In-line Force Research Articles

Numerical simulations of the effects of KC number and entrapped water on the subsea cover hydrodynamic characteristics

ABSTRACT The entrapped water in subsea structures with openings significantly influences hydrodynamic forces and structural stability. This study utilises Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations with the k − ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model to investigate oscillatory flows around a subsea cover under varying conditions, including different levels of entrapped water (obtained by different opening dimensions) and KC numbers. Numerical simulations are validated through experimental data from oscillatory flows over a subsea cover on a plate. The study examines lift and in-line force coefficients to assess the impact of opening dimensions and KC numbers on hydrodynamic forces. Findings show that opening size primarily affects the lift coefficient due to changes in the behaviour of entrapped water. The influence of entrapped water decreases as both the KC number and opening size increase. A 30% opening yields the smallest lift-to-in-line ratio ( C Lrms / C Drms ) and reduced C Lrms and C Lstd values. Additionally, the flow fields around the cover are also discussed. Smaller openings reduce the amplitude of velocity, vorticity, and pressure inside the cover. Openings mitigate vortex formation and shedding caused by jets between the structure and the wall. The results also reveal a phase shift in lift coefficients for different opening sizes. These findings provide critical insights for the hydrodynamic behaviour and design of similar subsea structures.

Predicting tablet properties using In-Line measurements and evolutionary equation Discovery: A high shear wet granulation study

High shear wet granulation (HSWG) is widely used in tablet manufacturing mainly because of its advantages in improving flowability, powder handling, process run time, size distribution, and preventing segregation. In line process analytical technology measurements are essential in capturing detailed particle dynamics and presenting real-time data to uncover the complexity of the HSWG process and ultimately for process control.This study presents an opportunity to predict the properties of the granules and tablets through torque measurement of the granulation bowl and the force exerted on a novel force probe within the powder bed. Inline force measurements are found to be more sensitive than torque measurements to the granulation process. The characteristic force profiles present the overall fingerprint of the high shear wet granulation, in which the evolution of the granule formation can improve our understanding of the granulation process. This provides rich information relating to the properties of the granules, identification of the even distribution of the binder liquid, and potential granulation end point. Data were obtained from an experimental high shear mixer across a range of key process parameters using a face-centred surface response design of experiment (DoE). A closed-form analytical model was developed from the DOE matrix using the discovery of evolutionary equations. The model is able to provide a strong predictive indication of the expected tablet tensile strength based only on the data in-line. The use of a closed form mathematical equation carries notable advantages over other AI methodologies such as artificial neural networks, notably improved interpretability/interrogability, and minimal inference costs, thus allowing the model to be used for real-time decision making and process control. The capability of accurately predicting, in real time, the required compaction force required to achieve the desired tablet tensile strength from upstream data carries the potential to ensure compression machine settings rapidly reach and are maintained at optimal values, thus maximising efficiency and minimising waste.

Highly sensitive fiber force sensor based on cascaded Fabry-Perot cavities and Vernier effect

In this article, we introduce a new concept for an in-line optical fiber force sensor probe, which is based on two cascaded Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavities to generate the Vernier effect and enhance sensitivity. Due to the significantly low Young’s modulus of UV-cured adhesive within the sensing cavity, extremely high force sensitivity is obtained. In our initial sample, we achieved an impressive force sensitivity of −61,301 nm/N. To improve that, the optical path difference between the two cavities is further reduced, exhibiting a remarkable increased force sensitivity of −140,813 nm/N. As an application, we conducted an experiment using this highly sensitive force sensor probe to measure the evaporation rate of ethanol, a common solvent, which is 7.79 × 10−5 g/s at room temperature. The proposed sensor features advantages of high sensitivity, simple structure, ease of fabrication, compactness, which is an ideal fiber sensor probe for sensitive force measurement.

Swash-flow induced forces on human body standing on a smooth and impermeable slope: A numerical study with experimental validations

ABSTRACT Swash flow poses a significant hazard to pedestrians standing on the slope of the seawall. Unlike the forces of overtopping flow or open channel flow on the human body, which have been studied before, swash flow has two distinct cycles within one wave period: onshore flow and offshore flow. Both cycles can risk human safety by exerting hydrodynamic forces on the body. This paper presents a numerical study to examine the hydrodynamic forces exerted on the human body when subjected to swash flow on a smooth and impermeable slope. A Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model is set up in OpenFOAM, where the numerical results are compared with experimental data obtained from wave tank tests. Reasonable agreement has been achieved, which validates the numerical model. We examine the kinematics of swash flow generated by plunging and surging breakers. In the case of a plunging breaker, we observe that the instantaneous runup height exhibited asymmetry, whereas it is nearly symmetric for a surging breaker. The velocity profile is then used to compute the momentum flux of the swash flow, which is shown to be associated with the inline forces exerted on the human body. We have defined an instability index to assess the risk of pedestrian mobilisation by swash flow, demonstrating its dependence on the Iribarren number and the body's position. The analysis reveals that the associated risk is substantially reduced as the Iribarren number increases and when the body moves towards the shoreline.

Influence of blocking ratio on hydrodynamic force on deep-water pier under earthquake

The deep-water bridge would suffer more serious damage under earthquake than that standing in air. The larger blocking ratio has remarkable effect on the added mass coefficient, which deserves a further and comprehensive study. The generation mechanism of block effect is analyzed by using the numerical simulation software ANSYS Fluent. Results show that the recirculation zone with focus decreases the pressure on the rear surface of the cylinder, results in the peak value of the in-line force does not occur synchronously with the peak value of acceleration. Results also indicate that the change of the position and intensity of the recirculation zone with focus, as well as the change of the water flow around the cylinder surface, are the generation mechanism of the block effect, the block effect has a 10% influence on the hydrodynamic force. The added mass coefficient changing rule with blocking ratio is then discussed elaborately, and the modification approach to the present added mass coefficient calculation method is suggested. Finally the physical experiments are conducted to validate the modification approach, results shows the modification approach is accurate and can be used both in the further study and in real practice.

A comparative study of wave kinematics and inline forces on vertical cylinders under Draupner-type freak waves

This study focuses on predictions of wave kinematics and inline forces acting on vertical cylinders concerning a series of Draupner-type freak waves. Multiple hydrodynamic models were introduced by using different stretching models for wave kinematics and different inertia coefficients of the Morison formula, and their applicability was assessed by comparisons with experimental measurements. It demonstrates that the modified Wheeler stretching method (Molin, 2002) could give satisfactory predictions of particle velocities and inline forces of Draupner-type freak waves. The drag force term is not negligible for slender structure, and frequency-independent inertia coefficients are preferred in Morison predictions. The high-frequency force components of small quantities are found to be responsible for the discrepancies between predictions and measurements.

Numerical study of waves breaking on a vertical pile with different cross-sections

A three-dimensional numerical model is established to simulate the interaction between breaking waves and a vertical pile. The primary aim of this study is to explore the influence of pile cross-section shape on inline wave forces under different wave breaking stages. Besides the common circular, squircle, and square cross-sections, a novel pile proposed by Yang et al. (2020), consisting of a front diamond surface and a circular back, is also considered. A comparison of breaking wave force characteristics is performed for these four piles in various wave steepnesses. The results indicate that changes in the cross-section shape result in alterations to the inline force magnitude, whereas the transitions of the wave breaking stage not only quantitatively modify the inline force magnitude but also qualitatively alter the force curve shape. Special attention is then paid to a detailed analysis of the flow evolution and force distribution to gain insights into the generation of the peak force and the secondary load cycle (SLC). Furthermore, the numerical results are analyzed in the frequency domain, revealing that higher harmonics beyond the eighth order are not associated with the SLC, but are intimately related to the peak breaking wave force.

Wave-Current Loads on a Super-Large-Diameter Pile in Deep Water: An Experimental Study

Recently, the diameters and construction water depths of the pile foundations of planned and newly built sea-crossing bridges have been increasing greatly. Hydrodynamic loads are the key control factors in the design of super-large-diameter piles. However, most of the previous studies focused on the inline force on the pile with a small diameter, and there were few cases to consider the impact of the transverse force on the hydrodynamic load of the pile under wave-current actions. In this study, to understand the hydrodynamic loads on such deep-water super-large-diameter piles, the prototype was one of the 6.3-m piles used in the Xihoumen Rail-cum-Road Bridge, and 1:60-scale model tests were carried out in an experimental tank, with the actions of regular waves and waves combined with currents used as loads. The influence of the current velocity and static wave height on the inline and transverse forces on the pile was measured and analyzed. The experimental results indicate that with increasing current velocity, the fluctuation characteristics of the wave-current-induced inline and transverse forces change significantly, and their peak values increase obviously compared to those induced by only waves. In particular, the peak transverse force increases tens of times and can become equivalent to the inline force. The modified Morison formula and Kutta–Joukowski formula are used to derive the correlations between the drag coefficient CD, inertia coefficient CM, lift coefficient CL, and redefined Keulegan–Carpenter number KC*. Under wave-current action, the transverse force contributes quite significantly to the hydrodynamic load on a super-large-diameter pile, making it easier to trigger extreme structural loads. The results presented herein are an important reference for the engineering designs of such super-large-diameter piles.

Oscillatory flow around a vertical circular cylinder placed in an open channel: coherent structures, sediment entrainment potential and drag forces

Flow and turbulent structures generated by the interaction of forced incoming oscillatory flow with a circular, vertical cylinder placed in an open channel with a horizontal bed are investigated using eddy-resolving simulations. Validation simulations performed with a Keulegan–Carpenter (KC) number of 20 and multiple-mode forcing corresponding to the laboratory experiment of Sumeret al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 332, 1997, pp. 41–70) show that detached eddy simulation (DES) predicts more accurately the amplification of the bed shear stress beneath the horseshoe vortex system (upstream side of the cylinder) and the maximum magnitude of the bed shear stress at the downstream (wake) side of the cylinder compared with unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations. High-Reynolds-number DES simulations are then conducted with 1.5 ≤ KC ≤ 30.8 and one-mode sinusoidal forcing of the streamwise velocity in the approaching flow to investigate the changes in the wake vortex-flow regimes, the coherence of the horseshoe vortices and the generation of other near-bed coherent structures in the wake during the oscillatory cycle. The flow is periodic, no horseshoe vortices form and no vortices are shed in the wake forKC = 1.5. By contrast, forKC ≥ 8 horseshoe vortices are present over part of the oscillatory cycle and up to three wake vortices are shed over each half-cycle asKCis increased to 30.8. For an intermediate range ofKCnumbers, one (KC = 15.4) or two (KC = 8) of the vortices forming at the back of the cylinder during each half-cycle are washed around it when the flow reverses. The main horseshoe vortex and other horizontal near-bed vortices have a large capacity to amplify the bed shear stresses when the incoming velocity magnitude is significantly less than its peak value. Assuming the depth-averaged velocity in the incoming (undisturbed) oscillatory flow is the same in simulations conducted with differentKCnumbers, the peak values of the sediment entrainment potential measured by the mean (cycle-averaged) volumetric flux of sediment entrained from the bed over one oscillatory cycle occur for 8 ≤ KC ≤ 15.4. For allKCnumbers, the in-line force variation over the oscillatory cycle is fairly well approximated by the Morison equation. ForKC = 1.5, the in-line force is only due to inertia effects. ForKC = 30.8, the maximum and minimum values of the phase-averaged in-line force are approximatively in phase with those of the incoming flow velocity. ForKC ≥ 15, the phase-averaged in-line force coefficients vary between 0.8 and 1.1 during most of the oscillatory cycle (e.g. when the incoming flow velocity is not close to zero). This is different from cases withKC ≤ 8 where the in-line force coefficient is equal to zero twice during the oscillatory cycle as the in-line force becomes equal to zero for non-zero values of the incoming velocity. The largest cycle-to-cycle variations of the in-line force coefficient and in-line force are observed aroundKC = 8. ForKC = 8 and 15.4, the cylinder is subject to relatively large phase-averaged spanwise drag forces that are comparable to the peak phase-averaged streamwise drag forces. AsKCis increased to 30.8, the phase-averaged spanwise drag force becomes zero over the whole oscillatory cycle but the cylinder is still subject to large instantaneous spanwise forces over part of the oscillatory cycle.

Modelling and nonlinear analysis of the wave-induced vibrations of a single hybrid riser conveying two-phase flow

This paper analyses the nonlinear dynamic response of a single hybrid riser pipe to wave excitations. Detailed nonlinear equations of motion are derived for the riser pipe as it conveys two-phase flow. Hence its dynamics are described by two coupled nonlinear equations, relating to both longitudinal and transverse displacements. Wave excitations forcing the system are imposed as oscillating inline flow. In addition, considering that the riser is a structure that is vibrating in a moving fluid, the inline force is modelled with the extended Morison equation. These equations are solved by the method of multiple scale perturbation. Theoretical results show that longitudinal and transverse responses are coupled at some specified natural frequencies. Similarly, the riser pipe is also prone to primary and super-harmonic resonance excitations at some wave frequencies. This presents a complex nonlinear multi-frequency excitation problem identical to the numerical studies conducted on a typical single hybrid riser pipe based on the frequency response curves. The uncoupled primary resonance behaviour of the transverse displacements for all the void fractions studied exhibited a hardening nonlinear behaviour of non-unique responses and jump phenomenon. However, a distinctive feature of the harmonics was observed where the curves separate into two to form an isolated branch of periodic solutions. These are known as Isola. Also, the presence of internal resonance results in the transfer of energy between the planar axis resulting in undesirable axial resonance peaks which are destabilized by the presence of the nonlinear anti-resonance effect.

Harmonic structure of the nonlinear force on a fixed ship-shaped floating production, storage and offloading vessel under dispersive phase-focused wave groups

This paper presents a numerical investigation on the harmonic structure of hydrodynamic forces on a fixed and simplified representative floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel hull under dispersive phase-focused wave groups. The high-fidelity numerical model utilizes the two-phase flow solver in the open-source toolbox OpenFOAM. A series of cases were computed using the numerical model, where the effects of wave steepness, bow diameter, and length of the FPSO are investigated. It is found that given an FPSO under different wave steepness, the non-dimensional inline force exhibits remarkable similarity in terms of the temporal development. The harmonic structure of the inline force is only weakly dependent on the steepness of the incident wave group and the bow diameter, but strongly dependent on the FPSO length. When k p L = 2.27, where L is the length of the FPSO and kp is the wave number at peak frequency, the incident wave group is diffracted significantly by the FPSO. The entire wave–structure interaction process is largely linear, where transfer between different harmonics is rarely seen. However, when kpL is further reduced to 0.57, globally the disturbance of the FPSO on the far field incident wave group is reduced, but locally a strongly nonlinear flow occurs at the rear of the FPSO, where severe run-up occurs at the downstream stagnation point. Higher-order harmonics of inline forces are excited, and the interaction process becomes much more nonlinear.

The Inline Force of Seabed Blocks Under Waves

The Inline Force of Seabed Blocks Under Waves

In situ characterization of material extrusion printing by near-infrared spectroscopy

Material extrusion printing of reactive resins and inks present a unique challenge due to the time-dependent nature of the rheological and chemical properties they possess. As a result, careful print optimization or process control is important to obtain consistent, high quality prints via additive manufacturing. We present the design and use of a near-infrared (NIR) flow through cell for in situ chemical monitoring of reactive resins during printing. Differences between in situ and off-line benchtop measurements are presented and highlight the need for in-line monitoring capability. Additionally, in-line extrusion force monitoring and off-line post inspection using machine vision is demonstrated. By combining NIR and extrusion force monitoring, it is possible to follow cure reaction kinetics and viscosity changes during printing. When combined with machine vision, the ability to automatically identify and quantify print artifacts can be incorporated on the printing line to enable real-time, artificial intelligence-assisted quality control of both process and product. Together, these techniques form the building blocks of an optimized closed-loop process control strategy when complex reactive inks must be used to produce printed hardware.

Harmonic structure of wave loads on a surface piercing column in directionally spread and unidirectional random seas

We investigate the harmonic structure of wave-induced loads on vertical cylinders with dimensions comparable to those used to support offshore wind turbines. Many offshore wind turbines are designed, so the structural resonance is two or three times the fundamental wave loading period, which may be excited by higher harmonics of wave loading. The suitability of a ‘Stokes-type’ model for force is examined. We analyse experimental data for unidirectional and directionally spread sea-states. We demonstrate that approximate harmonic components may be extracted from a random time series, using a novel signal processing method. The extracted harmonics are shown to follow a ‘Stokes-like’ model, where the higher harmonics in frequency are proportional to the n-th power of the linear inline force component and its Hilbert transform. Results show that the third harmonic component of force is fitted less well by this model, which is consistent with the literature. A key new result is that the harmonic coefficients for spread and unidirectional seas are nearly identical when fitted as powers of the linear inline force and its Hilbert transform. This finding has the potential to greatly simplify the process of generating harmonic data for new wavelength to cylinder and wavelength to depth ratios. This also implies that the size of the inline component of the ntextrm{th} harmonic for force in a directional sea relative to the same component in a unidirectional sea scales as cos ^n sigma _theta , where sigma _theta is the rms directional spreading angle of the incident wave field. Hence, higher harmonics will be of less importance in directionally spread seas than unidirectional ones. We show that the computationally fast harmonic decomposition approach taken here can reproduce the shape and magnitude of the loading from non-breaking waves waves in a wide range of realistic unidirectional and directionally spread sea-states. The proposed force model has potential as an engineering tool for computationally fast prediction of nonlinear wave loads.

Observations of pumping and vortex dynamics due to a cylinder oscillating normal to a plane wall

Understanding the fluid dynamics associated with a circular cylinder oscillating normal to a plane wall is important for safe design of offshore infrastructure, such as power cables and pipeline risers. This paper investigates the fluid dynamics of an oscillating cylinder with no imposed incident current experimentally using flow visualisation and force measurements where the ratio of the cylinder Reynolds number ( $Re$ ) to Keulegan–Carpenter number ( $KC$ ) is $\beta =500$ and $KC$ varies between 2 and 12. The minimum distance between the cylinder and wall was between 12.5 % and $50\,\%$ of the diameter. Across this parameter space three primary vortex flow regimes were observed: (i) for $KC\leq 5$ , the flow field is approximately symmetric about the cylinder centreline and the velocity field between the cylinder and the wall resembled a pumping flow in phase with cylinder motion, which is well predicted by potential theory for most of the cycle; (ii) for $5< KC<8$ , the flow field is increasingly asymmetric but with frequent switching of the side associated with vortex shedding; and (iii) for $KC\geq 8$ , the flow field is consistently asymmetric due to vortex shedding. The in-line force increases when the cylinder is near the wall due to dynamic pressures associated with pumping. This increase can be estimated using potential theory superimposed onto the force time history for an isolated cylinder at the same $KC$ and $Re$ . This study complements recent numerical modelling focused on low Reynolds number conditions and provides important insights into the fluid mechanics associated with trenching beneath cable and pipeline risers.

Efficient Calculation of Hydrodynamic Loads on Offshore Wind Substructures Including Slamming Forces

Abstract Estimation of the hydrodynamic loads based on strip theory using the Morrison equation provides an inexpensive method for load estimation for the offshore industry. The advantage of this approach is that it requires only the undisturbed wave kinematics along with inertia and viscous force coefficients. Over the recent years, the development in numerical wave tank simulations makes it possible to simulate nonlinear 3-h sea states, with computational times in the order of real time. This presents the possibility to calculate loads using wave spectrum input in numerical simulations with reasonable computational time and effort. In the current paper, the open-source fully nonlinear potential flow model REEF3D::FNPF is employed for calculating the nonlinear wave kinematics. Here, the Laplace equation for the velocity potential is solved on a σ-coordinate mesh with the nonlinear free surface boundary conditions to close the system. A technique to calculate the total acceleration on the σ-coordinate grid is introduced which makes it possible to apply strip theory in a moving grid framework. With the combination of strip theory and 3-h wave simulations, a unique possibility to estimate the hydrodynamic loads in real time for all discrete positions in space within the domain of the numerical wave tank is presented in this paper. The numerical results for inline forces on an offshore wind mono-pile substructure are compared with measurements, and the new approach shows good agreement.

Numerical study of the effect of wind above irregular waves on the wave-induced load statistics

A wind-forcing model is implemented into a fully nonlinear potential flow solver for water wave propagation. The model is suited for simulations of a large number of waves and for generation of fully nonlinear wave kinematics. The direct effect of wind is achieved through Jeffreys sheltering mechanism, which models the form drag on steep waves by a varying surface pressure. We detail the implementation and examine the effect of the model parameters, which consist of a sheltering coefficient and a threshold of the spatial slope of the wave for activation of the wind model. Next, we present the calibration and application of the model for reproduction of a test campaign for the effect of wind over waves on the wave-induced loads on a vertical surface piercing cylinder. The experimental study has been reported in ( Kristoffersen et al., 2021 ) and consisted of four storm sea states, each run with a duration equivalent to 30 h (full scale), with and without a simultaneous scaled wind field above the waves in the flume. After calibration, the numerical model is able to reproduce many of the findings from the experimental study. When wind forcing is added and the significant wave height is kept fixed, the crest statistics are slightly suppressed in the tail by the presence of wind. The wind, however, leads to a pronounced increase in the wave steepness and to a larger number of breaking waves. Despite the increased number of breaking waves, the depth integrated inline force was only found to increase slightly for the most extreme events at small exceedance probabilities. In contrast, the local force in the vicinity of the free surface was found to increase significantly, at short term exceedance probabilities up to 10 −2 , which is consistent with the measured pressures. For the numerical force profile along the vertical direction of the pile, we found that the altitude of maximum wave force is lowered with the introduction of wind. All of these findings are consistent with the experimental observations. Further for the numerical wave-induced local force at short term exceedance probability of 10 −4 , an increase by a factor of 1.8 was found from the introduction of wind. Although the effect on the global inline force was less strong, this local effect is important for design. The present numerical approach offers a direct way to establish such design loads.

Numerical modelling of green-water overtopping flow striking a pedestrian on the crest of a sloped coastal structure

Some previous research on overtopping flow striking a pedestrian on the crest of coastal structures approximated a standing pedestrian as a cylinder, which may be oversimplified, so this study investigated the hydrodynamic process of overtopping flow striking a realistic pedestrian through both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. Three postures, i.e., standing, sitting, and lying, were considered. The orientation of the human body was also varied to investigate the influence. The scaled experiments were conducted in a wave flume using a 3D-printed human model. The inline overtopping impact force on the model was collected using a force sensor. The data was used to validate a high-fidelity 3D numerical simulation using OpenFOAM. A good model-data agreement was demonstrated. For the standing posture, the inline force varies with the orientation, due to the change of total impact area. The largest inline forces for the sitting and lying postures are about three and four times greater than that for the standing posture due to increased impact area, respectively.

A novel dynamic adaptive unstructured mesh algorithm for simulating multi‐object relative motion in incompressible fluid

AbstractA novel dynamic adaptive unstructured mesh (DAUM) algorithm is proposed to solve incompressible multi‐object relative motion (MORM). The DAUM algorithm, consisting of exponential function deformation, adaptive edge swapping, and area Laplace smoothing, can greatly improve dynamic mesh robustness and perfectly overcome mesh skewness. The core of DAUM is the adaptive edge swapping inspired by Delaunay triangulation, which is distinguished from traditional edge swapping. The adaptive edge swapping can fully consider the relationship of neighbor elements only using Delaunay triangulation. Meanwhile, the implementation and reliability of adaptive edge swapping are better than the traditional edge swapping method due to eliminating the interference of the non‐convex polygon, so more code remedies can be avoided. Using the DAUM, none of the vertices is inserted or deleted so that the manipulation of the dynamic mesh is easily implemented and maintains computational efficiency in the process of mesh motion. Three representative geometries are used to assess the performance of the DAUM in MORM. To systematically analyze the advantages of DAUM, two relatively moving cylinders have been numerically investigated in incompressible flow. The inline force and lift force profiles on two cylinders are obtained and analyzed by using the flow field information. Three interaction stages are divided based on the parameter G and the interactional intensity of two inner anticlockwise vortices is considered as the division criteria. At the running process of the DAUM algorithm, the dynamic mesh quality is well controlled and remains in the high‐quality range based on the aspect ratio (AR) criterion. The results indicate that the proposed DAUM algorithm can properly solve the difficulties caused by MORM, especially for period oscillation motion.

Numerical investigation of inline wave force on a truncated vertical cylinder with different cross-sections in regular head waves

The non-linear wave amplification around a truncated vertical cylinder, the high-order horizontal wave loading from non-breaking steep waves and the associated physical process are studied numerically. Considering the high-order free-surface deformation due to high-frequency wave scattering Type-1 and Type-2, and lateral edge waves, the simulations are conducted for a stationary, surface-piercing cylinder with different cross-sections subject to the short and long waves, propagating in deep water. A numerical wave tank based on the Unsteady Navier-Stokes/VOF model is established, using OpenFOAM combined with the olaFlow toolbox for wave generation and absorption. The capabilities of the present numerical model are assessed in conjunction with the ITTC (OEC) benchmark, where the numerical results are in good agreement. Overall, the results indicate the high potential of the present numerical model for accurate modeling of nonlinear wave interaction with cylindrical columns. Variation of wavelength together with the corner ratio significantly influences the magnitude of high-order harmonic wave loading. Moreover, the numerical results indicate the important contribution of the cross-section shape on the non-linear wave field surrounding each cylinder. As the geometrical presence of corner becomes apparent from circular to the square cross-section, there is a systematic increase in the mean value, 1st, 2nd and 3rd harmonics of the inline force subject to both short and long incident waves. Furthermore, interestingly the formation of slightly developed wave scattering of Type-2 at the front of the cylinder in short waves is observed for cross-sections with corner ratios of (rc/R=0.25&0). The development of a secondary load cycle is also observed which is found to be closely related to the occurrence of wave scattering Type-2 and the lateral edge waves where the important contribution from, mean value, 3rd, and 4th harmonics of the inline force are apparent.