Inland Farms Research Articles

Power Curve Estimation With Multivariate Environmental Factors for Inland and Offshore Wind Farms

In the wind industry, a power curve refers to the functional relationship between the power output generated by a wind turbine and the wind speed at the time of power generation. Power curves are used in practice for a number of important tasks including predicting wind power production and assessing a turbine’s energy production efficiency. Nevertheless, actual wind power data indicate that the power output is affected by more than just wind speed. Several other environmental factors, such as wind direction, air density, humidity, turbulence intensity, and wind shears, have potential impact. Yet, in industry practice, as well as in the literature, current power curve models primarily consider wind speed and, sometimes, wind speed and direction. We propose an additive multivariate kernel method that can include the aforementioned environmental factors as a new power curve model. Our model provides, conditional on a given environmental condition, both the point estimation and density estimation of power output. It is able to capture the nonlinear relationships between environmental factors and the wind power output, as well as the high-order interaction effects among some of the environmental factors. Using operational data associated with four turbines in an inland wind farm and two turbines in an offshore wind farm, we demonstrate the improvement achieved by our kernel method.

양식 넙치 폐사피해 및 수산생물용 의약품 사용량 모니터링

The monitoring was performed to survey the mortalities and medications occurred in the inland aquaculture farms of olive flounder in South Korea from May to October, 2012. Both of the indirect inquiry for entire inland farms and the sample survey for selected farms were carried out. The aquatic organism disease inspectors, who have the national licenses for the diagnosis and prevention of aquatic organism diseases and have close relationship with the farms, investigated the rates and causes of mortalities according to the standard manual. The cumulative mortalities rate by the indirect inquiry on 565 farms, was calculated to 27.18%, and the mortalities rate by infectious diseases was 22.64%. Otherwise, the mortalities rate by sample survey on 60 farms was 25.50%, 19.33% of them were caused by infectious diseases. The high mortality rates were recorded by scuticociliatosis, non-infectious loss, streptococcosis, VHS, artificial eliminations, vibriosis and gliding bacterial disease. Streptococcosis and non-infectious mortality caused to serious loss in productivity and economy of the farms, because of their outbreaks in the flounder groups over 600 g. The monitoring of medications in the selected farms revealed that formalin for the treatment of external parasites, such as scuticociliates, was the most commonly used drugs in the farms. As the antibiotic medications, amoxicillin and florfenicol for streptococcosis, and oxytetracycline and neomycin expecting wide antibacterial spectrum, were frequently prescribed.

Historical Development and Future Projection of Aquaculturein the Black Sea Region

Aquaculture in the Black Sea Region is initiated in inland water with rainbow trout in 1972. Sea cage farms in the region are founded in 1990’s years purposed to grow out of rainbow trout, sea bass and sea bream. Recently sea trout and turbot are lunched to sector. Mussel, brown meagre, sturgeon and mullet species are considering as potential species. In this study, foundation and development of all fish farms in the region were evaluated and investigated historical development thoroughly. Also a future projection was made for region. Data utilized in this study are derived from records of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair and collected field study. There are 10 sea cage farms in the Black Sea Region and their trout production capacity is total 3500 tons/year and sea bass production capacity is total 750 tons/year. The number of inland farms is about 500 with 12000 tons /year overall capacity. Somewhat apart, carp is produced in 8 farms with about overall 40 tons/year. Even thought small fluctuation has been observed year by year, it is estimated that aquaculture production of Black Sea region will be reach about 29000 tons/year in 2030. Recent years, willing of new farms construction and increase of the present farms capacities with 35 years aquaculture production experience, development of aquaculture sector with environmental friendly will increase the productivity and diversity of sources of income, and additionally economic and social development in the region.

Volatile Compounds Characterizing Tunisian Chemlali and Chétoui Virgin Olive Oils

A total of 33 virgin olive oil samples of the two main Tunisian cultivars, Chemlali and Chétoui, were characterized by their volatile compounds. The olive oil samples were obtained from olives harvested at four stages of ripeness in costal and inland farms of different geographical places. Major volatiles, mostly C6 and C5 compounds produced from linolenic and linoleic acids through the lipoxygenase cascade, were quantified by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography. Mathematical procedures allowed for the determination of the volatiles that not only are able to discriminate the olive oils by their olive cultivar (hexanal, E-2-hexenal, and total ketones) and ripeness (pentanal and 1-penten-3-one) but also contribute to their distinctive aroma. Finally, an electronic nose based on metal oxide sensors was checked for a rapid and at-line implementation of Tunisian olive oil varietal traceability. The classification of the samples by the sensors was explained by their sensitivity to volatiles E-2-hexanal, hexanal, 1-penten-3-one, ethanol, and Z-3-hexenol. Multivariate procedures of discriminant analysis and principal component analysis were used in the study.

Increase in the prevalence of oxolinic acid resistant Acinetobacter spp. observed in a stream receiving the effluent from a freshwater trout farm following the treatment with oxolinic acid-medicated feed

Acinetobacter spp. were used as bacterial indicators to monitor antimicrobial resistance in a freshwater trout farm before and after treatment with oxolinic acid (OA)-medicated feed. The level of susceptibility to four antimicrobial agents was determined in 331 Acinetobacter isolates obtained by a selective procedure from a pond ( n=100), the inlet channel ( n=105), and the stream receiving the farm effluent ( n=126). Before treatment, OA resistance was detected only among isolates from the pond (40%), in which the last medication with OA was dated back to 6 months before. Following treatment, a high prevalence of OA resistance was observed among isolates from both the pond (33–53%) and the effluent recipient (21–55%). In contrast, no OA resistant strains were isolated from the inlet channel. OA resistant strains were significantly more resistant to oxytetracycline (OT) compared with OA sensitive strains ( P<0.0001, odds ratio=43.6). Furthermore, OA resistant isolates showed an increase of at least 10-fold times in the MIC values for ciprofloxacin (CIP) resistance compared with sensitive isolates. Phenotypic characterisation and PCR-based fingerprinting analysis showed lower diversity among Acinetobacter isolates from the pond and the stream receiving the farm effluent in comparison with isolates from the inlet channel. Since the two biotypes predominant in the pond and the effluent recipient included the vast majority of OA resistant isolates, the low diversity of Acinetobacter spp. observed at these sites could have been enhanced by exposure to the drug. The results of this study indicate that the use of OA in inland farms can affect the levels of antimicrobial resistance and diversity in the microflora of natural aquatic habitats situated downstream. Since the ecological consequences deriving from changes of the indigenous aquatic microflora are unknown, the careful consideration of the use of OA in aquaculture was suggested.

Estimated pollution loadings from Norwegian fish farms. I. Investigations 1978–1979

Water pollution due to the activity at four inland fish farms was studied. Concentrations of organic matter (COD, BOD 7), suspended solids and nutrients increased when water passed through the fish tanks and ponds. The loadings per unit fish biomass varied considerably, mainly as a result of different operational conditions with regard to fish size, feeding routine, water flow and cleaning procedure. The single farm represented a loading corre-sponding to 30–1260 population equivalents.

Colorado Beetle in England during the War

THAT the freedom of the potato crop in England from the ravages of the Colorado beetle during the War was due not to good fortune but to the vigilance of the Ministry of Agriculture is evident from an article (Agriculture, 52, p. 210) describing the infestations that have occurred in various parts of the country in recent years. Since the outbreak at Tilbury in 1933 (which was only the second recorded in Great Britain) a close watch had been kept on potato crops, particularly in coastal areas. During 1936–39 a few beetles were reported in soils along the south-east coast and on ships in port, and, when military traffic across the Channel started, the precautionary measures were intensified. In 1941, however, beetles were discovered at six separate localities in the west of England, three of them being on inland farms in Devonshire. The special methods adopted for exterminating the pest were increased publicity and inspection, precautionary spraying of crops within a five-mile radius of an outbreak, and the restriction of potato growing to fields which had carried the same crop in the previous year. Approximately 30,000 acres of potatoes were inspected, beetles being discovered at five localities in the south-west counties in 1942. One further outbreak occurred in Wiltshire in the following year, and since then no infestations have been reported, though a few beetles were discovered on vessels and aeroplanes of cross-Channel services. The pest has evidently not yet established itself in Great Britain; but growers are asked to keep a constant watch and notify the Ministry at once of any circumstances which arouse suspicion that the beetle may be present. Unauthorized spraying is strongly discouraged as it may cause the beetles to spread.