Ink Flow Rate Research Articles

A diffusive ink transport model for lipid dip-pen nanolithography.

Despite diverse applications, phospholipid membrane stacks generated by dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) still lack a thorough and systematic characterization that elucidates the whole ink transport process from writing to surface spreading, with the aim of better controlling the resulting feature size and resolution. We report a quantitative analysis and modeling of the dependence of lipid DPN features (area, height and volume) on dwell time and relative humidity. The ink flow rate increases with humidity in agreement with meniscus size growth, determining the overall feature size. The observed time dependence indicates the existence of a balance between surface spreading and the ink flow rate that promotes differences in concentration at the meniscus/substrate interface. Feature shape is controlled by the substrate surface energy. The results are analyzed within a modified model for the ink transport of diffusive inks. At any humidity the dependence of the area spread on the dwell time shows two diffusion regimes: at short dwell times growth is controlled by meniscus diffusion while at long dwell times surface diffusion governs the process. The critical point for the switch of regime depends on the humidity.

Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid flow in hydrocephalic mouse models of primary ciliary dyskinesia (1125.1)

Patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) suffer from a variety of disorders that include chronic sinusitis, otitis media, infertility, situs inversus, and hydrocephalus. We have shown that two mouse models of PCD, nm1054 and bgh, have hydrocephalus characterized by dilatation of the lateral ventricles. These models also have male infertility and sinus abnormalities that result from a decrease in respiratory ciliary beat frequency. We therefore hypothesize that the hydrocephalus results from dysfunction of ependymal cilia that prevents proper cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. To investigate CSF flow in vivo, we injected India ink into the lateral ventricles of live mice and histologically demonstrated that ink migrated through the ventricular system of wild type mice but failed to progress past the cerebral aqueduct of either mutant. To validate that this defect was directly due to ciliary dysfunction, we used an ex vivo method to measure ink flow rate over the ependymal cells on dissected ventricular walls. This method demonstrated a decreased flow rate and altered directional flow in the mutant brains, confirming that ependymal ciliary function is required for proper CSF flow.Grant Funding Source: Supported by the NIH NIGMS (1P20GM103620‐01A1) and an NSF REU (1262744)

노즐 인쇄기법을 이용한 유기 잉크 용액 공정 연구

Nozzle printing technology has been usually used for adhesive patterning to encapsulate electronic devices. Film formation of functional materials by nozzle printing is a great challenge. The characteristics of nozzle printing of organic ink were investigated systematically in this paper. TAPC as an organic emitting material was used as an ink for nozzle printing experiment to form the patterns in this study. Printed pattern width was increased as the ink flow rate and the printed substrate temperature were increased. The patterns showed a coffee-ring shape.

A surface diffusion model for Dip Pen Nanolithography line writing

Dip Pen Nanolithography is a direct write process that creates nanoscale dots and lines. Models typically predict dot and line size via assumption of constant ink flow rate from tip to substrate. This is appropriate for dot writing. It is however well-known, though models rarely reflect, that the ink flow rate depends upon writing speed during line writing. Herein, we explain the physical phenomenon that governs line writing and use this to model tip-substrate diffusion in line writing. We accurately predict (i) the increase in flow rate with writing speed and (ii) line width within 12.5%.

Modeling and simulation of separation process in flotation system

In order to design a flotation circuit to remove ink and contaminants from slushed old corrugated container (OCC) pulp suspension, a model based on mass balance was developed. The model is a five fractional model, which handles mass flow rate of ink, fiber, fines, filler and dichloromethane (DCM) extractives. A detailed method of calculating the deinking selectivity of a material from experimental data, described in terms of reject ratio, is presented. Three flotation deinking systems were simulated. In a single stage flotation system, increasing the number of flotation cells improved cleanness of the accept pulp suspension while it decreased yield at the same time. Yield can be increased by adding a second stage and by introducing the accept flow of the second stage into the feed flow of the first stage. However, the cleanness of the accept pulp was deteriorated. It was shown that yield can be increased without compensating the cleanness of the accept pulp by utilizing the accept pulp from the second stage for another paper machine line instead of sending back to the feed flow of the first stage.

전기-수력학 프린팅을 이용한 세라믹 미세입자 패턴에 관한 연구

The generation of fme relics of inorganic and metallic materials from precursor suspensions is of significant current interest as it holds the key to the fabrication of display and printed circuit board. Some novel printing methods depositing ceramic particles have been suggested in recent years. When a conducting liquid is supplied to a capillary nozzle at a low flow rate and when the interface between air and the liquid is charged to a sufficiently high electrical potential, the liquid meniscus takes the form of a stable cone, whose apex emits a microscopic jet. This is called as a cone-jet mode. In our experiments, an alumina particles flowing through a nozzle were subjected to electro-hydrodynamic printing in the cone-jet mode. The pattern of ' YONSEI' characters was tested at 10 ㎕min of alumina ink flow rate and different applied voltages. At an applied voltage of 6 kV feature size was in the range of 250 ㎛.

Study of solar cell fabrication using an electrostatic thick-film printing method

A novel thick-film circuit printing technique which is based on the electrostatic principle known as noncontact electrostatic thick-film printing was developed for the metallization of edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) solar cells. The conventional thick-film solar cell inks were modified by adding 10-20% terpineol solvent. The effects of ink viscosity, applied voltages, nozzle diameter, and nozzle-to-substrate distance on line definition and ink-flow rate were investigated. A simple theoretical model was derived for the electrostatic ink ejection. The minimum line width obtained was 3 mm. Multilayer printing was able to be used to raise the line film thickness. The maximum line width obtained was about 20-30 mm for a single run. The system is now completely computercontrolled and capable of printing films onto solar cell substrates reliably, with a high degree of accuracy. Multiple-layer prints can be made with food layer-to-layer registration.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>