributes to caregiver burden. To understand the stressors experienced by family caregivers of individuals with OUD and the factors that influence their personal resiliency, data were collected from a convenience sample of family caregivers who answered two open-ended questions about sources of stress and factors that affect their personal resilience as part of an online survey. Yin's thematic analysis revealed five objective and two subjective burden themes and four resilience themes. Results indicate OUD places significant burden on families and may contribute to decreased physical and mental well-being in caregivers. Caregivers who perceived adequate support were able to use their experience and innate knowledge to cope and emerge with more resilience. Results of this study support the need for translational research to increase resilience and coping in this population of caregivers.

Integrating Ecological Knowledge into Regenerative Design: A Rapid Practice Review

While sustainable design practice is working to reduce the ecological impacts of development, many of the earth’s already damaged life support systems require repair and regeneration. Regenerative design theory embraces this challenge using an ecological worldview that recognizes all life as intertwined and interdependent to deliver restorative outcomes that heal. Central to regenerative design theory is the mutually beneficial and coevolving ‘stewardship’ relationship between community and place, the success of which requires local ecological knowledge. However, there is a lack of understanding about how—within the design process—practitioners are integrating ‘innate knowledge’ of place held by local people. This rapid practice review sought to collate and evaluate current ‘regenerative design practice’ methods towards ensuring good practice in the integration of place-based ecological knowledge. A comprehensive online search retrieved 345 related articles from the grey literature, academic book chapters, and government reports, from which 83 articles were analyzed. The authors conclude that regenerative design practice is emergent, with the design practice of including community knowledge of ecological systems of place remaining ad hoc, highly variable, and champion-based. The findings have immediate implications for regenerative design practitioners, researchers, and developers, documenting the state of progress in methods that explore innate ecological knowledge and foster co-evolving ecological stewardship.

Morphophonological Study of Southern Bade Prefixes

This paper describes the structures and functions of prefixes in southern Bade, a dialect of Bade language. Bade is the West Chadic-B language of Afro-Asiatic phyla, mainly spoken in the northern part of Yobe State, Nigeria. Prefixation, as a morphological operation, is a process whereby a bound morpheme is attached before a root or a stem to derive a new lexeme or inflect the existing one. In addition to the researcher’s innate knowledge as a native speaker, the data were obtained through an oral interview and unobtrusive observation, mainly from dialect speakers of the language. Generative Approaches (Chomsky and Halle, 1968) formed the theoretical framework of the study. From the data obtained, the paper identified and discussed five derivational prefixes found in the nominal system of the dialect {ma-} prefix is used in deriving agential nouns, personal and instrument names, {ga(a)-} in forming participial adjectives and adverbs, {saa-} in deriving female namesake and circumstantial names. {tə-} and {də-} are used in deriving personal names and adjectives respectively from a verb base. The morphophonological alternations that occurred in the prefixation processes include the weakening of voiced velar /g/ to becoming labial velar [w]; schwa [ə] deletion re-syllabification; insertion of link element; deletion, labialization; and palatalization. It argues that some of the prefixes simultaneously co-occur with varying suffixes, depending on the word class derived, in the formation process, while a few are not.

Jeong Hagok on Emotions and the Korean Four-Seven Debate: A Confucian, Comparative, and Contemporary Interpretation

This article presents Jeong Jedu (Hagok; 1649–1736) on the topic of emotions and its comparative and contemporary relevance. It discusses this leading neo-Confucian thinker’s thought-provoking Four-Seven thesis and its vital implication for self-cultivation and ethics. This important topic has not been discussed in current scholarship on Korean Confucianism. The article begins with the Confucian notion of emotions (jeong/qing, 情), according to its textual and philosophical background in the Chinese tradition, and then covers key issues regarding the “Four Beginnings” of virtue, the “Seven Emotions”, and leading neo-Confucian perspectives by Zhu Xi (1130–1200) and Wang Yangming (1472–1529). The article also provides a brief comparative analysis of Toegye’s and Yulgok’s leading Korean opinions on the nature, role, and problem of emotions. The third section focuses on Hagok’s interpretation in the same context. The fourth section discusses Hagok’s ethics and spirituality of emotions in terms of the mind’s original essence (bonche/benti) and innate knowledge (of good) (yangji/liangzhi) in connection to Wang Yangming’s doctrines. The final section concludes by considering the originality and distinctiveness of Hagok’s holistic interpretation. It also presents my contemporary reflections to articulate how Hagok’s groundbreaking insights compare with certain Western theories of emotions and why they offer a worthwhile resource for comparative philosophy, religion, and ethics.

Neural networks: Explaining animal behavior with prior knowledge of the world

Animal behavior is both facilitated and constrained by innate knowledge and previous experience of the world. A new study, exploiting the power of recurrent neural networks, has revealed the existence of such structural priors and their impact on animal behavior.

Innate Knowledge: From Generative Grammar to Cognitive Linguistics

Innate Knowledge: From Generative Grammar to Cognitive Linguistics

КАРТЕЗИАНСКИЕ «ВРОЖДЕННЫЕ ИДЕИ» КАК ПРЕДМЕТ РЕЦЕПЦИИ ДУХОВНО-АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЙ ФИЛОСОФИИ РЕЛИГИИ

The article deals with a critical analysis of the Cartesian position on the innate idea of God by representatives of the spiritual and academic tradition. The concept of the existence of objective reality, proposed by Descartes, played a key role in the era of the formation of natural science and a new type of philosophizing. At the same time, as an organic part of the Cartesian existence of the world, the idea of innate knowledge of God has undergone significant analysis by the theistic philosophy of religion. Representa-tives of the Moscow and Kazan academies pointed out an error in understanding the knowledge of the Absolute, which involved the reduction of human activity to a minimum.

Şeyh Ebü’l-Hasan Harakânî’nin Hayatı Hocaları ve Tasavvuf Düşüncesi Bağlamında Sûfî Kimliği

In this study, the Sufi identity of Sheikh Abu’l-Hasan Kharaqani, one of the Khorasan masters who lived in the 4th and 5th centuries of the Hijri era and who has not been sufficiently recognized or introduced in our country until recently, is discussed. Kharaqani was born in the village of Kharaqan in the north of the town of Bestam in the Semnan province of Iran in 352 Hijr as the child of a poor family. Although his real name was Ali, he became famous with the name Kharaqani because of the village of Kharaqan where he was born. As for Kharaqani’s education, almost all sources state that he was an illiterate at first, but later, by the grace of Allah, he learned the sciences and was endowed with innate knowledge. In addition, according to the information provided by limited sources, Kharaqani’s spiritual mentor and teacher, whom he met face to face, participated in his conversations and learned from him, was Shaykh Abu’l-‘Abbas Kassab-i ‘Amuli. The other was his spiritual sheikh and teacher, Bayezid Bistami, the sultan of the sultans, who lived about a century before him. It is known that Kharaqani received education from these masters and developed himself both intellectually and spiritually. Although there is no information about Kharaqani’s lineage and parents, there is some limited information about his wife and children. According to rumors, Kharaqani had two sons, one named Abu’l-Qasim, who for some unknown reason was suddenly beheaded one night and left at the door of his father's lodge, and the other, Ahmad, who continued his father’s legacy as a Sufi by continuing to live after him. When we look at the available sources, we see that although Kharaqani was accepted in Sufi circles as the sea of sorrow, the divine sun, the pole of the century, the sultan of the reigning sheikhs, the sultan of the people of tariqa and truth, and the sole imam, his wife, who was his closest and life partner, never accepted this spiritual aspect of him. One of the most debated issues about Sheikh Abu’l-Hasan Kharaqani today is about his grave. There are two different opinions about the place of his death and the location of his tomb. According to the first view, Kharaqani died in 425 AH (December 11, 1033) at the age of 73 in the village of Kharaqan, where he was born, and was buried there. According to the second view, which belongs to the Ottoman authors, Sheikh Abu’l-Hasan Kharaqani died outside the village of Kharaqan in Bestam, and there are even authentic sources that say that his tomb is located in the Turkish city of Kars. In addition, although there is no reliable information in the sources about when, how and for what purpose the sheikh came to Kars and how he died, Awliya Chalabi’s words about the disclosure of the sheikh’s grave led to the belief in and around Kars that Sheikh Kharaqani participated in the conquest of Kars and was martyred there. Kharaqani, also known as the man of the heart, has deeply influenced many Sufi figures in Sufi culture, as well as many sects. Kharaqani has always been praised by his contemporaries and the scholar Sufis who lived after him for leaving deep traces. This means that Kharaqani has a real weight in the history of Sufism, and that he has a superior intelligence and value alongside famous Sufis. Sheikh Kharaqani was a Sufi who internalized Islam wholeheartedly, who not only spoke eloquently, but also lived what he said; who embraced both the education and the marifah dimension of Sufism, both the line of asceticism and the line of wisdom, both the shari'a and the tariqa. Although it is not possible to discuss his multifaceted Sufism in detail in an article, we have tried to evaluate some of his views such as tawhid, murshid, disciple, tolerance, mujahada and faqr under subheadings.

Tear trough rejuvenation using Restylane Eyelight

Hyaluronic acid filler injection treatment represents the second most commonly performed non-surgical treatment worldwide behind botulinum toxin injections ( International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 2020 ). This should come as no surprise, as dermal filler treatments represent a swift non-surgical technique with immediate and long-lasting results. Consequently, such treatments are gaining global acceptance ( Berguiga and Galatoire, 2017 ). It is known that periocular rejuvenation is one of the chief concerns for patients seeking aesthetic enhancement ( Eyelight, 2020 ). Therefore, it is the author's belief that possessing the expertise to carry out tear trough rejuvenation is an important skill to acquire in one's medical practice. To achieve ideal results, the aesthetic practitioner must have an innate knowledge of anatomy, as well as assessment and treatment techniques of the area. This article will review the evidence relating to hyaluronic acid dermal fillers and the clinical outcomes for patients who require tear trough treatment.

Aristotle’s Empiricism

<i>Aristotle’s Empiricism</i>

Fatherlessness, sperm donors and ‘so what?’ parentage: arguing against the immorality of donor conception through ‘world literature’

Is biology and knowing biological ancestral information essential to the construction of identity? Bioethicist James David Velleman believes this is the case and argues that donor gamete conception is immoral...

Revealing a Significant Latent Loss of Dry Matter in Rice Based on Accurate Measurement of Grain Growth Curve

Against the background of increased population and resource depletion, managing food losses means conserving agricultural production resources and increasing farmer income. This paper mainly introduces the discovery and value of latent loss. In 2019, our experimental team formulated the 5T management method, which concerned the rice harvest period. Moreover, to promote the 5T management method, our team conducted relevant experiments about rice grain growth curve and found an accidental reduction in the dry matter weight of rice. To ensure the accuracy of the results of the latent rice loss in 2019, easy-to-use nuclear magnetic resonance is a non-destructive, rapid evaluation method, which is suitable for accurately determining high-moisture content and multi-variety rice. Overall, the experimental results in 2020 showed that if rice was harvested at the optimal time, the rice loss rate could be reduced by 3.5346%, which is equivalent to a yield of 235,051 tons of rice. The results are in agreement with evidence from field trials and suggest that the latent loss of dry matter caused by delayed harvest not only causes yield losses and economic losses but also increases postharvest grain loss and rice seed shattering loss. This significant factor, the optimal harvest time, in harvest period is strictly controlled to prevent the dry matter loss caused by innate knowledge and traditional management and to provide new possibilities for increasing the amount of available fertile land and generating income.

Right, righteousness, and act: why should Confucian activists be regarded as citizens in the revival of Confucian education in contemporary China?

ABSTRACT This article explores three core elements of citizenship – right, responsibility, and act – and their implications for the rise of Confucian activists in the revival of Confucian education in present-day China. Adopting an empirical research approach, the author draws from two sets of resources: public speeches by a leader in contemporary Confucian classical education, and interviews with teachers and parents at a Confucian school. A critical discourse analysis of the data is conducted to examine the emerging themes. First, the study identifies the widespread circulation of the discourse of right (quanli) to education within the field of Confucian education. Second, focusing on the emerging discourse of righteousness (yi), it reveals how this particular Confucian ideology, articulated through local terminologies, generates a sense of civic responsibility and obligation. Third, it investigates the Confucian idea of “extending innate knowledge” (zhi liangzhi) and its contribution to the conversion of internal, individual ethical reflection to creative, civic acts. Based on the findings, this study challenges the popular characterisation of Confucianism as a contradiction to citizenship. The revival of Confucian education offers an opportunity to explore a more nuanced understanding of the effects of Confucianism on the formation of the “Confucian citizen”.

One model for the learning of language

SignificanceIt has long been hypothesized that language acquisition may be impossible without innate knowledge of the structures that occur in natural language. Here, we show that a domain general learning setup, originally developed in cognitive psychology to model rule learning, is able to acquire key pieces of natural language from relatively few examples of sentences. This develops a new approach to formalizing linguistic learning and highlights some features of language and language acquisition that may arise from general cognitive processes.