Mechanism Of Injury Research Articles

An unusual Ogden type V tibial tubercle avulsion fracture: a case report and literature review

BackgroundOgden type V tibial tubercle avulsion fracture is an unusual type of physial injury. Thus, little is known about its mechanism of injury and treatment. The type of osteosynthesis is variable and depends on the experience of the surgeon. We commonly used cancellous screws fixation combined with tension band wiring for displaced fracture of the anterior tibial tuberosity.Case presentationThe present manuscript describes a case of a Han nationality 13-year-old boy who presented with severe pain of the left knee, which began after landing following a high jump. He had no significant past medical history apart from a high body mass index of 30.3. Radiographs revealed that he had an unusual Ogden type V tibial tubercle avulsion fracture. He was treated by open reduction and combined fixation with cannulated screws and tension-band wiring. After 3 months, the fracture healed without any complications or knee symptoms with full range of motion. He underwent reoperation for symptomatic hardware, which was removed at 5 months after initial surgery, and returned to his prior level of sporting activity at 1 year follow-up.ConclusionOur case suggests that excellent functional outcome could be achievable by open reduction with the combination of internal fixation and tension-band wiring for Ogden type V tibial tubercle avulsion fracture. This type of osteosynthesis could not only achieve anatomical reduction and stable fixation for such fractures, but also avoid further damage to the proximal tibial epiphysis, which prevents serious complications, such difference in leg length.

Review of Gene Therapy on Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Treatment

This article aims to summarize decade research which utilizing gene therapy method on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Relative articles are collected from CNKI retrieval. By analyzing and comparing the relative research articles published decade, the recent research conclusions are summarized. Methods and conclusions are compared on each upside and downside. The recent research is center on the gene transduction or stem cell transplantation. The adenovirus and adeno-associated virus are introduced into the gene transfer. The pretreatment of stem cell transplantation is also researched in recent research. All research conclusions claim that positive results are observed after treatment, including injury reduced or reversed, myocardial protect effects. Due to the complexity of mechanism in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, the works may show conflicting results at the conclusion part. However, the results are roughly positive at the practical application in treatment. Still, the conclusions are limited at laboratory research on pigs and mice, and the safety evaluates are absence in some research, which confined the clinical research and further utilizing.

Real-time attending trauma surgeon assessment of direct-to-operating room trauma resuscitations: Results from a prospective observational study.

Direct-to-operating room (DOR) resuscitation expedites interventions for trauma patients. Perceived benefit from the surgeon's perspective is not well known. This study assesses the integration of a real-time surgeon assessment tool into a DOR protocol. Surgeon assessment tool results from a prospective study of DOR cases were analyzed. Analysis assessed patient factors and surgeon perception for appropriateness and benefit of DOR. Multivariate analysis identified independent factors associated with perceived DOR benefit. A total of 104 trauma patients underwent DOR resuscitation; 84% were perceived as appropriate triage, and 48% as beneficial. Patients with Injury Severity Score of >15 (50% vs. 28%), systolic blood pressure of <90 mm Hg (24% vs. 9%), and severe abdominal injury (28% vs. 9%) had higher perceived DOR benefits (all p < 0.05). Patients deemed to benefit from DOR underwent more emergent interventions or truncal surgery (44% vs. 92%, p < 0.01). No difference in benefit was seen based on age, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale score of <9, or injury mechanism. Forty-four percent had perceived benefit from DOR resuscitation despite requiring imaging after initial evaluation. Patients with perceived benefit had a higher rate of unplanned return to the operating room (16% vs. 2%, p < 0.05), but no differences in complication rates, Glasgow Outcome Score, or mortality. Injury Severity Score of >15 was the only independently associated variable with a perceived benefit on surgeon assessment tool (odds ratio, 3.5; p < 0.05). The majority of DOR resuscitations were deemed as appropriately triaged, and approximately half had a perceived benefit. Benefit was associated with higher injury severity and the need for urgent interventions but was not predicted by injury mechanism or other triage variables. Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.

Management Options for Traumatic Posterior Sternoclavicular Joint Dislocation: A Narrative Review with a Single Institution's Experience.

Background: Posterior sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) dislocations are rare events that can evolve into real emergencies due to the vital structures in the mediastinum. When closed reduction maneuvers fail, open SCJ reconstruction becomes mandatory, with literature proposing several stabilization techniques that either preserve or remove the SCJ's mobility. This study is a narrative review of the most recent literature regarding posterior trauma to the SCJ along with a single institution's experience of this pathology, managed either conservatively or surgically, with a figure-of-eight autologous semitendinosus graft in case of closed reduction failure. Methods: This article provides an overview of posterior traumatic SCJ dislocation, and it describes five cases of patients managed for traumatic posterior SCJ dislocation treated either conservatively or surgically with a figure-of-eight semitendinosus tendon autograft reinforced with high-strength suture tape. A comparison with the most recent literature is performed, focusing on biomechanics. Results: The demographics, the mechanism of injury, the management algorithm and the surgical strategy align with the most recent literature. Despite the final treatment, at one year of follow-up, the ROM was restored with full strength throughout the range of motion of the shoulder with no neurological deficits. The reduced joint successfully healed in imaging, and patients returned to their daily lives. The surgical site wounds and donor harvest sites were perfectly healed. Conclusions: Although recent recommendations for treating posterior traumatic SCJ dislocation have advanced, no universally accepted method of stabilization exists, and the surgical strategy is generally entrusted to the surgeon's experience. The literature still increasingly supports figure-of-eight ligament reconstruction with a biological or synthetic graft. This work further implements the literature by reporting good outcomes at follow-up.

Association between ambient temperature and economic burden of unintentional injury in Tianjin: a case-crossover study

ObjectiveUnintentional injuries constitute a significant global public health issue with significant social and economic costs. Previous evidence suggests ambient temperatures are associated with unintentional injury occurrences. However, the impacts of...

Diabetic Kidney Disease: Contribution of Phenyl Sulfate Derived from Dietary Tyrosine upon Gut Microbiota Catabolism.

Deranged gut microbiota can release increased levels of uremic toxins leading to exacerbated kidney injury. In diabetic kidney disease (DKD), phenyl sulfate (PS) derived from tyrosine catabolism by gut microbiota has been demonstrated to be both an early diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target. In this perspective article, we summarize PS generation pathways and recent findings on PS and kidney injury in DKD. Increasing evidence has shown that the underlying mechanisms of PS-induced kidney injury mainly involve oxidative stress, redox imbalance, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which all may be targeted to attenuate PS-induced kidney injury. For future research directions, we think that a deeper understanding of the pathogenic role of PS in kidney injury using a variety of diabetic animal models should be investigated. Moreover, we also suggest beneficial approaches that could be used to mitigate the deleterious effect of PS on the kidney. These approaches include caloric restriction, tyrosine restriction, and administration of ketogenic drugs, ketogenic diets or natural products; all of which should be conducted under obese and diabetic conditions.

Ferrostatin-1 ameliorates Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)-induced ovarian toxicity by inhibiting ferroptosis

Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (CDDP), while widely utilized in tumor therapy, results in toxic side effects that patients find intolerable. The specific mechanism by which CDDP inflicts ovarian damage remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the involvement of ferrostatin-1 (FER-1) and ferroptosis in CDDP-induced ovarian toxicity. This study established models of CDDP-induced injury in granulosa cells (GCs) and rat model of premature ovarian failure (POF). CCK-8 assessed the effects of CDDP and FER-1 on GC viability. FerroOrange and Mito-FerroGreen, DCFH-DA and MitoSox-Red, Rhodamine 123 and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measured Fe2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential and the mitochondrial morphology in GC cells, respectively. Serum hormone levels; organ indices; malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione analyses; and western blotting were performed to examine ferroptosis's role in vitro. Molecular docking simulation was evaluated the interaction between FER-1 and GPX4 or FER-1 and NRF2. Molecular docking simulations were conducted to evaluate the interactions between FER-1 and GPX4, as well as FER-1 and NRF2. The findings revealed that CDDP-induced ovarian toxicity involved iron accumulation, increased ROS accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to endocrine disruption and tissue damage in rats. These changes correlated with NRF2, HO-1, and GPX4 levels. However, FER-1 decreased the extent of ferroptosis. Thus, ferroptosis appears to be a crucial mechanism of CDDP-induced ovarian injury, with GPX4 as potential protective targets.

Collapse mechanism and occupant injury analysis under vertical impact of the aircraft fuselage structure

Collapse mechanism and occupant injury analysis under vertical impact of the aircraft fuselage structure

Lightning Injury: Case of a 7-Year-Old Child Struck by Lightning in Region 8 Guyana

Background: It is estimated that lightning occurrence frequency worldwide is 50 occurrences per second with 20% of those resulting in ground strikes. It is estimated that approximately 24,000 fatalities occur worldwide due to lightning strikes and in the US 25-50 patients die each year. The mechanisms of injury due to lightning strike are numerous which includes the effects of the electrical current passing through body tissue, burns and mechanical trauma. Cardiac and respiratory arrest are more common with direct lightning strikes and may lead to sudden death. Case Presentation: Here we present a case of child who was struck by lightning in a hinterland region. The child was found in an unconscious state by a passerby. He was then taken to a local health post where he regained consciousness. Initial vitals were stable, and child appeared to have suffered burns about the body. Arrangements were made and he was air dashed to GPHC. He was alert with stable vitals when he arrived, appeared to have suffered minor burns about the body. His ECG, X rays and CT head were all normal. He had an elevated CPK level which caused concern for Rhabdomyolysis. He was admitted to the paediatric ward. Outcome: The child spent 3 days on the ward, where he was monitored closely for any delayed complications related to lightning injuries. His CPK had normalized, he received dressings for his burns and was subsequently discharged home. Keywords: Lightning Strike, Lightening Injuries

Surgery do save life in cervical spinal injury: 5 years study of a tertiary care in East Java, Indonesia

Cervical spine has the most movement in spine therefore it has high risk of injury which may involve vertebrae, soft tissue and spinal cord. Trauma to cervical has highest risk of neurologic deficits due to spinal cord injury (SCI) causing high number of morbidity and mortality. Retrospective study was conducted with descriptive-analytic design by total sampling of cervical spinal injury patients in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital from January 2018 to June 2023. Patient demographic and survival analysis of patients was described using Kaplan-Meier chart and logistic regression test to find factors contributing to patients’ survival. Gender, age, mechanism of injury, surgical approach, duration, intra-operative bleeding, lesion level, time to surgery, and initial blood laboratory had no significant impact while neurological status and operative treatment have significant survival probability. Patients with American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) A score have lower survival rate which associated with respiratory muscle weakness, cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Any unstable cervical fracture is advised for surgery while decompression surgery is recommended for improving outcome and ease of rehabilitation. Clinical implication of this study recommends surgery for cervical spinal injury with 5.6 times more chance of survival than non-operative patients. Initial AIS neurological status and surgery performed contributes to survival. Level of cervical lesion, age, gender, mechanism of injury, surgical approach, duration, blood laboratory tests do not have a significant impact on survival while fastest time admission to surgery does not reflect higher chance of survival probability.

Early experience using vacuum-assisted closure for managing soft tissue injuries in open type IIIB tibial fractures, a non-randomised controlled trial from a North African level one trauma centre

Purpose: The primary objective was to investigate our early results of using vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) for wound management in patients with open IIIB tibial fractures and compare the results with a group subjected to conventional daily dressing. Methods: A prospective non-randomised clinical trial (NRCT) with a parallel design and allocation ratio of 1:1 was conducted after obtaining ethical committee approval. Forty skeletally mature patients with unilateral type IIIB open tibia fractures were included over two years, starting from April 2019. In group A, patients were treated with VAC, which was changed every four days if needed, and in group B, patients had daily conventional dressings. Results: Both groups had no differences in the basic demographic, comorbidities, injury mechanism, and associated injuries. The need for secondary debridement surgeries was significantly lower in Group A than in Group B, 1 ± 0.50 versus 2.50 ± 0.85, respectively ( P &lt; 0.001). The time till definitive coverage was significantly lower in Group A than in Group B, 12.22 ± 2.90 versus 23.56 ± 8.68 (days); P &lt; 0.001. All coverage procedures succeeded in Group A, while four (20%) failed in Group B, P = 0.04. Infection was higher in Group B, with six (30%) patients compared to one (5%) in Group A, P = 0.01. Conclusion: Reports on VAC's role in managing severe open fracture wounds are rare in our area, and the initial results we obtained are encouraging, with lower infection rates and less cumbersome reconstruction procedures; however, further evaluation of the procedure's cost-effectiveness is mandatory.

Noninvasive biomarkers for the detection of GERD-induced pulmonary injury.

The role of gastroesophageal reflux in progressive lung damage is increasingly recognized. We have proposed, based on our work with lung transplant recipients, a novel immune mechanism of pulmonary injury after aspiration of gastric contents, during which higher levels of normally sequestered lung self-antigens (SAgs) collagen V (Col-V) and K-alpha-1 tubulin (Kα1T) in circulating small extracellular vesicles (EVs) induce the production of self-antibodies (SAbs) anti-Col-V and anti-Kα1T. Thus, we aimed to determine whether levels of SAbs or SAgs increased in an animal model of aspiration-induced lung damage in a nontransplant setting. We created a murine model of repetitive lung aspiration using C57BL/6J mice. Mice were aspirated weekly with 1mL/kg of hydrochloric acid (n = 9), human gastric contents (n = 9), or combined (1:1) fluid (n = 9) once, three, or six times (n = 3 in each subgroup; control group, n = 9). Blood samples were periodically obtained, and all animals were sacrificed at day 90 for pathological assessment. SAbs were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SAgs and NF-κB contained in small EVs were assessed by western blot. Aspirated mice weighed significantly less than controls throughout the study and had histological evidence of pulmonary injury at day 90. Overall, aspirated mice developed higher concentrations of anti-Col-V at day 28 (53.9 ± 28.7 vs. 29.9 ± 4.5ng/mL, p < 0.01), day 35 (42.6 ± 19.8 vs. 28.6 ± 7.2ng/mL, p = 0.038), and day 90 (59.7 ± 27.7 vs. 34.1 ± 3.2ng/mL, p = 0.014) than the control group. Circulating small EVs isolated from aspirated mice on day 90 contained higher levels of Col-V (0.7 ± 0.56 vs. 0.18 ± 0.6m.o.d., p = 0.009) and NF-κB (0.42 ± 0.27 vs. 0.27 ± 0.09m.o.d., p = 0.095) than those from controls. This experimental study supports the theory that gastroesophageal reflux leads to the development of lung damage and an increase of humoral markers that may serve as noninvasive biomarkers to detect asymptomatic lung injury among patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Pharmacologic Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury.

Neuroprotective strategies aimed at preventing secondary neurologic injury following acute spinal cord injury remain an important area of clinical, translational, and basic science research. Despite recent advancement in the understanding of basic mechanisms of primary and secondary neurologic injury, few pharmacologic agents have shown consistent promise in improving neurologic outcomes following SCI in large randomized clinical trials. The authors review the existing literature and clinical guidelines for pharmacologic therapy investigated for managing acute SCI, including corticosteroids, GM-1 ganglioside (Sygen), Riluzole, opioid antagonists, Cethrin, minocycline, and vasopressors for mean arterial pressure augmentation. Therapies for managing secondary effects of SCI, such as bradycardia, are discussed. Current clinical trials for pharmacotherapy and cellular transplantation following acute SCI are also reviewed. Despite the paucity of current evidence for clinically beneficial post-SCI pharmacotherapy, future research efforts will hopefully elucidate promising therapeutic agents to improve neurologic function.

Traditional Chinese medication qili qiangxin capsule protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through suppressing autophagy via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/forkhead box O3 axis

Ethnopharmacological relevancePositive evidence from clinical trials highlights the promising potential of traditional Chinese medication, Qili qiangxin capsule (QLQX), on chronic heart failure; however, limited data are available regarding its effects and mechanism in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Herein, we aimed to explore cardioprotective effects and the underlying mechanism of QLQX in MIRI in vivo and in vitro. Materials and methodsMice were subjected to left anterior descending coronary artery ligation for 30 min followed by 24 h of reperfusion with or without 7-day pretreatment with QLQX (0.234, 0.468, or 0.936 g/kg). Cardiac function, myocardial infarction, and morphological changes were evaluated. The mechanism underlying the cardio-protection of QLQX on MIRI was determined by network pharmacology based on the common genes of potential targets of QLQX and MIRI-related genes, further validated by H9c2 cardiomyocytes exposing hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). The viability, apoptosis, as well as autophagy and relevant signaling proteins in H9c2 were analyzed. ResultsQLQX pretreatment markedly improved cardiac function and decreased myocardium infarct size, apoptotic cardiomyocyte number, and LHD, CK-MB, and TnT levels in MIRI mice. QLQX could mitigate H/R-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury, as evidenced by decreased cell apoptosis and LDH release and increased ATP production. QLQX effectively attenuates excessive autophagy in cardiomyocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanically, network pharmacology analysis demonstrated the cardio-protection of QLQX on MIRI involving in PI3K/Akt signaling; the effects of QLQX on H/R-induced H9c2 cardiomyocytes were abolished by a specific PI3K inhibitor. ConclusionQLQX protects against cardiomyocyte apoptosis and excessive autophagy via PI3K/Akt signaling during MIRI.

Establishment of Nano-ITO induced rat model of indium lung disease and exploration of its pathological characteristics

Objective: To study the dynamic pathological characteristics of lung tissue in a Nano-ITO induced rat model of indium lung disease and to guide clinical and basic scientific research to further explore the mechanisms of pulmonary interstitial injury and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Methods: Dose-response (three divided doses) and time-course studies (six exposure periods) were performed to investigate the pulmonary toxicity induced by Nano-ITO. At the end of the experiment, cytokine levels and oxidative stress were analyzed in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Rat lung tissues were also collected for staining with H&E, PAS, Masson's, Oil Red O, and Sirius Red. Ultrastructure of lung tissue cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Expression of IL-1β, HO-1, SP-A was observed by immunohistochemistry, and the expression of α-SMA was observed by immunofluorescence. Results: Nano-ITO intratracheal instillation caused pulmonary toxicity by inducing acute inflammation at 3 days, granuloma (nodule) formation and collagen hyperplasia at 14 days, and alveolar proteinosis at 56 days post-exposure. Pathological features of lung tissue included typical alveolar exudates, cellular fibrous nodules, enlarged alveolar fat droplet fusion, cholesterol crystal granuloma and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The intra-alveolar eosinophilic material (multilamellated, lattice-shaped, and myelin-like structure) showed abnormal lamellar bodies (features of alveolar type Ⅱ epithelial cells) and abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria (features of fibroblasts) on transmission electron microscopy of the lung tissue from rats exposed to Nano-ITO on the 84th day. Cellular pathology revealed that a large amount of amorphous PAS stain-positive substances appear in BALF at 28 days post-exposure, and pink granular protein-like substances can be seen in alveolar macrophages. Conclusions: There are three characteristic developmental stages in Nano-ITO induced pulmonary injury in rats, acute inflammation, granuloma (nodule) formation and collagen proliferation, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, which provide a reference feature model for the pathogenesis of indium lung disease.

Improving surveillance of emergency department activity through natural language processing

Objective and ApproachManagers, clinicians and policymakers have limited information on near-real time patterns of attendance at emergency departments (ED). Our aim was to develop a surveillance system through extracting information from the presenting complaint to develop and feed activity dashboards, improve injury surveillance and support research. We developed a Natural Language Processing (NLP) pipeline using the General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) system. The pipeline produced Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) codes from ED presenting complaint records and also implemented the Joint Action on Monitoring Injuries in Europe (JAMIE) Minimum Dataset. We classified complaints into 31 common problem presentations (Coughs, Bleeds, Mental Health, Dizziness...), along with categories from JAMIE (Mechanism of Injury, Location, Activity, Intent…). ResultsPreliminary results are from a pilot study of 86,416 presenting complaints from Morriston Hospital in 2014. The most common terms used for grouped symptoms/categories were “Injury” (38.6%, n=28691), “Pain” (22.8%, n=19420), “Unwell” (7.2%, n=6117), “Bleeding” (6.7%, n=5760), and “Shortness of Breath” (3.8%, n=3255). 32.3% of records contained Mechanism of Injury codes, including, falls (15.2%, n=13174), struck by/against (6.9%, n=5960), cuts (5.6%, n=4833), road traffic collisions (2.5%, n=2124) and poisoning (1%, n=900). We are continuing to refine and validate the categories using precision and recall and with comparison with coded diagnoses. Conclusions and Implications NLP can be used to extract valuable additional detailed information from ED data. We will further develop the algorithms for all hospitals in Wales for data from 2023 and design dashboards to produce a near-real time surveillance system.

Outcomes of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Pediatric Trauma Patients.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is one of the interventions that have been in practice for ARDS for decades. The purpose of the study was to investigate the outcomes of ECMO in pediatric trauma patients who suffered from ARDS. Observational cohort study. The Trauma Quality Improvement Program database for years 2017 to 2019 and 2021 through 2022 was accessed for the study. All children younger than 18 years old who were admitted to the hospital after trauma and suffered from ARDS were included in the study. Other variables included in the study were patients' demographics, clinical characteristics, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, comorbidities, and outcomes. ECMO is the exposure, and the outcomes are in-hospital mortality and hospital complications (acute kidney injury [AKI], pneumonia and deep vein thrombosis [DVT]). Of 453 patients who qualified for the study, propensity score matching found 50 pairs of patients. There were no significant differences identified between the groups, ECMO+ vs. ECMO- on patients' age in years (16 yr; interquartile range [IQR], 13.25-17 yr vs. 16 yr [14.25-17 yr]), race (White; 62.0% vs. 66.0%), sex (male; 78% vs. 76%), ISS (23 [IQR, 9.25-34] vs. 22 [9.25-32]), and GCS (15 [IQR, 3-15] vs. 13.5 [3-15]), mechanism of injury; and comorbidities. There was no difference between the groups, ECMO+ vs. ECMO-, in-hospital mortality (10.0% vs. 20.0%; p = 0.302), hospital complications (AKI 12.0% vs. 2.0%; p = 0.131), pneumonia (10.0% vs. 20.0%; p = 0.182 > ), and DVT (16% vs. 6%; p = 0.228). No difference in mortality was observed in injured children who suffered from the ARDS and were placed on ECMO when compared with patients who were not placed on ECMO. Patients with trauma and ARDS who require ECMO have comparable outcomes to those who do not receive ECMO. A larger sample size study is needed to find the exact benefit of ECMO in this patients' cohort.

Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviates diabetic liver injury and fibrosis by inhibiting the PLC-NFAT2-NLRP3 signaling pathway in T2DM mice

Diabetic liver injury (DLI) is a complication that impairs the quality of life of diabetic patients. Ginsenoside Rg1 is hepatoprotective, but its role and mechanism in diabetic liver injury need further investigation. Therefore, using in vivo experiments, we investigated the implication of ginsenoside Rg1 on hepatic lipid deposition, hepatic injury, hepatic fibrosis, and associated inflammation using a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mouse model. We observed that Rg1 significantly ameliorated hepatic lipid deposition and hepatic fibrosis in T2DM mice. Meanwhile, Rg1 significantly reduced the expression of CD36, p-PLC, CaN, and NFAT2 and inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Molecular docking results indicated that Rg1 binds well to PLC. In vitro experiments also demonstrated that Rg1 can inhibit calcium overload by regulating PA + HG-induced PLC activation in HepG2 cells. These results suggest that Rg1 treatment prevents T2DM-induced liver injury by inhibiting hepatic lipid deposition and the PLC-NFAT2-NLRP3 signaling pathway.

New Onset of Acute and Chronic Hepatic Diseases Post-COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus caused a pandemic in the 2020s, which affected almost every aspect of life. As the world is recovering from the effect of the coronavirus, the concept of post-COVID-19 syndrome has emerged. Multiple organ systems have been implicated, including the liver. We aim to identify and analyze the reported cases of severe and long-term parenchymal liver injury post-COVID-19 infection. Several databases were used to conduct a comprehensive literature search to target studies reporting cases of severe and long-term parenchymal liver injury post-COVID-19 infection. Screening, data extraction, and cross checking were performed by two independent reviewers. Only 22 studies met our inclusion criteria. Our results revealed that liver steatosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cirrhosis were the most reported liver associated complications post-COVID-19 infection. Moreover, complications like acute liver failure, hepatitis, and liver hemorrhage were also reported. The mechanism of liver injury post-COVID-19 infection is not fully understood. The leading proposed mechanisms include the involvement of the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor expressed in the liver and the overall inflammatory state caused by COVID-19 infection. Future studies should incorporate longer follow-up periods, spanning several years, for better insight into the progression and management of such diseases.

Ocular Complication in Facial Aesthetic Laser and Light Treatments: A Comprehensive Review.

The increasing popularity of laser- and light-based esthetic treatments for facial rejuvenation has raised concerns regarding ocular safety. Although these procedures are generally considered safe and effective, there is a growing body of evidence highlighting the potential for ocular complications. This review aims to systematically analyze the types and mechanisms of ocular injuries associated with such treatments, as well as to evaluate preventive measures and management strategies. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases including MEDLINE, PubMed and Ovid for relevant studies published on clinical trials, diagnosis and treatment. Some papers were further reviewed using a double-blinding approach, varying sample sizes, control usage, randomization usage and objective endpoint measurements. All studies were classified according to the Oxford Centre for evidence-based medicine evidence hierarchy. Our review identified several types of ocular complications associated with facial laser or light treatments, including but not limited to conjunctival burns, corneal damage, retinal phototoxicity, and transient vision disturbances. The incidence of these complications varies significantly depending on the type of laser or light source employed, treatment parameters, and the anatomical proximity of the eyes to the treatment area. Factors such as inadequate protective measures, patient movement during the procedure, and the operator's experience were found to contribute to the risk of ocular injury. Strategies such as the use of appropriate eye protection, careful patient positioning, and thorough pre-treatment assessments were highlighted as essential preventive measures. Ocular complications, though rare, represent a significant risk in facial esthetic laser and light treatments. This review underscores the importance of awareness among practitioners regarding the potential ocular hazards and the implementation of robust safety protocols. Future research is needed to establish standardized guidelines to minimize risks and enhance patient safety in esthetic dermatological practices. Continued education and improved protective strategies will be essential in safeguarding ocular health as the field of esthetic treatments continues to evolve. This comprehensive review serves as an essential resource for practitioners, informing them of ocular risks, management options, and the need for vigilance to mitigate complications in clinical practice.