Injury Prevention Research Research Articles

Association Between Previous Injury and Risk Factors for Future Injury in Preprofessional Ballet and Contemporary Dancers.

To determine the prevalence of self-reported 1-year injury history and examine its association with preparticipation evaluation components aimed at predicting future injury risk (PPE-IP) among preprofessional ballet and contemporary dancers. Cross-sectional study. Preprofessional ballet school, university contemporary dance program. Full-time preprofessional ballet and contemporary dancers. Preparticipation evaluation consisted of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28, body mass index, total bone mineral density, ankle range of motion, active standing turnout, lumbopelvic control, unipedal dynamic balance, and Y-Balance test. Self-reported 1-year history of dance-related medical attention and/or time-loss injury. A total of 155 ballet [n = 90, 80 females, median age 15 years (range 11-19)] and contemporary [n = 65, 63 females, median age 20 years (range 17-30)] dancers participated. Forty-six percent (95% confidence interval (CI), 38.4-54.6) reported a 1-year injury history. Self-reported injury history was not associated with any PPE-IP, however, an influence of age and psychological coping skills on the relationship between 1-year injury history and PPE-IP was identified. Multivariable analyses revealed that prevalence of 1-year injury history did not differ by age [referent group <15 years; 15-18 years: odds ratio (OR) 0.80 (95% CI, 0.35-1.79); >18 years: OR 0.69 (95% CI, 0.30-1.56)], or level of psychological coping skills [OR 1.35 (95% CI, 0.61-2.94)]. The prevalence of self-reported 1-year injury history among preprofessional ballet and contemporary dancers is high. Although measures of PPE-IP did not differ based on injury history, it is important that age and psychological coping skills are considered in future dance injury prevention and prediction research. Level 3 evidence.

Safe Kids Week: Analysis of gender bias in a national child safety campaign, 1997–2016

Background and Purpose Child safety campaigns play an important role in disseminating injury prevention information to families. A critical discourse analysis of gender bias in child safety campaign marketing materials...

The Canadian Atlas of Child and Youth Injury: Mobilizing Injury Surveillance Data to Launch a National Knowledge Translation Tool.

Child and youth injury prevention research in Canada has lagged behind other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development nations, despite existing surveillance systems and longitudinal data. A critical need to improve access to the available data, as well as need to tailor its display and interpretation, was identified by injury prevention stakeholders involved in research, policy, and practice. The Canadian Atlas of Child and Youth Injury Prevention (“the Atlas”) was developed to address this need. Following a series of iterative consultation meetings and a pilot testing session, the Atlas was scaled up with national data. Two testing sessions were held to evaluate the tools. The Atlas is comprised of three main components: data, indicators, and visualizations. The accessibility of the dashboard is enhanced by customization of data visualizations and data outputs to suit the user’s needs. Overall feedback indicated that the tools were easy to use, and that the interface was intuitive and visually appealing. The Canadian Atlas of Child and Youth Injury Prevention provides readily accessible information to injury prevention practitioners, policy makers and researchers, helping to chart pathways to success in improving the child and youth injury prevention system in Canada.

Pediatric Firearm-Related Injuries in the United States.

Pediatric firearm-related deaths and injuries are a national public health crisis. In this Special Review Article, we characterize the epidemiology of firearm-related injuries in the United States and discuss public health programs, the role of pediatricians, and legislative efforts to address this health crisis. Firearm-related injuries are leading causes of unintentional injury deaths in children and adolescents. Children are more likely to be victims of unintentional injuries, the majority of which occur in the home, and adolescents are more likely to suffer from intentional injuries due to either assault or suicide attempts. Guns are present in 18% to 64% of US households, with significant variability by geographic region. Almost 40% of parents erroneously believe their children are unaware of the storage location of household guns, and 22% of parents wrongly believe that their children have never handled household guns. Public health interventions to increase firearm safety have demonstrated varying results, but the most effective programs have provided free gun safety devices to families. Pediatricians should continue working to reduce gun violence by asking patients and their families about firearm access, encouraging safe storage, and supporting firearm-related injury prevention research. Pediatricians should also play a role in educating trainees about gun violence. From a legislative perspective, universal background checks have been shown to decrease firearm homicides across all ages, and child safety laws have been shown to decrease unintentional firearm deaths and suicide deaths in youth. A collective, data-driven public health approach is crucial to halt the epidemic of pediatric firearm-related injury.

Survey of American College of Surgeons Committee on trauma members on firearm injury: Consensus and opportunities.

In the United States, there is a perceived divide regarding the benefits and risks of firearm ownership. The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma Injury Prevention and Control Committee designed a survey to evaluate Committee on Trauma (COT) member attitudes about firearm ownership, freedom, responsibility, physician-patient freedom and policy, with the objective of using survey results to inform firearm injury prevention policy development. A 32-question survey was sent to 254 current U.S. COT members by email using Qualtrics. SPSS was used for χ exact tests and nonparametric tests, with statistical significance being less than 0.05. Our response rate was 93%, 43% of COT members have firearm(s) in their home, 88% believe that the American College of Surgeons should give the highest or a high priority to reducing firearm-related injuries, 86% believe health care professionals should be allowed to counsel patients on firearms safety, 94% support federal funding for firearms injury prevention research. The COT participants were asked to provide their opinion on the American College of Surgeons initiating advocacy efforts and there was 90% or greater agreement on 7 of 15 and 80% or greater on 10 of 15 initiatives. The COT surgeons agree on: (1) the importance of formally addressing firearm injury prevention, (2) allowing federal funds to support research on firearms injury prevention, (3) retaining the ability of health care professionals to counsel patients on firearms-related injury prevention, and (4) the majority of policy initiatives targeted to reduce interpersonal violence and firearm injury. It is incumbent on trauma and injury prevention organizations to leverage these consensus-based results to initiate prevention, advocacy, and other efforts to decrease firearms injury and death. Prognostic/epidemiologic study, level I; therapeutic care, level II.

The translation of sports injury prevention and safety promotion knowledge: insights from key intermediary organisations

BackgroundA recognised research-to-practice gap exists in the health research field of sports injury prevention and safety promotion. There is a need for improved insight into increasing the relevancy, accessibility and legitimacy of injury prevention and safety promotion research knowledge for sport settings. The role of key organisations as intermediaries in the process of health knowledge translation for sports settings remains under-explored, and this paper aims to determine, and describe, the processes of knowledge translation undertaken by a set of key organisations in developing and distributing injury prevention and safety promotion resources.MethodsThe National Guidance for Australian Football Partnerships and Safety (NoGAPS) project provided the context for this study. Representatives from five key NoGAPS organisations participated in individual face-to-face interviews about organisational processes of knowledge translation. A qualitative descriptive methodology was used to analyse participants’ descriptions of knowledge translation activities undertaken at their respective organisations.ResultsSeveral themes emerged around health knowledge translation processes and considerations, including (1) identifying a need for knowledge translation, (2) developing and disseminating resources, and (3) barriers and enablers to knowledge translation.ConclusionsThis study provides insight into the processes that key organisations employ when developing and disseminating injury prevention and safety promotion resources within sport settings. The relevancy, accessibility and legitimacy of health research knowledge is foregrounded, with a view to increasing the influence of research on the development of health-related resources suitable for community sport settings.

FIRST STEPS TOWARDS PREVENTION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES IN SPEED SKATING

BackgroundMusculoskeletal injuries are commonly seen by medical staff of speed skating teams, but lack of injury registration underreports the incidence and prevalence of these injuries. Systematic injury prevention research in...

THE TRANSLATION OF SPORTS INJURY PREVENTION AND SAFETY PROMOTION KNOWLEDGE: INSIGHTS FROM KEY ORGANISATIONS

BackgroundA recognised research-to-practice gap exists in the field of sports injury prevention and safety promotion. The role of key organisations in increasing the relevancy, accessibility, and legitimacy of injury prevention...

THE INFLUENCE OF PREVIOUS INJURY HISTORY ON HEALTH AND FITNESS OUTCOMES IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

BackgroundChildren and youth who sustain a sport and recreational (S&R) injury may be at greater risk of attributing long-term unhealthy body composition and low physical fitness.ObjectiveTo assess the potential influence...

Ayub Khan Ommaya (1930-2008): Legacy and Contributions to Neurosurgery.

Ayub Khan Ommaya (1930-2008) was a pioneering neurosurgeon of Pakistani origin who is widely known for inventing the Ommaya reservoir, a ventricular catheter with a mushroom-shaped dome for administration of intraventricular therapies. As a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford, Ommaya developed an early interest in studying traumatic brain injury. Over the course of his career, Ommaya employed subhuman primate models to better understand mechanisms underlying human cerebral concussion. His work on traumatic brain injury led to the creation of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, a center for injury prevention research at the Center for Disease Control. This historical paper visits Ommaya's life story and recounts his key contributions to neurosurgery.

A Consensus-Driven Agenda for Emergency Medicine Firearm Injury Prevention Research

To identify critical emergency medicine-focused firearm injury research questions and develop an evidence-based research agenda. National content experts were recruited to a technical advisory group for the American College of Emergency Physicians Research Committee. Nominal group technique was used to identify research questions by consensus. The technical advisory group decided to focus on 5 widely accepted categorizations of firearm injury. Subgroups conducted literature reviews on each topic and developed preliminary lists of emergency medicine-relevant research questions. In-person meetings and conference calls were held to iteratively refine the extensive list of research questions, following nominal group technique guidelines. Feedback from external stakeholders was reviewed and integrated. Fifty-nine final emergency medicine-relevant research questions were identified, including questions that cut across all firearm injury topics and questions specific to self-directed violence (suicide and attempted suicide), intimate partner violence, peer (nonpartner) violence, mass violence, and unintentional ("accidental") injury. Some questions could be addressed through research conducted in emergency departments; others would require work in other settings. The technical advisory group identified key emergency medicine-relevant firearm injury research questions. Emergency medicine-specific data are limited for most of these questions. Funders and researchers should consider increasing their attention to firearm injury prevention and control, particularly to the questions identified here and in other recently developed research agendas.

Drugs, guns and cars: how far we have come to improve safety in the United States; yet we still have far to go.

Significant breakthroughs in the field of injury prevention and childhood safety have occurred during the past half-century. For example, the Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 and the institution of child passenger safety laws are responsible for a significant reduction in injuries among children and adolescents. This review will focus on the following three topics because of their significant contribution to pediatric injury morbidity, especially among adolescents, and their promise for further effective prevention research. Opioid overdoses by adolescents and young adults are increasing; however, the use of naloxone by bystanders represents a life-saving development in opioid overdose prevention that deserves further investigation. Youth firearm injury remains a major cause of death and disability in adolescents. Despite a lack of robust injury prevention research on the topic, the development of novel approaches to access and examine firearm injury data is leading to exploration of public health approaches to reduce these injuries. Finally, despite legislative and educational efforts surrounding child passenger safety and graduated driver license laws, motor vehicle crashes are still a leading cause of injury for both children and adolescents; however, research on these laws holds the opportunity for significant reduction in injuries. Focused efforts to reduce unintentional injuries from opiate overdoses, firearms and motor vehicle crashes may produce a breakthrough in the field of injury prevention similar to that of the Poison Prevention Packaging Act.

Clinical and biomechanical perspectives on pressure injury prevention research: The case of prophylactic dressings

In this perspective paper, we discuss clinical and biomechanical viewpoints on pressure injury (or pressure ulcer) prevention research. We have selected to focus on the case of prophylactic dressings for pressure injury prevention, and the background of the historical context of pressure injury research, as an exemplar to illuminate some of the good and not so good in current biomechanical and clinical research in the wound prevention and care arena. Investigators who are conducting medical or clinical research in academia, in medical settings or in industry to determine the efficacy of wound prevention and care products could benefit from applying some basic principles that are detailed in this paper, and that should leverage the research outcomes, thereby contributing to setting higher standards in the field.

Scientific evidence is just the starting point: A generalizable process for developing sports injury prevention interventions

BackgroundThe 2 most cited sports injury prevention research frameworks incorporate intervention development, yet little guidance is available in the sports science literature on how to undertake this complex process. This paper presents a generalizable process for developing implementable sports injury prevention interventions, including a case study applying the process to develop a lower limb injury prevention exercise training program (FootyFirst) for community Australian football. MethodsThe intervention development process is underpinned by 2 complementary premises: (1) that evidence-based practice integrates the best available scientific evidence with practitioner expertise and end user values and (2) that research evidence alone is insufficient to develop implementable interventions. ResultsThe generalizable 6-step intervention development process involves (1) compiling research evidence, clinical experience, and knowledge of the implementation context; (2) consulting with experts; (3) engaging with end users; (4) testing the intervention; (5) using theory; and (6) obtaining feedback from early implementers. Following each step, intervention content and presentation should be revised to ensure that the final intervention includes evidence-informed content that is likely to be adopted, properly implemented, and sustained over time by the targeted intervention deliverers. For FootyFirst, this process involved establishing a multidisciplinary intervention development group, conducting 2 targeted literature reviews, undertaking an online expert consensus process, conducting focus groups with program end users, testing the program multiple times in different contexts, and obtaining feedback from early implementers of the program. ConclusionThis systematic yet pragmatic and iterative intervention development process is potentially applicable to any injury prevention topic across all sports settings and levels. It will guide researchers wishing to undertake intervention development.

Adequate Funding for Injury Prevention Research Is the Next Critical Step to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality From Firearm Injuries.

Firearms are responsible for more than 33,000 deaths and 84,000 injuries every year.(1) The U.S. firearm fatality rate is the highest among all industrialized nations, with recent research demonstrating that Americans are ten times more likely to die from a firearm-related cause than residents of 22 other similar high-income countries.(2) In fact, over 80% of all firearm-related deaths due to homicides, suicides, and unintentional firearm injuries that occur in industrialized nations happen in the U.S. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Language: en

Factors Associated With Helmet Use and Risk-Taking in Skiing and Snowboarding

INTRODUCTION: Over the past decade, helmet use in recreational skiing and snowboarding has increased dramatically, while injury rates have remained stable or increased. There has been ongoing discussion regarding the concept of risk compensation as an explanation for this trend. Risk compensation is the theory that people will adjust behavior based on a perceived level of risk, thus behaving less cautiously when they feel protected. Recent studies suggest that increased skier and snowboarder risk-taking is not associated with helmet use, but is associated with other factors, including age, skill, sex, and risk-taking proclivity. PURPOSE: This study sought to characterize factors associated with risk-taking behavior among recreational skiers and snowboarders. METHODS: This study was a prospective cross sectional survey of skiers and snowboarders at a large western United States mountain resort. Individuals responded to survey questions regarding attitudes and practices surrounding helmet use, the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS) as a measure of risk taking behavior, and self-reported risk compensation. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression (MLR) and logistic regression (LR). RESULTS: Of the respondents (N = 1,267), 17.7%, 13.1%, and 69.2% reported that they wore a helmet never, sometimes, and always, respectively. The MLR analysis showed that, after adjusting for common demographic variables, individuals reporting to sometimes wear a helmet had significantly higher BSSS scores than those reporting to never wear a helmet (p = 0.010). It was also found that male sex, younger age, snowboarding, and higher perceived sport ability level were significantly associated with higher BSSS scores (p < 0.05). The LR analysis indicated that the odds of taking more risks when wearing a helmet for inconsistent helmet users was 1.57 times higher than the odds for those who reported to always wear a helmet. CONCLUSION: Individuals who inconsistently wear a helmet have characteristics of risk taking behavior and risk compensation more than those who always wear a helmet or never wear a helmet. Male sex, younger age, snowboarding, and higher perceived sport ability are also important determinants in risk taking behavior. These results will inform future injury prevention research in these high risk sports.

Shedding Light on the Etiology of Sports Injuries: A Look Behind the Scenes of Time-to-Event Analyses

The etiological mechanism underpinning any sports-related injury is complex and multifactorial. Frequently, athletes perceive "excessive training" as the principal factor in their injury, an observation that is biologically plausible yet somewhat ambiguous. If the applied training load is suddenly increased, this may increase the risk for sports injury development, irrespective of the absolute amount of training. Indeed, little to no rigorous scientific evidence exists to support the hypothesis that fluctuations in training load, compared to absolute training load, are more important in explaining sports injury development. One reason for this could be that prospective data from scientific studies should be analyzed in a different manner. Time-to-event analysis is a useful statistical tool in which to analyze the influence of changing exposures on injury risk. However, the potential of time-to-event analysis remains insufficiently exploited in sports injury research. Therefore, the purpose of the present article was to present and discuss measures of association used in time-to-event analyses and to present the advanced concept of time-varying exposures and outcomes. In the paper, different measures of association, such as cumulative relative risk, cumulative risk difference, and the classical hazard rate ratio, are presented in a nontechnical manner, and suggestions for interpretation of study results are provided. To summarize, time-to-event analysis complements the statistical arsenal of sports injury prevention researchers, because it enables them to analyze the complex and highly dynamic reality of injury etiology, injury recurrence, and time to recovery across a range of sporting contexts.

Building the Conversation for Hospital-Based Injury Prevention Program Capacity

Emergency departments are significant providers of health care services in the United States, with more than 131 million total ED visits occurring in 2011; of those visits, injury was one of the top 5 reasons for an ED visit. 1 Weiss AJ Wier LM Stocks C Blanchard J Overview of emergency department visits in the United States, 2011. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb174-Emergency-Department-Visits-Overview.jsp Google Scholar Injury and violence prevention continue to garner recognition and support in the health care arena as a method for reducing morbidity and mortality. Both the American College of Emergency Physicians and ENA recognize the role of emergency departments in integrating injury prevention with clinical practice. 2 American College of Emergency Physicians Role of the emergency physician in injury prevention and control for adult and pediatric patients. https://www.acep.org/Clinical---Practice-Management/Role-of-the-Emergency-Physician-in-Injury-Prevention-and-Control-for-Adult-and-Pediatric-Patients/ Google Scholar , 3 Emergency Nurses Association Injury prevention: position statement. https://www.ena.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Position%20Statements/IPPositionStatement.pdf Google Scholar In a statewide survey of emergency departments within Pennsylvania, 90% reported conducting at least one injury prevention activity. 4 Garrettson M Weiss HB McDonald EM Degutis L A survey of ED injury prevention activities. J Emerg Nurs. 2008; 34: 61-68 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar Emergency nurses overwhelming support injury prevention as a major role in their professional practice. 4 Garrettson M Weiss HB McDonald EM Degutis L A survey of ED injury prevention activities. J Emerg Nurs. 2008; 34: 61-68 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar Although emergency nurses and their colleagues are committed to injury prevention, 76% of ED personnel indicated that they were not satisfied with the injury prevention efforts in their emergency departments. 4 Garrettson M Weiss HB McDonald EM Degutis L A survey of ED injury prevention activities. J Emerg Nurs. 2008; 34: 61-68 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar Courtney Edwards is Trauma Outreach Education, Injury Prevention, and Clinical Research Manager, Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX. Shelli Stephens-Stidham is Director of Injury Prevention, Injury Prevention Center of Greater Dallas, Dallas, TX. MaryAnn Contreras is Injury Prevention/Trauma Outreach Coordinator, JPS Health Network, Fort Worth, TX. Stewart Williams is Injury Prevention Manager, Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas, Austin, TX.

Epidemiology of injury in male Irish secondary school adolescents in one academic year

BACKGROUND:Establishing the incidence of injury is the first step in initiating injury prevention strategies. There is a lack of research on injury in Irish adolescents and this study paves the way for further injury prevention research, by implementing a prospective cohort study. PURPOSE:To establish the epidemiology of injury in male adolescents in Irish secondary schools in one academic year. METHODS:452 male 4th and 5th year adolescents (aged 15.62±0.70 years) took part in a prospective epidemiology study for one academic year. Any injury sustained during training or competition resulting in restricted performance or time lost from play was assessed weekly by an athletic rehabilitation therapist. An injury report form was completed to ensure standardisation of the injury description. RESULTS:5.16 injuries per 1,000 hours were noted, with 35.6% at risk of injury and 27.9% of injured participants at risk of sustaining another injury that school year. Competition injuries (16.91 injuries per 1,000 hours) were more common than training injuries (2.63 injuries per 1,000 hours). Lower limb injuries predominated (73.1%) with knee (17.9%), ankle (13.5%) and hamstring (11.7%) injuries most common. Strains (29.4%), sprains (20.8%), fatigue-induced muscle disorder (14.5%) and contusions (13.1%) were frequent. Injuries were primarily minor (0–7 days) (41.6%), followed by severe (>22 days) (39.7%) and moderate (8–21 days) (18.7%). CONCLUSION:Injuries are common in adolescents in Irish secondary schools and the development and implementation of injury prevention strategies are required.

Towards an understanding of the full spectrum of travel-related injuries among older people

Abstract The development of a traffic system that is age-attuned needs to take account of both mobility and safety issues, in particular in terms of interventions which lead to a change in the relative proportion of modes of transport utilized, as has been postulated for the impact of medical screening of older drivers. Statistics for travel-related injury have been dominated by impacts between motorized vehicles and either other motorized vehicles or unprotected road users to the point of neglecting other significant forms of traffic-related injury. This review of research in two emerging areas of concern – non-collision injuries in public transport and single pedestrian accidents – confirms that both of these causes of death and injury in traffic require further research and monitoring in traffic injury prevention. Although the research base is slender, the data is consistently suggestive of significant need for both concern and further research, and to ensure that the factors underlying these accidents are addressed so as to enhance preserved safe mobility for older Europeans.