Approach To Injury Prevention Research Articles

Applying a Holistic Injury Prevention Approach to Elite Triathletes.

(1) Background: Studies on injury prevention programs are lacking for triathletes. The aim of the present study was to describe the results of a holistic (injury) training prevention program (HITP), based on training load control and strength training, in elite triathletes. (2) Methods: The study was conducted over 2021-2023 and involved 18 males and 10 females from the same training group. The HITP itself included various methods of fatigue monitoring, strength training focused on the prevention of overuse injuries (OIs), cycling skills training, and recovery strategies. The total number and type of injuries that were sustained, subsequent training/competition absence time, and injury incidence were determined. (3) Results: Twenty-four injuries were recorded over all three seasons, i.e., 0.65 injuries per 1000 h of training and competition exposure. Fourteen injuries were traumatic injuries (TIs) and ten were OIs. Of the OIs, four were of minimal severity, two were mild, three were moderate, and one was severe (accounting for 1-3, 4-7, 8-28, and >28 days of training absenteeism, respectively). A total of 46.4% of the participants did not present any type of injury and 71,4% did not incur any OIs. Average absenteeism was 17.3 days per injury. (4) Conclusions: The HITP design and implementation resulted in low OI and severe injury incidence. Due to their unpredictable nature, the number of TIs was not reduced. The TIs were suffered more frequently by men. Women are more likely to suffer from OIs, so it is particularly important to prevent OIs in women.

Motivation Unraveled: Giving Choice to Football Players to Improve Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention.

Benjaminse, A, Nijmeijer, EM, Gokeler, A, Broekhaar, DC, and Cortes, N. Motivation unraveled: giving choice to football players to improve anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Providing athletes some control over a training session facilitates motor skill acquisition. This is a promising concept to use in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention, as the key for risk reduction is to improve quality of movement. The goal of this study was to better understand why improved motor learning occurred when football players had the opportunity to choose when to receive feedback when practicing sidestep cutting (SSC) movements. Healthy male recreational football players (n = 22, 22.9 ± 1.7 years, 185.5 ± 7.2 cm, 79.3 ± 9.2 kg) were included and assigned to the self-control (SC) or the yoked (YK) group. The players performed anticipated and unanticipated SSC. They received video instructions and were instructed to "copy the movement of the model to the best of their ability." During the training blocks, the SC group could ask for feedback, whereas the YK group could not. Cutting movement assessment scores (CMAS) were measured to test quality of movement and the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory was administered to measure constructs of motivation. In the anticipated condition, SC group showed better scores in immediate post and the retention test compared with pretest (p < 0.001), whereas the YK group showed worse scores in the retention test compared with immediate posttest (p = 0.001). Perceived competence (p = 0.017) and self-efficacy (p = 0.032) were consistent factors that correlated with improved CMAS in the SC group. This has given us innovative insights into underlying mechanisms optimizing the quality of movement, necessary to improve current ACL injury prevention approaches.

Health Science Approaches for Fall and Injury Prevention

According to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) Injury Program operated by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, falls represent the number one cause of nonfatal injuries, increasing overtime from 2017-2021 (31.89%)1. Indeed, falls and fall-related injuries appear to be a growing concern, especially for an aging population and those with disabilities (e.g., mobility deficits, visual impairments). One challenge is that falls are multi-faceted, with the likelihood of a fall depending on various factors (e.g., visual, hearing, and muscular strength deficits) that affect balance and increase in prevalence with age. The projected number of individuals aged 40 and above with blindness or low vision will double between 2015 and 2050. Additionally, approximately 27.8% of adults 71 years and older have vision impairment, with 10% having contrast sensitivity impairment2. For those 85 years and older, contrast sensitivity worsens to 22.6%, which affects one’s ability to perceive sharp and clear outcomes of objects. Indeed, low vision negatively impacts one’s ability to do everyday activities, and challenges in identifying key objects compound the risk of falls3-5. Unfortunately, fall risk for individuals with visual impairment is as much as two to three times more than those without visual impairment6, with falls resulting in injury, decreased mobility, and loss of independence7. Given the preventative lenses of the health science field, future research should leverage preventative approaches to reduce fall risks and related injuries.

Team USA injury and illness incidence at the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the injury and illness incidence from Team USA athletes from the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games and assess any sex-based...

Evaluating the Risk of Injury for Aircraft Attendants using Virtual Reality and Advanced Motion Tracking System Integrated with Ergonomics Analysis

Aircraft attendants are at a high risk of occupational injuries and illnesses, leading to substantial compensation costs and staff shortages in the aviation industry. To address this issue, this study introduces an innovative virtual reality technique and advanced motion tracking system integrated with ergonomics tools to effectively evaluate the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among aircraft attendants during their routine tasks. The study involved twenty-two participants who performed two common tasks: opening/closing the passenger door,and lifting luggage from the floor and placing it into the overhead compartment. The inappropriate postures were identified, which resulted in excessive strain on the participants’ lower back. By analyzing the impact of biomechanical variables, such as object weight, body height, and trunk motion, on the lower back, the study provides valuable insights that can inform the development of safety training programs and real-time monitoring approaches for injury prevention. Additionally, this innovative technology can be applied to other occupational fields.

Effects of the FIFA 11+ and a modified warm-up programme on injury prevention and performance improvement among youth male football players.

The effects of the FIFA11+ programme (the 11+) on ankle and groin injuries and performance have remained questionable. The latter, particularly, has potentially reduced the implementation rate and applicability of the programme. This study aimed to evaluate the mid-to-long-term effects of the 11+ and a modified programme including football-specific exercises on injury prevention and performance improvement. Three teams of the Iranian Youth League (division two) volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly assigned to two intervention groups (F11+; n = 29, M11+; n = 31) and a control group (n = 30). The F11+ followed the FIFA 11+ programme, whereas the M11+ performed modified exercises three times weekly as a warm-up protocol before training and competition through a football season. The control group carried out its routine warm-ups, including joggings, basic football drills, and static stretches, while having no injury prevention approaches. Lower extremity injuries, as well as exposure time for each player, were recorded. The football-specific performance was assessed using the Illinois Agility and Slalom Dribbling tests. ANOVA, Fisher Freeman Halton, and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. Injury incidences differed significantly between groups (p = 0.02, C = 0.40), with M11+ reporting the lowest incidence. Significant differences between the pre- and posttest as well as differences between the groups for development over time were revealed for the Illinois agility and dribbling speed (p≤0.01). Both performance tests demonstrated a large time effect, as the effect sizes for time in agility and dribbling speed were 0.74 (CI = [0.66; 0.79]) and 0.86 (CI = [0.79; 0.87]), respectively. The effect size for the interaction can be categorized as medium, with 0.38 (CI = [0.25; 0.49]) for agility and 0.52 (CI = [0.40; 0.61]) for dribbling speed. M11+ showed the largest improvement in both. Mid-to-long-term application of a structured dynamic warm-up that integrates injury prevention and performance approaches may lower injury incidences and improve youth subelite players' performance. Although additional studies with larger samples are needed to prove the results of the current study, the amateur clubs/teams could integrate such twofold dynamic warm up into their routine training plan and benefit its advantages on injury prevention and performance improvement.

World Federation of Athletic Training and Therapy World Congress 2022 Peer-Reviewed Track Abstracts, May 5–7, 2022, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

World Federation of Athletic Training and Therapy World Congress 2022 Peer-Reviewed Track Abstracts, May 5–7, 2022, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Myths and Misconceptions of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation: Getting Past the Noise and on to the Signal.

In the pursuit of science, competitive ideas and debate are necessary means to attain knowledge and expose our ignorance. To quote Murray Gell-Mann (1969 Nobel Prize laureate in Physics): “Scientific orthodoxy kills truth”. In mechanical ventilation, the goal is to provide the best approach to support patients with respiratory failure until the underlying disease resolves, while minimizing iatrogenic damage. This compromise characterizes the philosophy behind the concept of “lung protective” ventilation. Unfortunately, inadequacies of the current conceptual model–that focuses exclusively on a nominal value of low tidal volume and promotes shrinking of the “baby lung” - is reflected in the high mortality rate of patients with moderate and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. These data call for exploration and investigation of competitive models evaluated thoroughly through a scientific process. Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV) is one of the most studied yet controversial modes of mechanical ventilation that shows promise in experimental and clinical data. Over the last 3 decades APRV has evolved from a rescue strategy to a preemptive lung injury prevention approach with potential to stabilize the lung and restore alveolar homogeneity. However, several obstacles have so far impeded the evaluation of APRV’s clinical efficacy in large, randomized trials. For instance, there is no universally accepted standardized method of setting APRV and thus, it is not established whether its effects on clinical outcomes are due to the ventilator mode per se or the method applied. In addition, one distinctive issue that hinders proper scientific evaluation of APRV is the ubiquitous presence of myths and misconceptions repeatedly presented in the literature. In this review we discuss some of these misleading notions and present data to advance scientific discourse around the uses and misuses of APRV in the current literature.

Comparing the Electrical Activity of Selected Ankle Muscles in Athletes During Landing from Different Heights

Background and Aims Ankle injuries are one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in atheletes. Proper landing after jumping leads to the preparation for the next skill as well as prevention of various ankle injuries. This study aims to compare the electrical activity of selected ankle muscles in athletes duirng landing from different heights. Methods This is a comparative study. Participants were 15 athletes (Mean age= 18.23 ± 2.3 years, mean height= 183.190 ± 6.3 cm, mean weight= 64.72 ±14.12 kg) with 3-5 years of experience in championship competitions. The landing skill was assessed from different heights (50%, 75%, 100% of maximum jump height). Electrical activity of selected ankle joint muscles (Gastrocnemius and Soleus) was recorded using an eight-channel BIOMED electromyography device with 96.34% validity and 91.29% reliability. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data, Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of data distribution, and repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the collected data between groups followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results There was no significant difference in co-contraction of medial/lateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscles after jumping from three different heights. The peak contraction amplitude of the lateral gastrocnemius muscle was significantly different between the heights 50-75% (P= 0.006) and 50-100% (P= 0.002). The peak contraction amplitude of the medial gastrocnemius muscle was also significantly different between the heights 50-75% (P= 0.002) and 50-100% (P= 0.007). The peak contraction amplitude of soleus muscles was significantly different between the heights 75-100% (P=0.013) and 50-100% (P= 0.17). Conclusion There is an increase in the contractile activity of selected ankle muscles in the anterior-posterior plane caused by the increase in jump height and subsequent landing due to the optimal use of appropriate strategies to control the eccentric muscle contraction and the extensor torque of the ankle joint by increasing the electrical muscle activity during the ground contact, resulted in the prevention of injury to the ankle joint. Coaches and athletes can use these results to adopt training methods to strengthen these ankle muscles by considering the optimal implementation of landing skills with an injury prevention approach.

Interventions for Preventing Residential Fires in Vulnerable Neighbourhoods and Indigenous Communities: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Globally, residential fires constitute a substantial public health problem, causing major fire-related injury morbidity and mortality. This review examined the literature on residential fire prevention interventions relevant to Indigenous communities and assessed their effectiveness on mitigating fire incidents and their associated human and economic burden. Electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Web of Science Core Collection were reviewed for studies on fire prevention interventions published after 1990 and based on the 4E’s of injury prevention approaches (Education, Enforcement, Engineering, and Engagement). The grey literature and sources including indigenous organizational websites were also searched for eligible studies. Two authors independently screened, selected, and extracted data, in consultation with experts in the field. Outcomes measured included enhanced safety knowledge and practices, decreased residential fires incidents, reduced fire-related injuries and deaths, and lowered costs for healthcare needs. After removing duplicates, screening titles and abstracts, and assessing full texts, 81 articles were included in this review. Of the included studies, 29.1% implemented educational interventions within a variety of settings, including schools, community centres and homes, and included healthcare professionals and firefighters to raise awareness and the acquisition of fire safety skills. Engineering and environmental modifications were adopted in 20.2% of the studies with increased smoke alarm installations being the leading effective intervention followed by sprinkler inspections. Moreover, engagement of household members in hands-on safety training proved to be effective in enhancing household knowledge, fire safety decisions and practices. More importantly, effective outcomes were obtained when multi-faceted fire safety interventions were adopted, e.g., environmental modification and educational interventions, which together markedly reduced fire incidents and associated injuries. This review reveals the dearth of fire prevention evidence gathered directly within Indigenous communities. Nonetheless, relevant fire prevention recommendations can be made, calling for the adoption of combined and context-sensitive fire prevention interventions tailored to targeted Indigenous and vulnerable communities through multiple approaches and measures. Follow-ups and longitudinal studies are critical for accurate evaluation of the long-term outcomes and impacts on preventing residential fires.

Efficacy of Helmet Use on Head Injury Reduction in Snow Sports: A Critically Appraised Topic

Context: Review articles published in 2010 concluded that there was strong evidence to support the use of helmets as a way to decrease the risk of sustaining a head injury during snow sport participation. However, new research published over the last decade on this relationship warrants revisiting this primary injury prevention approach. Clinical Question: What is the effect of helmet use on the occurrence of head injuries in snow sports? Clinical Bottom Line: The results from the included studies did not consistently find a reduction in head injury occurrence with helmet use in snow sports. Rather, the collective findings were more supportive of a neutral relationship between helmet use and head injuries. Therefore, these heterogeneous findings indicate there is SORT Level B evidence to support the use of helmets as a primary head injury prevention approach in snow sports. Future initiatives should acknowledge the multifaceted nature of injury occurrence and seek to educate the public more clearly on the limitations of helmet use during skiing and snowboarding.

The Airman's Edge Project: A Peer-Based, Injury Prevention Approach to Preventing Military Suicide.

In light of data indicating military personnel are more likely to reach out to peers during times of need, peer-to-peer (P2P) support programs have been implemented for military suicide prevention. Often designed to reduce suicidal thoughts and behaviors by reducing mental health symptom severity, existing data suggest that P2P programs have little to no effect on mental health symptoms. Conceptualizing suicide prevention from an occupational safety and injury prevention perspective to promote positive health-related behavior change at both the group and individual level may enhance the effectiveness of P2P programs and military suicide prevention efforts more broadly. To illustrate these concepts, the present article provides an overview of the Airman’s Edge project, a P2P program design based upon the occupational safety and injury prevention model of suicide prevention, and describes a program evaluation effort designed to test the effectiveness of this approach.

Applying a holistic hamstring injury prevention approach in elite football: 12 seasons, single club study.

The aim was to investigate the preventive effect of a complex training program based on holistic hamstring health understanding in elite professional soccer players. This study involved an elite club in Europe and was conducted over 12 seasons. The last 2 seasons were the intervention period, and the others were the control seasons. During the intervention period, players performed a complex program organized into different interventions throughout the week having as a priority the player health. Hamstring injuries, absenteeism, injury rates, and injury burden between the control and intervention seasons were compared using a rate ratio (RR) with 95% CI. Players had a mean exposure of 333.5±18.6hours per season with no significant differences between the intervention and control seasons. The overall injury rate was 3 times lower during the two intervention seasons than during the previous seasons (P<.01); the match injury rate was 2.7 times lower (P<.01) and the training rate 4.3 times (P<.01). Injury burden was almost 4 times lower during the two intervention seasons than during the previous seasons (P<.01), and recurrences in the control group were 10% vs 0% in the intervention group. Hamstring injuries were reduced ~3 times during the seasons in which elite football players were exposed to multicomponent, complex prevention training with individual approaches based on player needs, management of training load, individualized physiotherapy treatment, and planned staff communication, in comparison to the control seasons without a clearly defined and structured injury prevention intervention.

The use of sonification for physiotherapy in human movement tasks: A scoping review

Summary Objectives This review aims to: (1) map the use of sonification in human movement tasks for physical therapy; (2) identify methods of data capture, tasks and its effects on human subjects; (3) suggest future research directions. News Sonification can be described as a technique to translate data into sound. It has been used for human motion analysis tasks even if it is not part of most physical therapist's lexicon. Prospects and projects Identify and analyze publications where sonification was used as an audio-feedback technique for physical therapy. Thirty-five papers were included, 13 randomized-control-trials. Thirteen papers reported an investigation on a specific dysfunction, while upper limb movements were investigated in fifteen papers. Inertial measurement units were the most commonly used technology to capture human movement, 10 papers reported improvements in motor control and/or movement quality. Gaps in the literature were identified: (1) absence of sonification framework for rehabilitation, (2) no long-term comparison with gold-standard interventions for specific populations, (3) approaches for cardio-respiratory physical therapy and injury prevention were absent. Conclusion Sonification has the potential to support rehabilitation for physical therapy. Effects of sonification were varied and ranged from improvements in movement quality/control, increased movement and body-awareness and improvements in performance when compared with activities with audio-visual or non-specific audio-feedback among others. Data for sonification was mainly captured using inertial measurement units, smartphones and optical tracking devices but others are also commonly used. Well-designed clinical trials supported by current promising results need to be developed. We recommend testing different sonification techniques in common physical therapy disfunctions using significant outcome measures to understand and maximize its effects on motor learning and control while scoping for further benefits.

Rugby union injury prevention programmes: Running into the tryzone for 7s and 15s

Overview: A successful rugby injury prevention program needs a sport-focused approach for all levels of play and supportive stakeholders to obtain evidence-based data to engine policies for developing populations. Understanding injury differences between two Rugby Union formats would aid development and implementation of prevention programs that benefit rugby-playing populations. The aim of this symposium is to highlight the global need of sport-format-focused injury prevention for Rugby Union. It will emphasize the current knowledge, public health concern, evidence-based injury prevention approaches employed in Rugby Union, and nurture a discussion on challenges in community rugby injury prevention programmes. Victor Lopez Jr. will describe the public health impact with exponential growth of Rugby Union and Olympic expansion; Richard Ma will explore the injury risk within Rugby Union formats and levels of play; Matthew Attwood will expand on the evidence-based injury prevention programme outcomes in Rugby-15s. Dan Rodgers will highlight the evidence-based injury prevention training needs among Rugby-7s. Patria Hume will elaborate the development and implementation strategies employed by the two Rugby Union formats and milestones to achieve. Following the presentations, a discussion about the future of injury prevention strategies and research needs for Rugby Union, community to elite, will be led by the chair.

Heat Exposure and Occupational Injuries: Review of the Literature and Implications.

The burden of heat-related adverse occupational health effects, as well as traumatic injuries, is already substantial. Projected increases in mean temperatures and extreme events may increase the risk of adverse heat health effects and enhance disparities among exposed workers. This article reviews the emerging literature on the relationship between heat exposure and occupational traumatic injuries and discusses implications of this work. A recent meta-analysis of three case-crossover and five time series studies in industrialized settings reported an association of increasing occupational injuries with increasing heat exposure, with increased effect estimates for male gender and age less than 25years, although heterogeneity in exposure metrics and sources of bias were demonstrated to varying degrees across studies. A subsequent case-crossover study in outdoor construction workers reported a 0.5% increase in the odds of traumatic injuries per 1°C increase in maximum daily humidex (odds ratio 1.005 [95% CI 1.003-1.007]). While some studies have demonstrated reversed U-shaped associations between heat exposure and occupational injuries, different risk profiles have been reported in different industries and settings. Studies conducted primarily in industrialized settings suggest an increased risk of traumatic injury with increasing heat exposure, though the exact mechanisms of heat exposure's effects on traumatic injuries are still under investigation. The effectiveness of heat-related injury prevention approaches has not yet been established. To enhance the effectiveness of prevention efforts, prioritization of approaches should take into account not only the hierarchy of controls, social-ecological models, community and stakeholder participation, and tailoring of approaches to specific local work settings, but also methods that reduce local and global disparities and better address the source of heat exposure, including conservation-informed land-use planning, built environment, and prevention through design approaches. Participation of occupational health experts in transdisciplinary development and integration of these approaches is needed.

Injury Incidence in Youth, High School, and NCAA Men's Lacrosse.

We compared injury incidence and mechanisms among youth, high school (HS), and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) boys' and men's lacrosse athletes for the 2014-2015 to 2016-2017 lacrosse seasons. Multiple injury surveillance systems were used to capture 21 youth boys', 22 HS boys', and 20 NCAA men's lacrosse team-seasons of data during the 2014-2015 to 2016-2017 seasons. Athletic trainers reported game and practice injuries and athlete exposures (AEs). Injuries included those occurring during a game and/or practice and requiring evaluation from an athletic trainer and/or physician. Injury counts, rates per 1000 AEs, and injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. The injury rate in youth was higher than those reported in HS (10.3 vs 5.3 per 1000 AEs; IRR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.6-2.4) and the NCAA (10.3 vs 4.7 per 1000 AEs; IRR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.9-2.5). When considering time loss injuries only (restricted participation of ≥24 hours), the injury rate in youth was lower than those reported in HS (2.0 vs 2.9 per 1000 AEs; IRR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5-0.95) and the NCAA (2.0 vs 3.3 per 1000 AEs; IRR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4-0.8). The concussion rate in youth was higher than those in HS (0.7 vs 0.3 per 1000 AEs; IRR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1-5.2) and the NCAA (0.7 vs 0.3 per 1000 AEs; IRR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2-3.7). Injuries at the youth, HS, and NCAA levels were most commonly associated with stick contact, inflammatory conditions (including bursitis, tendonitis, and other unspecified inflammation), and noncontact mechanisms, respectively. Although the time loss injury rate was lowest in youth boys' lacrosse, the concussion rate was the highest. Injury prevention approaches should be specific to the mechanisms associated with each level of play (eg, equipment skill development in youth).

Maximal Eccentric Hamstrings Strength in Competitive Alpine Skiers: Cross-Sectional Observations From Youth to Elite Level.

Competitive alpine skiers are subject to substantial risks of injury, especially concerning the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). During “landing back weighted” episodes, hamstrings may partially counteract the anterior shear force acting on the tibia by eccentrically resisting the boot-induced drawer of the tibia relative to the femur. The aim of the present study was to provide novel descriptive data and sport-specific reference values on maximal eccentric hamstrings strength (MEHS) in competitive alpine skiers from youth to elite level, and to explore potential relationships with sex, age and biological maturation. 170 competitive alpine skiers were investigated: 139 youth athletes (51 females, 88 males; age: 13.8 ± 0.59 years) and 31 elite athletes (19 females, 12 males; age: 21.7 ± 2.8 years). MEHS was assessed by the (Vald Performance, Newstead, Australia). U15 female skiers presented lower MEHS compared to female elite skiers for both limbs (R = 210 ± 44 N vs. 340 ± 48 N, respectively, p < 0.001, and L = 207 ± 46 N vs. 303 ± 35 N, respectively, p < 0.001). Similarly, lower MEHS was observed in U15 male skiers compared to male elite skiers for both limbs (R = 259 ± 51 N vs. 486 ± 62 N, respectively, p < 0.001, and L = 258 ± 57 N vs. 427 ± 54 N, respectively, p < 0.001). Correlations between MEHS and chronological age were modestly significant only for the U15 group (r = 0.37 and p < 0.001). When the correlations for the U15 group were performed between MHES and maturity offset (obtained from the calculation of biological age, i.e., age at peak height velocity), statistical significance was reached by all the correlations run for 3 variables (Males < 0: r = 0.59, p < 0.0001; Males > 0: r = 0.70, p < 0.0001; and Females > 0: r = 0.46, p < 0.0001, start of maturity offset = 0). This cross-sectional description of MEHS in alpine skiers from youth to elite level highlights the importance of biological maturation for MEHS values in youth athletes and presents novel data that may offer insights into new approaches for injury prevention.

From the safety net to the injury prevention web: applying systems thinking to unravel injury prevention challenges and opportunities in Cirque du Soleil

ObjectiveWe undertook this qualitative study within an international circus company—Cirque du Soleil—to explore the narrative of artists and the artistic team in regards to injuries and their prevention and to...

Computational Methods for Skeletal Muscle Strain Injury: A Review.

In this article, we review skeletal muscle strain injury with computational methods for strain injury analysis, prevention, and recovery. We first review the theory of muscle strain injury at both the microscopic and macroscopic levels. Next, we discuss simulation models, including kinematics, dynamics, and finite-element method. Finally, we introduce predictive approaches for muscle strain injury prevention. Topics including recovery, rehabilitation, muscle-tendon remodeling, and experimental methods are described. We also suggest areas for future research.