Injuries In Boys Research Articles

The Relationship Between Motor Competence and Landing Error Scoring System Performance in Youth Soccer Players.

Abstract Duncan, MJ, Heering, T, Tallis, J, Guimaraes-Ferreira, L, Martins, R, Crotti, M, Barnett, L, Lander, N, and Lyons, M. The relationship between motor competence and landing error scoring system performance in youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 38(9): e496–e502, 2024—This study examined the relationship between motor competence (MC) and Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) performance in a sample of male junior grassroots footballers aged 10–13 years. Ninety-eight boys aged 10–13 years (mean ± SD = 11.7 ± 1 years) undertook assessment of MC, using the Test of Gross Motor Development (third edition) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk using the LESS. Height and mass were assessed from which maturity status was predicted. Multiple backward linear regressions indicated a significant model (p = 0.001), which explained 49% of the variance in LESS scores. Locomotor MC (β = −0.538, p = 0.001), object control MC (β = −0.261, p = 0.004), and age (β = 1.17, p = 0.03) significantly contributed to the model. Maturity offset (p = 0.100) was not significant. Analysis of covariance (controlling for age and maturity offset) indicated a significant difference in locomotor MC between those classified as poor for LESS. A similar result was observed for object control MC (p = 0.003, = 0.09), where those classed as poor for LESS had significantly poorer object control MC compared with those classed as excellent, good, and moderate. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between both locomotor and object control MC and errors in drop jump landing mechanics in boys aged 10–13 years, with MC explaining nearly 50% of the variance in LESS scores. Practically, this study indicates that MC, particularly locomotor MC, has potential to identify performance in jump landing tests that are associated with increased risk of ACL injury in boys who play grassroots soccer.

Avenues for prevention using the epidemiology of sport-related concussion from a large high school surveillance study.

Epidemiology provides fundamental opportunities to protect student-athlete health. The goal of this study was to describe the epidemiology of sport-related concussion (SRC) across 8 years (2015/2016-2022/2023) and compare boys' and girls' sports for SRC incidence and SRC mechanisms. This was a retrospective cohort study performed using a statewide high school head injury surveillance system of high school student-athletes (n = 2,182,128; boys, n = 1,267,389; girls, n = 914,739). Exposures of interest included study year and boys and girls in comparable sports. Clinical incidence was calculated by dividing SRC counts in each sport by the number of participants per 100 player-seasons and presented with 95% CIs. The 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 data were included in the analysis, however caution is warranted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical incidence ratios (CIRs) were estimated for sex-comparable sports, and significance was determined if 95% CIs excluded 1.00. The authors compared mechanism of injury in boys' and girls' comparable sports with chi-square analyses (p < 0.05). Among 25,482 total SRCs, the overall clinical incidence of SRC for all boys and girls was 1.17 (95% CI 1.15-1.18) per 100 player-seasons across all years. Across all years, the overall clinical incidence in boys' sports was 1.34 (95% CI 1.32-1.36) per 100 player-seasons, and 0.93 (95% CI 0.91-0.95) per 100 player-seasons in girls' sports. Boys' sports with the highest clinical incidence included football, ice hockey, and wrestling. Girls' sports with the highest clinical incidence included basketball, soccer, lacrosse, competitive cheer, and gymnastics. Girls consistently had higher SRC rates relative to boys for baseball/softball, basketball, and soccer (CIR range 1.65 [95% CI 1.41-1.93] to 3.32 [95% CI 2.67-4.16]). Girls had lower SRC in lacrosse in 2015/2016 (CIR 0.63, 95% CI 0.40-0.97); no difference in 2016/2017-2020/2021, but had higher clinical incidence in 2021/2022 (CIR 1.69, 95% CI 1.18-2.44) relative to boys. In boys the most common mechanism of SRC occurred from person-to-person contact (n = 8752, 62.8%), whereas girls commonly sustained SRC from person-to-object contact (n = 2369, 33.4%) and from person-to-person contact (n = 2368, 33.4%). There were significant associations between boys' versus girls' sports and mechanism of injury within baseball/softball (χ2 = 12.71, p = 0.005); basketball (χ2 = 36.47, p < 0.001); lacrosse (χ2 = 185.15, p < 0.001); and soccer (χ2 = 122.70, p < 0.001). These findings can help understand the potential impact of interventions aimed at preventing or reducing SRC. Including girls' sports within this study extends research for a largely underrepresented group.

Has Sustained Time Away From Sports Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic Led to Increased Sport-Related Soft Tissue Injuries?

A decrease in sport-related injuries was observed in 2020, which has been attributed to COVID-19 and recommendations to suspend organized sports. In adult populations, increased injury rates have been noted in athletes returning to play after an extended period of reduced play, attributable to deconditioning. There is growing literature surrounding concern over increased injury risk after return to sport after the COVID-19 shutdowns. Like adults, pediatric patients experience an increase in sport-related injuries after periods of "deconditioning," such as during the COVID-19 shutdown. Descriptive epidemiology study. Level 4. The Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database was queried to identify 13- to 18-year-old patients who sustained a sprain/strain type injury in 2019 or 2021 to an extremity, and involved sporting equipment for basketball, baseball/softball, soccer, and football. The control group was established as patients who sustained injury in 2019, and the post-COVID-19 group was established as those in 2021. Quantity of injuries sustained in these 2 groups were compared and analyzed by subgroup. There was a significant difference in the total number of sport-related sprains/strains in 2019 versus 2021 (P = 0.01), with more injuries in 2019 (n = 151,067) than in 2021 (n = 104,041). There were more injuries in boys than in girls. Proportion of injuries by sports were similar in both time periods. There was a significant decrease in basketball-related injuries by 21% (P ≤ 0.01, relative risk ratio [rrr] = 0.7979) and a significant increase in football-related injuries by 14% (P = 0.01, rrr = 1.1404) and in soccer injuries by 14.2% (P = 0.03, rrr = 1.1422). There is significant heterogeneity in injury rates by sports, with no conclusive increase in injuries, contrary to expectations. This study suggests that the relationship between deconditioning and injury may be less clear in the child-athlete, and gives recommendations for return to sport after extended breaks. Level 2c.

Predicting the Risk of Injuries Through Assessments of Asymmetric Lower Limb Functional Performance: A Prospective Study of 415 Youth Taekwondo Athletes.

The impact of interlimb asymmetries on sport injuries is unclear because of inconsistent findings, and there is a lack of research on youth athletes and the sport of taekwondo. To examine the effects of functional interlimb asymmetries on noncontact lower limb injuries in youth athletes. Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. A total of 415 taekwondo athletes (318 boys and 97 girls) aged 6 to 17 years underwent baseline testing to determine interlimb asymmetries through the single-leg countermovement jump (CMJ), hop, and triple hop tests as well as the Star Excursion Balance Test. The athletes were then evaluated for 12 months to observe the occurrence of noncontact lower limb injuries. During the study, 98 athletes (70 boys and 28 girls) sustained at least 1 noncontact lower limb injury. Athletes with higher interlimb asymmetries in single-leg CMJ height showed a significantly increased risk of noncontact lower limb injuries (boys: odds ratio [OR], 1.053 [95% CI, 1.027-1.080], P < .001; girls: OR, 1.070 [95% CI, 1.016-1.128], P = .011). Asymmetry in single-leg CMJ height of ≥15.28% was found to be the cutoff point for predicting noncontact lower limb injuries in boys (OR, 4.652 [95% CI, 2.577-8.398]; P < .001). This study highlights the utility of interlimb asymmetries in unilateral jump performance as a tool for assessing the risk of noncontact lower limb injuries in youth taekwondo athletes of both sexes. A proper evaluation of interlimb asymmetries may improve prevention strategies for youth athletes.

Injuries of Primary School Children during Sports Activities.

The purpose of the research was to analyse the injuries of primary school children in the framework of organised sports activities at school and in clubs or associations, and in leisure time without professional guidance. We surveyed 631 participants, of which there were 282 boys and 349 girls from eight Slovenian primary schools. Frequencies were calculated and a Chi-square test was performed. In physical education (PE) at school, 32% of the participants were injured in one school year, and there were no statistically significant differences in the number of injuries according to sex (p=0.18) and age (p=0.12). Most injuries were recorded in the lower extremities (50%), in the form of wounds. The participants were injured less often in PE at school than in a club or association, and more often than in their leisure time. The participants were absent from PE classes for longer after an injury in a club or association than in PE, while no significant differences in absences after injury were found. At school, the participants were most often injured in ball games, boys in football (43%) and girls in volleyball (19%). In activities in a club or association, we recorded the most injuries in boys in martial arts (18%) and dance for girls (19%). In their leisure time, boys suffered the most injuries from football (26%) and cycling, while girls suffered the most from running and rollerblading. In the last ten years, the number of injuries in PE has increased in Slovenia. Based on the obtained results, we propose measures to reduce injuries and thus encourage more sports activities among children and adolescents, while ensuring their safety.

Vesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation with a modified Glenn-Anderson technique for vesicoureteral reflux

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), commonly referred to as urinary reflux, is one of the most common congenital urological anomaly to occur during childhood. Historically, open vesicoureteral reimplantation has been the gold standard in the surgical treatment of VUR. Currently, vesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation is used as a minimally invasive alternative to open ureteral reimplantation. Most vesicoscopic procedures are performed using the transtrigonal Cohen technique. As a non-transtrigonal technique, the vesicoscopic Politano-Leadbetter technique is also performed, but requires dissection outside the bladder under a narrow surgical field, and in boy carries a risk of vas deferens injury. This study evaluated surgical outcomes and perioperative findings for vesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation using a modified Glenn-Anderson technique in children with VUR. Eighteen consecutive children who underwent vesicoureteral ureteral reimplantation using a modified Glenn-Anderson technique were included in this study. The surgical procedure was explained and surgical outcomes and perioperative findings were evaluated. Patients comprised 9 boys and 9 girls with 29 cases of ureteral reflux (7 unilateral cases, 11 bilateral cases). All procedures were performed laparoscopically, with no cases requiring conversion to open surgery. Median operative time was 143min for unilateral VUR and 194min for bilateral VUR. Only one case showed a complication (Clavien-Dindo grade 1). The remaining 17 cases showed no complications, with removal of the urethral catheter and discharge 2 days postoperatively. Seventeen of the 18 cases underwent postoperative voiding cystourethrography, showing no VUR in all cases. Vesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation is a minimally invasive alternative to open surgery, with most procedures performed using a transtrigonal Cohen technique. Regardless of whether the surgery is open or laparoscopic, a disadvantage of the Cohen technique is that postoperative transureteral treatment may not be possible. The Politano-Leadbetter technique has been reported as a non-transtrigonal technique. However, this requires dissection outside the bladder under a narrow surgical field, and carries a risk of vas deferens injury in boys. In this study, vesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation using a modified Glenn-Anderson technique provided good surgical outcomes with minimal perioperative complications and easy manipulation under a wide field of view. Although many minimally invasive treatments are available, vesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation using a modified Glenn-Anderson technique is safe and effective for patients with VUR 4 years old. To demonstrate the further utility of this procedure, long-term outcomes and safety evaluations are needed in a larger number of cases.

PD54 Burden Of Disease And Risk Factors Among Children Under 5 Years In China From 1990 To 2019

IntroductionAccording to the Healthy China 2030 Plan, children under 5 years is the main focus group to achieve universal health and sustainable development of China. To identify the major threats to children’s health, we analyzed and compared the burden of disease and risk factors among children under 5 years in China and other regions.MethodsIndicators were gathered from the Global Burden of Disease 2019, which included the standardized rates and risk factors of mortality and DALYs of children under 5 years in China, Western Europe, North America and the world from 1990 to 2019. Paired t-test or Wilcoxon test were used to compare the rates based on gender. A joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend, and the Annual Percent of Change (APC) was calculated and statistically tested.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the all-cause mortality and DALYs of children under 5 years in China decreased from 1 153.81/100 000 to 160.39/100 000 and 104 426.40/100 000 to 16 479.01/100 000, respectively. The top 3 causes of both death and DALYs were neonatal preterm birth, congenital heart anomalies, lower respiratory infections. The top 3 risk factors of both death and DALYs were low birth weight, short gestation, child wasting. Unintentional injuries, behavioral and environmental risks posed greater threats to children compared with other regions. The rates of mortality and DALYs of the top 15 diseases and injuries in boys and girls showed a downward trend (p&lt;0.05), and most of them were higher in boys than girls (p&lt;0.05).ConclusionsThe burden of diseases among children under 5 years in China has decreased significantly from 1990 to 2019. Compared to other regions, it remains to strengthen the prevention and control of preterm birth, birth defects and unintentional injuries, and to adopt targeted gender-specific interventions. Promoting the parenting behavior and multiple social security may also affects children’s health status.

Epidemiology of United States tennis-related ocular injuries from 2000 to 2019.

To characterize trends in ocular tennis injuries over the last 20years. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was utilized to characterize tennis-related eye injuries in a nationally representative sample of emergency department visits. Data were divided into 5 age groups, and various demographic information was obtained. Approximately 16,000 tennis-related ocular injuries were identified with males being affected nearly 2:1 compared to females. The youngest age group (0-20) had the greatest proportion of injuries, with most injuries in boys 11-15years old. Injuries occurred most often during the spring season. Most patients were treated and released from the ED. Of those patients who were hospitalized, one-third had an open globe injury. The overall number of injuries trended downward during the timespan of the study. Although most patients did not experience serious visual consequences, the greatest proportion of ocular tennis injuries occurred in the pediatric age group in whom the risk of amblyopia is high. Primary care providers and tennis regulatory bodies should consider recommending eye safety sports goggles in children to mitigate the potential for significant visual morbidity.

Burden of disease and risk factors among children under 5 years in China from 1990 to 2019: a perspective of international comparison

Based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, the standardized mortality rate and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate of children under 5 years old were selected as evaluation indicators to compare and analyze the current situation and differences of disease burden of children under 5 years old between China and other regions from 1990 to 2019. The change trend and difference of disease burden of children under 5 years old in China were analyzed by sexes. From 1990 to 2019, the all-cause standardized mortality rate of children under 5 years old in China decreased from 1 153.81/100 000 to 160.39/100 000, and the all-cause standardized DALY rate decreased from 104 426.40/100 000 to 16 479.01/100 000. In 2019, neonatal preterm birth, congenital heart anomalies and lower respiratory infections ranked the top three disease burden of children under 5 years old in China. Except that the disease burden of neonatal preterm birth was lower than that in North America, they were much higher than that in Western Europe and North America in the same period. The burden of unintentional injury diseases, including pulmonary aspiration and foreign body in airway and drowning, was higher than that in Western Europe and North America. The standardized mortality and DALY rate of the top ten diseases and injuries in boys and girls under 5 years old in China showed a downward trend (P<0.05), and most of them were higher in boys than girls (P<0.05). From 1990 to 2019, the disease burden of children under 5 years old in China decreased significantly. However, compared other regions, it is still necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of neonatal premature birth, birth defects and unintentional injuries, and take different sex-specific interventions to improve the overall health of children.

Isolated penile injury in boys: Accident, negligence, or abuse?

Aim:The aim of the study was to highlight the etiology, spectrum of presentation, and management of isolated penile trauma in boys.Methods:A retrospective review of boys treated for isolated penile trauma between January 2015 and June 2019 at a tertiary-level hospital.Results:Nine children were admitted over 4½ years. Etiology: The mechanism of penile injury (PI) was penile hair tourniquet (n = 5), postcircumcision (n = 2), dog bite (n = 1), and scald injury (n = 1). Extent of injury includes complete urethral transection at corona (n = 4); loss of urethral plate in a case of hypospadias (n = 1); complete loss of glans (n = 1); penile transection at corona (n = 1); total penile amputation (n = 1); and deep partial-thickness burns of penile shaft and adjacent suprapubic skin (n = 1). Management: One patient absconded. The remaining patients were managed as follows: calibration of urethral meatus (n = 1); penile burn was managed with dressing and antibiotics; coring of glans with urethral end–end anastomoses (n = 4); Bettocchi's quadrangular lower abdominal flap phalloplasty (n = 1); and Bracka's staged urethroplasty (n = 1). Complications include wound infection following trauma (n = 4), postsurgical infection (n = 3), urethrocutaneous fistula (n = 2), and reapplication of penile hair tourniquet (n = 1).Conclusion:Isolated PI in boys is not uncommon. Most are preventable if the parents are apprized and watchful. The clinician should also be vigilant regarding child maltreatment. A staged approach tailored to the type of injury provides a satisfactory outcome.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Incidence in Adolescent Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries among adolescent athletes is steadily increasing. Identification of the highest risk sports for ACL injuries by sex and competitive setting (ie, practice vs match) is important for targeting injury prevention programs. Purpose: To identify the risk of ACL injuries in adolescent athletes by sport, sex, and setting across a variety of common US and international sports. Study Design: Meta-analysis. Methods: Essentially, 3 online databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) were searched for all studies of ACL injuries per athlete-exposure (AE) or hours of exposure in adolescent athletes. Injuries were then pooled and incidence rates (IRs) reported per 1000 AEs or hours of exposure, with the relative risk (RR) of injuries calculated for sex-comparable sports. IRs per competitive setting (match vs practice) were also calculated. Results: A total of 1235 ACL injuries over 17,824,251 AEs were identified (IR, 0.069 [95% CI, 0.065-0.074]), with 586 of these injuries in girls across 6,986,683 AEs (IR, 0.084 [95% CI, 0.077-0.091]) versus 649 injuries in boys over 10,837,568 AEs (IR, 0.060 [95% CI, 0.055-0.065]). Girls had a higher overall rate of ACL injuries (RR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.25-1.57]), with the most disproportionate risk observed in basketball (RR, 4.14 [95% CI, 2.98-5.76]). The risk of ACL injuries by sex was highest in girls’ soccer (IR, 0.166 [95% CI, 0.146-0.189]) and boys’ football (IR, 0.101 [95% CI, 0.092-0.111]). ACL injuries were over 8 (RR, 8.54 [95% CI, 6.46-11.30]) and 6 (RR, 6.85 [95% CI, 5.52-8.49]) times more likely to occur in a match versus a practice setting for female and male athletes, respectively. Conclusion: The risk of ACL injuries overall approached nearly 1 per 10,000 AEs for female athletes, who were almost 1.5 times as likely as male athletes to suffer an ACL injury across all adolescent sports. A multisport female athlete was estimated to have a nearly 10% risk of ACL injuries over her entire high school or secondary school career. Specifically, male and female adolescents playing soccer, basketball, lacrosse, and football appeared at particular risk of injuries, a finding that can be used to target an injury intervention.

Lacrosse-related injuries in boys and girls treated in U.S. emergency departments, 2000–2016

BackgroundLacrosse is one of the fastest-growing sports in the United States. Its rules regarding permitted contact differ by sex and age. There are no known studies using a nationally representative data set to analyze lacrosse injury patterns over several years by sex and age in the youth population. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for youth aged 11–18 years who were treated for lacrosse-related injuries in U.S. emergency departments from 2000 to 2016. Based on our review of the case narratives, we created and coded a new injury-mechanism variable. We generated national estimates from 6406 cases. ResultsAn estimated 206,274 lacrosse-related injuries to youths aged 11–18 years were treated in U.S. emergency departments from 2000 to 2016. The rate of injuries per 10,000 significantly increased from 1.9 in 2000 to a peak of 5.3 in 2012 (p < 0.0001), followed by a significant decrease to 3.4 in 2016 (p = 0.020). Injury mechanism, body part injured, and diagnosis differed by sex. Boys were 1.62 times (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.25–2.09) more likely than girls to be injured by player-to-player contact. Girls were 2.21 times (95%CI: 1.96–2.49) more likely than boys to have non-contact injuries. Overall, as age increased, the percentage of injuries from lacrosse sticks decreased and player-to-player contact increased. ConclusionDespite additional protective regulations in the sport, lacrosse is an important source of injury where we continue to see differences by sex and age. This study supports the continuation, modification, and addition of rules aimed at reducing lacrosse injury risk.

Circulating markers of oxidative stress are associated with a muscle injury in patients with muscular dystrophy Duchenne

BackgroundA small number of studies have confirmed the presence of oxidative damage in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Nevertheless, it is unknown if there a relationship of circulating markers of oxidative stress with a muscle injury. ObjectiveWe evaluated if oxidative damage and anti-oxidant markers are associated with muscle damage in DMD. MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 24 patients with DMD classified in ambulatory and non-ambulatory. Markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase [CK]), oxidative damage (malondialdehyde [MDA], and 8-isoprostane), anti-oxidant function (Thiol and mRNA of NRF2 and NF-κB) and nitric oxide (NO) were quantified in circulation. ResultsTotal NO, MDA, and 8-isoprostane concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) higher, and thiol concentration was lower in non-ambulatory than ambulatory patients. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) between muscle injury (evaluated by Vignos scale) with CK (r = −0.382), NO (r = 0.444), MDA (r = 0.503), 8-isoprostanes (r = 0.435) and thiol (r = −0.430) was observed. Conclusion: These findings suggest that non-ambulatory have high oxidative damage and low anti-oxidant function than ambulatory patients with DMD. Total nitric oxide and oxidative damage plasma markers increase, but the anti-oxidant marker thiol decreases with a muscle injury in boys with DMD. The findings of this study suggest that these markers could be considered as goods indicators of oxidative damage in longitudinal studies to evaluate the muscle injury during DMD progression. Additionally, these findings add new information about the pathophysiology of DMD.

Prospective Epidemiology of Sports Injuries in Boys and Girls Students, First Sport for All Olympiad of Universities and Institutions

Objectives: A prospective study of the epidemiology of sports injuries in boys and girls students participating in the first sport for all Olympiad in Iranian universities and institutes. Methods: The Olympiad attended 1123 athletes from 183 universities and higher education institutions for 6 days in 6 sports. In this study, the injury is referred as any musculoskeletal complaints that require medical intervention and people who referred to the clinic at the Olympiad because of the injury were the samples. The information completed through the injury registration forms. For analysis of data, SPSS software version 18 and χ2 test were used and the tables and charts were used to express the findings. Results: A total of 136 injuries were recorded in 190 competitions. In boys, the 43 injuries at the rate of 0.07 were reported. In girls, 93 injuries were at the rate of 0.16 per person were reported. Boys' injured regions were more related to knees and shins (21.4%), in girls, thighs (28.3%), and ankles (20.7%) were the most injured. The most injuries in boys and girls were muscle cramps. The most injuries severity of participants were mild. The reason for most injuries for boys, where the lack of warm-up (29.78%) and the girls was excessive exercises pressure (27%). Conclusions: The injury rate was significant compared to other studies and there were higher in girls than boys. Thighs were the most injured region in girls, shins and knees were the most injured in boys. The most severe type of injuries was mild.

Sex-Based Differences in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries Among United States High School Soccer Players: An Epidemiological Study.

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are common among high school athletes, with sex-based differences accounting for higher injury rates in girls. Previous epidemiological studies on ACL injuries focusing on adolescent athletes have looked at injuries across multiple sports, but few have analyzed ACL tears in solely high school soccer athletes.Purpose:To examine sex-based differences in the epidemiology of ACL injuries among high school soccer players in the United States (US).Study Design:Descriptive epidemiological study.Methods:ACL injury data for US high school soccer players were obtained from the internet-based National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance Study’s High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) system. Athletic trainers from a random sample of 100 high schools from 8 strata based on US Census geographic region reported data for athlete-exposures (AEs) (practice or competition) and ACL injuries from 2007 through 2017. Injury rates were calculated as the number of ACL injuries per 100,000 AEs. Subgroup differences were evaluated with rate ratios (RRs) or injury proportion ratios (IPRs) and 95% CIs. Statistical differences in demographics between groups were examined using independent t tests. Comparisons of categorical data (ie, level of play) were performed using the Wald chi-square test.Results:The reported number of ACL injuries corresponded to weighted national estimates of 41,025 (95% CI, 33,321-48,730) ACL injuries in boys’ soccer and 110,028 (95% CI, 95,349-124,709) in girls’ soccer during the study period. The rate of injuries was higher in girls’ soccer (13.23/100,000 AEs) than boys’ soccer (4.35/100,000 AEs) (RR, 3.04 [95% CI, 2.35-3.98]). The rate of ACL injuries was higher in competition compared with practice for girls (RR, 14.77 [95% CI, 9.85-22.15]) and boys (RR, 8.69 [95% CI, 5.01-15.08]). Overall, a smaller proportion of ACL injuries were caused by player-player contact for girls (30.1%) compared with boys (48.6%) (IPR, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.41-0.93]).Conclusion:ACL injury rates and patterns in high school soccer players differed between sex, type of exposure (practice vs competition), and mechanism of injury.

وبائيات الإصابات المنزلية غير المتعمدة بين الأطفال منذ الولادة وحتى سن الرابعة عشر في محافظة أسيوط، مصر: دراسة مجتمعية مستعرضة

إن التغير في النمط الوبائي لوفيات الأطفال والتقدم الكبير فى مكافحة الأمراض المعدية وزيادة خطر الإصابات ليخلق رؤية جديدة لمعدل إصابات ووفيات الأطفال حول العالم لما تمثله من خطر جسيم حيث تتسبب الإصابات في قتل 5مليون شخص كل عام وأن معظم هذه الإصابات يقع داخل وحول نطاق المنزل حيث يقضى الأطفال في هذه المرحلة العمرية أكثر وقتهم بالمنزل. لذا ركزت في هذا البحث على هذه المرحلة العمرية في واحده من أكبر محافظات صعيد مصر وهي أسيوط. الهدف: دراسة حجم ونمط الإصابات المنزلية غير المقصودة في الأطفال الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 0 و 14 عامًا وتقييم المخاطر البيئية المرتبطة بالإصابات المنزلية. الأساليب: أجريت دراسة مجتمعية مستعرضة في عام 2018، على سكان الريف في محافظة أسيوط، مصر. تم اختيار العينة الإجمالية للأطفال من 500 أسرة عن طريق أخذ عينات عشوائية منهجية. تم جمع البيانات باستخدام استبيان محدد سلفا ومنظم من كل من الآباء والأمهات والأطفال. النتائج: من بين 1337 طفلاً، وجد أن معدل الإصابة في المنزل بلغ 43.8% في العام الماضي، وهو أعلى بكثير في الفئة العمرية من 1 إلى 3 سنوات (60%) تليها 5-10 سنوات (45.7%). كان إجمالي عدد الإصابات ومتوسط عدد الإصابات لدى الأولاد أعلى بكثير من البنات. كان أكثر أنواع الإصابات المنزلية شيوعًا هو السقوط (54.6%) يليه الإصابة بالحروق (16.1%) والإصابة بالأدوات الحادة (11.8%)، وتم تقييم الخطر البيئي باستخدام تعريفات قياسية وعملية ووجد نقاط كهربائية غير آمنة (97%)، السلالم غير الآمنة (100%)، طاولة طعام غير آمنة قصيرة (72%)، مطبخ غير آمن مع إمكانية الوصول إلى الأدوات الحادة (27.6%)، الوصول إلى النيران النشطة (23.6%)، والأثاث والأشياء غير الآمنة (22%). الاستنتاجات: إن إصابات الأطفال المنزلية غير المقصودة شائعة في صعيد مصر. كان إجمالي عدد الإصابات ومتوسط عدد الإصابات لدى الأولاد أعلى بكثير من البنات. كان السقوط أكثر أنواع الإصابات شيوعًا بين جميع الفئات العمرية. كشفت الدراسة عن وجود عبء كبير من أخطار إصابات الطفولة داخل منازلهم. التوصيات: يعد تنفيذ تدابير السلامة والوقاية من الإصابات التي قد تنطوي على تغييرات قانونية، وتطبيق استراتيجيات السلامة السلبية، وتثقيف الآباء والأمهات والأطفال في المدارس، والدعم المالي للأسر الفقيرة، استراتيجيات مهمة للوقاية من الإصابات المنزلية.

Epidemiology of Secondary School Boys' and Girls' Basketball Injuries: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network.

Little is known about non-time-loss (NTL) injury patterns in basketball athletes. Knowledge of these patterns may aid in the development of prevention and management strategies for patients with these injuries. To describe the epidemiology of time-loss (TL) and NTL injuries sustained by secondary school boys' and girls' basketball athletes. Descriptive epidemiology study. Eighty-six unique schools provided data, with 84 and 83 contributing to boys' and girls' basketball, respectively. Athletes participating in secondary school-sponsored boys' and girls' basketball. Boys' and girls' basketball data from the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION) injury-surveillance program (2011-2012 through 2013-2014 years) were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and rate ratios (IRRs) were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The NATION captured 2653 injuries over 364 355 athlete-exposures (AEs) for boys' basketball and 2394 injuries over 288 286 AE for girls' basketball, producing rates of 7.28/1000 AEs (95% CI = 7.00, 7.56) for boys and 8.30/1000 AEs (95% CI = 7.97, 8.64) for girls. The overall injury rates were slightly lower for boys (IRR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.83, 0.93). For boys, 559 (21.1%) injuries were TL and 2094 (78.9%) were NTL, producing a TL injury rate of 1.53/1000 AEs (95% CI = 1.40, 1.66) and an NTL injury rate of 5.75/1000 AEs (95% CI = 5.50, 5.99). For girls, 499 (20.8%) injuries were TL and 1895 (79.2%) were NTL, producing a TL injury rate of 1.73/1000 AEs (95% CI = 1.58, 1.88) and an NTL injury rate of 6.57/1000 AEs (95% CI = 6.28, 6.87). Rates of TL injuries were similar between boys' and girls' basketball (IRR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.79, 1.00); NTL injury rates were lower for boys (IRR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.82, 0.93). When NTL injuries were included, the rates of injury in boys' and girls' secondary school basketball were higher than previously reported.

SEX DIFFERENCES IN ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURIES AMONG US HIGH SCHOOL SOCCER PLAYERS: AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY

BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common among adolescent athletes, with soccer being the sport most frequently implicated in girls’ ACL injuries. The current literature on ACL injuries, while extensive, lacks a comprehensive study of ACL injuries in United States (US) high school soccer players. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of ACL injuries among US high school soccer players. METHODS ACL injury and athlete exposure (AE) data for US high school soccer players were obtained from the internet-based National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance System, High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) dataset collected from school years 2007-2008 through 2016-2017. Injury rates were calculated as the number of ACL injuries per 100,000 AEs. Subgroup differences were evaluated with rate ratios (RRs) or injury proportion ratios (IPRs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). Subgroup differences were examined with independent t-tests. Comparisons of categorical data (i.e., mechanism of injury) were performed using Pearson’s?2 tests. RESULTS The number of ACL injuries reported to High School RIO corresponded to weighted national estimates of 41,205 (95% CI = 33,321 – 48,730) ACL injuries in boys’ soccer and 110,029 (95% CI = 95,349 – 124,709) in girls’ soccer during the study period. ACL injury rates were significantly higher in girls’ soccer (13.23 per 100,000 AEs) than boys’ soccer (4.35 per 100,000 AEs) (RR = 3.04, 95% CI = 2.35 – 3.98) and were significantly higher in competition compared to practice for both girls (RR = 14.77, 95% CI = 9.85 – 22.15) and boys (RR = 8.69, 95% CI = 5.01 – 15.08). A greater proportion of ACL injuries were due to player-player contact in boys (48.6%) compared to girls (30.1%) (IPR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.08 – 2.42). There was no statistical difference in the proportion of ACL injuries managed surgically in boys and girls (84% vs. 78%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS There are sex-based differences in mechanism of injury and ACL injury rate in high school soccer players. In addition, boys and girls showed higher rates of injury during competition. This study suggests several areas for targeted evidence-based ACL injury prevention strategies in US high school soccer players.

Epidemiology of Injuries Sustained as a Result of Intentional Player Contact in High School Football, Ice Hockey, and Lacrosse: 2005-2006 Through 2015-2016.

Background:Lacrosse and ice hockey are quickly growing in popularity, while football remains the most popular sport among high school student-athletes. Injuries remain a concern, given the physical nature of these contact sports.Purpose:To describe the rates and patterns of injuries sustained as a result of intentional player contact in United States high school boys’ football, ice hockey, and lacrosse.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:We conducted a secondary analysis of High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) data, including exposure and injury data collected from a large sample of high schools in the United States from 2005-2006 through 2015-2016. Data were analyzed to calculate rates, assess patterns, and evaluate potential risk factors for player-to-player contact injuries.Results:A total of 34,532 injuries in boys’ football, ice hockey, and lacrosse occurred during 9,078,902 athlete-exposures (AEs), for a rate of 3.80 injuries per 1000 AEs in the 3 contact sports of interest. The risk of injuries was found to be greater in competition compared with practice for all 3 sports, with the largest difference in ice hockey (rate ratio, 8.28) and the smallest difference in lacrosse (rate ratio, 3.72). In all 3 contact sports, the most commonly injured body site in competition and practice caused by both tackling/checking and being tackled/checked was the head/face. However, a significantly greater proportion of concussions sustained in football were the result of tackling compared with being tackled (28.2% vs 24.1%, respectively). In addition, a significantly greater proportion of concussions were sustained in competition compared with practice for all 3 sports.Conclusion:This study is the first to collectively compare injury rates and injury patterns sustained from intentional player-to-player contact in boys’ high school football, ice hockey, and lacrosse. Notably, there was a relatively high risk of injuries and concussions during football practices.

Epidemiology of Contact Injuries in High School Athletes in the United States

Objectives:Lacrosse and ice hockey are fast growing youth sports in the United States. Football remains the most popular and is the leading cause of sports-related injuries among high school students. Injuries remain a concern given the physical nature of these three contact sports. The objective of this study was to compare the rates and patterns of injury in boys’ football, ice hockey, and lacrosse.Methods:We conducted a secondary analysis of High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) data including exposure and injury data collected from a large sample of high schools in the United States from 2005/2006-2015/2016. In High School RIO, athletic trainers submitted exposure and injury information weekly. In this study data was analyzed to calculate rates, assess patterns, and evaluate potential risk factors for player-player contact injuries.Results:A total of 34,532 injuries in boys’ football, ice hockey, and lacrosse occurred during 9,078,902 exposures for a rate of 3.80 injuries per 1,000 AE in the three contact sports of interest. The rate of injury was found to be higher in competition compared to practice for all three sports, with the largest difference in ice hockey (RR = 8.28; 95% CI = 7.74-8.86). In football, 46.6% of injuries were due to tackling or being tackled, 41.1% of injuries in ice hockey and 15.3% of injuries in lacrosse were due to checking or being checked. In football and lacrosse, a greater percentage of injuries were due to being tackled or checked, respectively. Similarly, in ice hockey, a greater percentage of injuries occurred due to being checked compared to checking, but surprisingly the proportion was much higher (81.6% vs 18.4%). In addition, a smaller proportion of hockey athletes injured while being checked were able to return to play in less than a week compared with both being tackled in football (IPR = 0.41) and being checked in lacrosse (IPR = 0.47). A significantly greater proportion of concussions sustained in football were the result of tackling compared to being tackled (28.3% vs 24.8%; IPR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.11-1.24). Conversely, in ice hockey, a greater proportion of concussions were sustained while being checked compared to checking (33.8% vs. 20.5%; IPR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.04-2.61). There was a significantly higher concussion rate in competition compared to practice for all three sports with no concussions sustained in ice hockey practice due to checking.Conclusion:While all three sports studied were similar in regards to a higher injury rate associated with being on the receiving end of intentional contact (being tackled or checked), the proportion was much higher in ice hockey and the injured ice hockey players were less likely to return to play in less than one week. Also of note, concussions were sustained equally while tackling and being tackled, however in ice hockey, no concussions were sustained while checking opposing players during practice. Future studies are needed to further investigate these patterns in high school contact athletes, with particular emphasis placed on understanding the lack of concussions during ice hockey practice in an attempt to translate similar practices to other contact sports.