Injection Wells Research Articles

Enhancing carbon sequestration efficiency and safety through albumin-optimized CO2 hydrate distribution and geological layer stability: An innovative approach

The persistently high global CO2 emissions are exacerbating the greenhouse effect issue. Scientists have explored methods such as carbon sequestration via subsea hydrate formation in response to global warming. However, this method faces a series of challenges when injecting CO2 on a large scale, including the slow formation rate of CO2 hydrates and potential leakage risks. Specially, the direct injection of promoters could lead to excessively high concentrations of additives close to the injection wells. This would consequently accelerate the local hydrate conversion, potentially causing reservoir blockage problems. The current study proposes a novel strategy involving additives that exhibit varying effects with concentrations. The high-concentration areas close to the wellbore can maintain the permeability by inhibiting hydrate formation; while the reduced concentration further away upon gas migration facilitates the rapid formation of CO2 hydrates. We successfully demonstrate the spatial and temporal differences in hydrate formation when using such additives. This can also facilitate the rapid formation of a dense hydrate cap layer over the reservoir, potentially preventing the leakage of CO2 gas. A new type of additive based on egg albumin was developed, which possesses the dual function and exhibits good biocompatibility and specific reservoir stability.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE USE OF SEDIMENTATION COMPOSITIONS DURING STEAM INJECTION

At present time, many oil fields, especially in historically developed areas of The experience of developing deposits of high-viscosity oils (HVO) and natural bitumen has shown that thermal methods are the most promising technologies. Of the entire arsenal of thermal methods, areal steam injection and cyclic-steam stimulation have become the most widespread.When choosing an effective thermal impact technology, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the geological and physical parameters of deposits and the factors involved in oil recovery. An effective technology should be based on the use of the main most important factors that increase oil recovery.One example of areal steam injection is the underground-surface method of developing the Yarega area of the Yaregskoef ield. With this technology, steam is pumped from the surface through vertical wells. Oil production is carried out in the underground galleries of the oil sheds.Twenty years of practice and geophysical studies of steam injection wells have revealed a number of factors that prevent uniform heating of the reservoir over the entire thickness and efficient use of coolant energy. It turned out that the injected steam is mainly concentrated in the bed zone of the formation. In this case, the formation does not warm up evenly in thickness. The heterogeneity of the reservoir (tectonic disturbances, cracks every 20-25 m) does not allow the creation of steam pressure up to 1,6 MPa along the contour of the developed areas in order to involve the inclined block. At design pressures, steam breaks into mine workings and gently descending production wells are observed.The experimental studies described in this work are aimed at finding alignment of the intake profile of steam injection wells and redistribution of coolant in a remote reservoir zone. The results of the application of sedimentation compositions in bulk reservoir models under various thermobaric conditions of steam injection are presented. As a result of injection of solutions of iron sulfate, sodium carbonate and calcium chloride, insoluble sediments were formed in the rock, which led to a decrease in permeability during water vapor filtration. The experimental study was performed on a bulk reservoir model using natural core grinding, as well as drilled and extracted core samples from wells of the Yaregskoe field. The use of sedimentation compositions in steam injection wells in the future may contribute to the involvement of rock sections in the development by redistributing the steam flow, which in turn will increase the oil recovery coefficient and reduce the steam-oil ratio.

Injection-induced basement seismicity beneath the Raton Basin: constraints from refined fault architectures and basin structure.

Intraplate earthquakes induced by anthropogenic fluid injection present unexpected seismic risk to previously quiescent or low seismicity-rate regions. Despite many studies of induced seismicity, there are relatively few with detailed openly accessible constraints on the interaction between seismic sources and subsurface structures. In this study of the Raton Basin, we refine source observations from a dense nodal array and constrain basin structure using teleseismic receiver functions. The cross-correlation-based relocated hypocentres and a new set of focal mechanisms light up active fault segments and show clear spatiotemporal patterns. The geometric complexity of reactivated fault clusters appears greatest near higher rate injection wells. Simpler normal fault structure is found farther from injection wells and near abrupt structural transitions suggested by receiver functions. While less induced seismicity in the crystalline basement is expected when injection is >1 km from the top of the basement (like Raton), our receiver function analysis identified a basin thickness ~3 km beneath the nodal array and lateral variations in sedimentary structures. Our results explain potential fluid connectivity between the injection depths focused at ~1-1.5 km below the surface and basement fault activity that begins at ~3 km and reaches peak activity at ~4-8 km depths. This article is part of the theme issue 'Induced seismicity in coupled subsurface systems'.

Skin Staining After Injection of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide for Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection: A Retrospective Study of Two Protocols for Injection and Long-Term Follow-Up.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) dissection is a highly accurate surgical procedure allowing detection of lymph node invasion in patients with clinically negative axilla in early breast cancer. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) is a marker used during SLN procedure, allowing the same detection rate as isotopes (Tc-99). A drawback of SPIO is skin staining that can occur around the injection site. The goal of this retrospective study was to assess the frequency of skin staining after oncological breast surgery with SPIO, and the impact of two different injection protocols on the rate of skin staining. Data from breast cancer patients undergoing magnetic tracer SLN detection (SLND) procedure in a single department between 2020 and 2022 was reviewed. Injection protocol P1 consisted of retro-areolar injection of Magtrace 0.8 mL. Injection protocol P2, consisted of retro-tumoral injection with 1 mL. Presence of skin staining was assessed at day 10 after surgery. The evolution and satisfaction of the patients was assessed at six and 12 months. In total 175 sentinel lymph node biopsy procedures were performed (P1: 141/P2: 34), consisting of breast conservative surgery (BCS) (P1: 70%/P2: 53%) or mastectomy (P1: 30%/P2: 47%) with SLN. SLN detection rate was 97.7%. Skin staining was reported in 23% and occurred more often after BCS (31.6%) compared to mastectomy (6.8%). When BCS was performed, peritumoral injection was associated with a decreased risk of skin staining compared with retro-areolar injection (22.2% vs. 33.3%, respectively). When present skin staining persisted for 12 months, but most of the patients described only a slight discomfort. The low rate of discoloration after mastectomy, as previously reported, can be explained by the removal of skin and glandular tissue in which the tracer accumulates. Less skin staining in P2 may be because of a shorter interval between injection and surgery and the removal of the excess of SPIO during the lumpectomy. SPIO injection is a safe surgical technique. After mastectomy, the rate of discoloration was low. Despite the persistent skin discoloration in 58.6% in our study, patient satisfaction was high. Deeper injection, reduced doses, massage of the injection site and peritumoral injection may reduce skin staining.

Intracorporeal evaluation of hyaluronic acid fillers with varied rheological properties and correlations with aesthetic outcomes.

Understanding the differences in soft tissue filler rheology and how these properties can impact clinical results is a fundamental concepts for any injector. This study aimed to assess the tissue integration characteristics of hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers manufactured with different technologies (Non-Animal Stabilized HA [HA-N] or Optimal Balance Technology [HA-O]) using ultra-high-frequency ultrasound. Twelve female participants with mild-to-moderate midface volume loss and temporal hollowing were enrolled and treated with HA-N and/or HA-O. Participants were seen at five visits (screening/baseline [treatment], and Weeks 1 [optional touch-up], 4, 6, and 8 [follow-up visits]). Ultrasound was used to evaluate the degree of product integration. On ultrasound, HA-N presented with distinct borders, minimal tissue integration, and a capacity to displace tissues. Conversely, HA-O tended to spread horizontally within the same tissue plane and integrated within tissues. The volumizing capacity of the HA-O fillers was dependent on particle size. HA-N is suited for deep injections in areas such as the upper lateral cheek and under the muscle of the temporal region when a lifting effect is desired; HA-O is best suited for subcutaneous injections, in areas of dynamic movement or for patients with thin skin; and can be injected subcutaneously or supraperiosteally when a volumizing effect is desired.

Analysis of the application of flow-deflecting technologies in order to increase oil recovery

This article discusses flow-deflecting technologies as a method of increasing oil recovery based on the injection of limited volumes of special reagents into injection wells. This technology allows you to: reduce the permeability of highly permeable layers of the formation; align the well intake along the formation section; create a more uniform displacement front; reduce water breakthroughs to the producing well. Flow-deflecting technologies are used at the final stage of field development or in solving problems related to repair and insulation work. Also in this article, an analysis of the effectiveness of flow-deflecting technologies using various polymers is carried out. The results of experimental and field studies of three new technologies based on the use of a chemical agent, for example, POLY-T-101, hydrophobic emulsions and gel-acid compositions are presented during work on limiting water flows and redistributing the directions of filtration flows in terrigenous carbonate reservoirs at reservoir temperatures from 20 to 1000 C. The issues of the mechanism of action of chemical reagents on productive deposits and prospects for the application of the developed technologies at problematic oil field facilities are considered. The results of field tests are presented.

Investigation of Wellbore Instability in Southern Rumaila Oil Field

This study aims to address the issue by providing valuable insights into the factors contributing to the wellbore instability and proposing effective measures to mitigate the problem in the southern part of the Rumaila oil field. A comprehensive one-dimensional mechanical earth model (1D MEM) was developed by utilizing various logs data from 4 wells across the south part of this field, including gamma ray, bit size, caliper, bulk density, and sonic compression and shear logs. The model was validated with laboratory tests, including Brazilin and Triaxial tests, as well as repeated formation tests. To analyze the wellbore stability, three different failure criteria, namely Mohr-Coulomb, Mogi-Coulomb, and Modified lade, were employed. The results indicated that the Mogi-Coulomb criterion was the most accurate failure criterion in predicting rock failure. Wellbore instability problems had been observed across the shale sections throughout the Rumaila oil field, particularly through Tanuma, Khasib, top and bottom of Ahmadi, Nahr Umr, and Upper Shale members and Middle Shale members of Zubair formations. The 1D MEM results indicated that Shaly formations exhibited low stiffness rocks (low Young's Modulus (YME)), low rock strength, and high Poisson's ratio (PR), suggesting potential challenges related to wellbore instability in the Tanuma, top and bottom of Ahmadi, Nahr-Umr, and Zubair formations. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the safest mud weight and the optimum well trajectory for future drilling operations. According to the updated mud window of this field in 2023, the pressure in the Mishrif and Zubair formations was reinforced by injection wells, as it was noted that the pressure behavior shifted from depletion (2000 Psi). Based on the findings of this study, the good inclination of (0-25°) can be drilled with the mud weight of 1.24-1.26 sg, while the good inclination of (25-40°) can be drilled with the mud weight of 1.28-1.30 sg in all directions (i.e., all azimuths). The stress regime in most of the formations was found to be a strike-slip to a normal fault regime. The findings of this study can significantly benefit the oil industry and enhance overall productivity.

Assessment of the effect of process fluids injected into injection wells on the possibility of changing the rheological parameters of hydraulic fracturing fluids after destruction

Assessment of the effect of process fluids injected into injection wells on the possibility of changing the rheological parameters of hydraulic fracturing fluids after destruction

Setup of PVT-models. Modeling of injection wells. Configuring models of collection system and pipelines and reservoir pressure maintenance system

Relevance. The ability to provide more accurate and efficient assessment and management of hydrocarbon production using software products for integrated field modeling. However, this approach requires an analysis of the source data quality, as well as the selection of the correct approach to creating models. Consistent and systematic work makes it possible to reproduce the actual situation with high accuracy in order to use the results obtained in further work. The integrated field model is a completely new approach to field development, when current work is based not on existing solutions, but on potential. Forecasting the behavior of the reservoir, wells and infrastructure, the collection system and the system for maintaining reservoir pressure allows for a comprehensive assessment of the possibilities of obtaining maximum oil and gas production while minimizing possible losses. Aim. Formation and analysis of an approach to setting up PVT-models of fluids, models of injection well stock, collection and transport systems and reservoir pressure maintenance systems by adapting parameters to actual data. Methods. Setting up and adapting injection well models; setting up and adapting collection system and pipeline models; approach to work with the reservoir pressure maintenance system. Results. The results obtained make it possible to adapt the components of the integrated model with an accuracy of over 95 %, which makes it possible to simulate the operating conditions of the field. Because of the analysis, tuning criteria were identified, and the minimum required set of parameters for high-quality adaptation of models was presented. Efficiency and accuracy of predictive calculations on adapted models has also been proven by comparing actual performance data with synthetic data. Based on the work done, we can conclude that the use of an integrated model shows us a high convergence with real data, which allows us to optimally approach the field development regime.

Evaluation method of residual life of casing with corrosion defect in CO2 injection Wells

With the hot development of CCUS project in major oil fields, CO2 flooding technology is also developing continuously. CO2 flooding needs to transform old oil field Wells into CO2 Wells, and the residual life of casing with corrosion defects in old oil Wells needs to be evaluated. To solve this problem, the residual strength of casing with corrosion defects under the combined force is analyzed, and a finite element analysis model is established considering the material nonlinearity. It is found that the temperature difference and axial force will significantly reduce the residual strength of casing. The influence of corrosion rate and pitting pit radius on the residual life of CO2 injection well is discussed. It is found that well H can continue to serve for 13 years after CO2 injection. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for predicting the residual life of CO2 injection Wells in old wells, and ensure the normal production and operation of CO2 injection flooding development.

Mechanisms of well iron clogging in groundwater heat pump systems: Insights from video imaging, hydrogeochemical analysis, and geochemical modeling

Groundwater heat pump (GWHP) systems are increasingly popular as low-carbon and environmentally friendly technologies, but well clogging induced by iron remains a significant issue. This study investigated the clogging characteristics and biogeochemistry of three typical wells (pumping, injection, and observation wells) in an operating GWHP system using video imaging, sampling, and analysis of hydrogeochemical and microbial data. The results revealed that iron-induced well clogging is a complex process involving physical, chemical, and microbial factors. Pumping wells experience clogging due to water mixing with varying redox conditions, resulting in hematite-based iron oxide deposits. Injection wells exhibit higher clogging severity, with transformed oxidation and accumulation of reduced iron minerals at the solid-liquid interface, resulting in darker colored clogs with magnetite. Clogging in both extraction and injection wells is closely related to iron-rich aquifer sections, where severe clogging occurs. Shallow clogging due to iron oxide is limited and attributed to the oxidation of zero-valent iron in well casing material. Iron-oxidizing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria were detected in the consolidated deposits of clogged wells, indicating their involvement in the clogging formation process. Moreover, a strong correlation was observed between the presence of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the water phase and the severity of clogging, suggesting a possible link between iron oxidation and nitrate reduction in the system. Geochemical modeling results further supported the observed clogging severity in GWHP systems and confirmed varying clogging mechanisms in different wells and depths. These findings contribute to the understanding of clogging in GWHP operations, aiding in robust water utilization and energy-saving efforts, and supporting global carbon reduction initiatives.

Micro-scale investigation of the pore network of sandstone in the Pannonian Basin to improve geothermal energy development

This study focuses on the Pannonian Basin, specifically in Szentes, Hungary a region of significant geothermal potential, with particular emphasis on the Dunántúl Group; a collective name for the Zagyva and Újfalu formations, which consists of slightly consolidated delta-front sandstone sediments. This research is pivotal in understanding the challenges associated with clogging in geothermal wells, a problem that has led to the premature shutdown of injection wells in the region. Our approach integrates classical petrophysical and mineralogical methods with advanced techniques such as micro-Computed X-Ray Tomography imaging, 3D image analysis, and digital rock simulations. Our findings indicate that the target geothermal rock formations within the Dunántúl Group exhibit high porosity (27–31 %) and variable permeability (60–400 mD), dependent on the location and specific characteristics of the formation. Our micro-CT analyses further identified that the presence of fine-grained materials in smaller pores and generally weak cementation of grains substantially contributes to these challenges.

EVALUASI SISTEM DAN DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN PENGELOLAAN AIR TERPRODUKSI PADA SUMUR X1 PT MGBI LAPANGAN WUNUT

PT Minarak Gas Brantas Inc.'s operations in the Wunut Field involve the production of waste in various forms, primarily liquid waste, with produced water being the most significant type. Proper management of this produced water waste is crucial to prevent environmental pollution and ensure economic and environmental sustainability. The company manages this waste by reinjecting it into the reservoir to prevent groundwater contamination. To ensure the effectiveness of this reinjection process, they have created a groundwater flow pattern map (flow net) at three locations near the injection well: LP1 in Keduung Boto Village, LP2 in Candi Pari Village, and LP3 in Candi Pari Village, all in Sidoarjo Regency. This helps in understanding the potential spread of pollutants in the soil and underground water, aiding in environmental pollution monitoring and managment.The groundwater from this area is used for various human activities like bathing, cooking, and washing. However, based on water quality standards outlined in Ministry of Health Regulation No. 2 of 2023, the produced water from Well X-1 in the Wunut Field does not meet the required TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) content standards due to a decline in hydrocarbon fluid production, resulting in a separator efficiency of 74,86%. Additionally, lab tests and flow net results indicate that the TDS levels in LP1, LP2, and LP3 do not meet the sanitation and hygiene water quality standards, suggesting potential seepage in these locations that could contaminate groundwater. Keywords: Oil; Gas Produced Water; Gas Separator Eficiency; Groundwater Flow

Evaluation Of Some Drinking Water Qualities In Some Villages In Gezira State

Safe and potable water is the basic need for human. In Gezira State groundwater is the main source of domestic water. While most villages in Gezira State traditionally use pit latrines, septic tanks and injection wells have been introduced recently. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of latrine system in some villages in North Gezira State on some physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters of groundwater. Water samples were collected from sixteen villages (Wadalmahna, Alkamlin Abdalab, Umdagarsey, Wadalmajedi, Abu usher, Altalbab, Alshawarab, Genib, Albataheen, Abufroa, Alsadaga, Alhassaheisa, Alsalama, Addaid Abu usher, Altakla Hamed, and Altakla Gobara) and analyzed for various physico-chemical and microbiological parameters. Physico-chemical parameter includes pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, and some heavy metals. The microbiologic test includes a total count of coli form and fecal coli form E. coli, which is an indicator of fecal contamination of water. Standard laboratory methods for analysis were used. These parameters were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) and Sudanese Standards and Metrology Organization (SSMO) to assess the suitability of groundwater for domestic purpose. The results show that most of the Physio-chemical parameters are within the acceptable ranges for WHO and SSMO, except water salinity in three villages (Alshawarab, 1935 μmhoscm-1; Albataheen, 1885 μmhoscm-1 and Abufroa, 1780 μmhoscm-1) is higher than the acceptable level (1500 μmhoscm-1). For microbiological tests, total coli form bacteria were detected in all water samples. E. coli was not detected in villages where traditional pit latrine is used. In village where septic tank and injection well is common E. coli was detected in all the samples. The study concludes that the groundwater used for drinking in North Gezira State is polluted, and there is contamination with E. coli in areas where traditional pit latrines are not the sanitation system. Keywords: drinking water, latrine system, Villages in Gezira State, Physical, chemical, groundwater, WHO, microbiological

Spatial analysis of thermal groundwater use based on optimal sizing and placement of well doublets

This paper proposes an approach to optimize the technical potential of thermal groundwater use by determining the optimal sizing and placement of extraction–injection well doublets. The approach quantifies the maximum technically achievable volume of extracted groundwater in a given area and, hence, the amount of heat exchanged with the aquifer, considering relevant regulatory and hydraulic constraints. The hydraulic constraints ensure acceptable drawdown and rise of groundwater in extraction and injection wells for sustainable use, respectively, prevention of internal hydraulic breakthroughs, and adequate spacing between neighboring doublets. Analytical expressions representing these constraints are integrated into a mixed-integer linear optimization framework allowing efficient application to relatively large areas. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated by a real case study in Munich, where the geothermal potential of each city block is optimized independently. Six optimization scenarios, differing in terms of required minimum installed doublet capacity and spacings between doublets, underline the adaptability of the approach. The approach provides a comprehensive and optimized potential assessment and can be readily applied to other geographic locations. This makes it a valuable tool for thermal groundwater management and spatial energy planning, such as the planning of fourth and fifth generation district heating systems.

Enhancing myocardial infarction treatment through bionic hydrogel-mediated spatial combination therapy via mtDNA-STING crosstalk modulation

Myocardial infarction (MI)-induced impaired cardiomyocyte (CM) mitochondrial function and microenvironmental inflammatory cascades severely accelerate the progression of heart failure for compromised myocardial repair. Modulation of the crosstalk between CM mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and STING has been recently identified as a robust strategy in enhancing MI treatment, but remains seldom explored. To develop a novel approach that can address persistent myocardial injury using this crosstalk, we report herein construction of a biomimetic hydrogel system, Rb1/PDA-hydrogel comprised of ginsenoside Rb1/polydopamine nanoparticles (Rb1/PDA NPs)-loaded carboxylated chitosan, 4-arm-PEG-phenylboronic acid (4-arm-PEG-PBA), and 4-arm-PEG-dopamine (4-arm-PEG-DA) crosslinked networks. An optimized hydrogel formulation presents not only desired adhesion properties to the surface of the myocardium, but also adaptability for deep myocardial injection, resulting in ROS scavenging, CM mitochondrial function protection, M1 macrophage polarization inhibition through the STING pathway, and angiogenesis promotion via an internal-external spatial combination. The enhanced therapeutic efficiency is supported by the histological analysis of the infarcted area, which shows that the fibrotic area of the MI rats decreases from 58.4% to 5.5%, the thickness of the left ventricular wall increases by 1-fold, and almost complete recovery of cardiac function after 28 days of treatment. Overall, this study reported the first use of a strong adhesive and injectable hydrogel with mtDNA and STING signaling characteristics for enhanced MI treatment via an internal-external spatial combination strategy.

Co-optimization method for injection strategy of underground natural gas storage integrating aboveground and underground parts

Underground natural gas storage (UNGS) is an important infrastructure to overcome the imbalance between supply and demand of natural gas. During the gas injection period, gas is compressed aboveground and then transported to injection wells for injection into the underground reservoir. Reasonably formulating the compressor operation scheme and injection scheduling scheme is a crucial step. However, “Compressor-pipeline-injection well-reservoir" constitutes a synergistic whole. More efficient and practical operation schemes can only be proposed through the establishment of an optimization method that coordinates the entire gas injection process. A novel two-layer multi-objective collaborative optimization method is proposed to optimize the monthly operation scheme during the injection period. The upper-layer model focuses on optimizing injection volume allocation to minimize reservoir pressure deviation and total compressor energy consumption. The under-layer model optimizes the compressor operation scheme by considering the multi-stage compression (MC) and clearance adjustment (CA) equipped in reciprocating compressors. The synergistic relationship during the injection process is integrated into the traditional model through the interlayer iteration method. Furthermore, a high accuracy and efficiency proxy model based on machine learning algorithms (ML) is developed to predict compressor performance. The results of the case study indicate that, compared with traditional optimization method and the two-stage co-optimization method, the proposed method achieves an average energy consumption reduction of 9.54 × 106 kWh (10.79%) and 2.12 × 106 kWh (2.4%) respectively. The effective utilization of CA and MC can significantly alleviate the deviations between displacement and processing requirements, eliminating 22,120.5 × 104 Nm3(85.62%). The two-layer co-optimization method effectively integrates the aboveground and underground parts of UNGS, providing a solution for safe and efficient operation during the injection period.

Numerical simulation study of natural gas hydrate extraction by depressurization combined with CO2 replacement

Utilizing depressurization combined with CO2 replacement for extracting natural gas hydrates (NGHs) is vital for sustainable energy and carbon sequestration. In this study, a NGH reservoir numerical model was developed to investigate the impacts of depressurization combined with CO2 replacement on hydrate extraction at a field scale. Findings reveal an increase in methane production with reduced bottom hole pressure. When the bottom hole pressure is 3.5 MPa, the methane production reaches its maximum at 1.71 × 106 m3. Methane hydrates near production and injection wells decompose first, with deeper hydrates decomposing more easily. Higher differential pressures between injection and production enhance methane extraction and CO2 hydrate formation. However, excessive pressure differential (1.5 MPa) can lead to CO2 breakthrough across reservoir barriers, adversely affecting the purity of methane. At 1800 d, the methane purity is only 36.2 %. Optimal methane extraction and CO2 sequestration occur at higher injection temperatures (9 °C) below the CO2 hydrate phase equilibrium temperature. Temperatures above this equilibrium adversely affect both processes. The study validates the feasibility of depressurization with CO2 replacement for extracting hydrates in the Shenhu area, offering theoretical guidance for synergistic offshore methane extraction and CO2 sequestration techniques.

Role of Subauroral Polarization Streams in Deep Injections of Energetic Electrons Into the Inner Magnetosphere

AbstractThe electric fields of subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) have been suggested to affect energetic charged particles' dynamics in the inner magnetosphere, though their role on radiation belt electrons has never been properly quantified. A moderate geomagnetic storm on 2015‐09‐07 caused the deep injection of 10–100s of keV electrons in Earth's inner magnetosphere to low L* (L* < 4). Using a 2‐D test particle tracer, we present the effects of electric fields given by the Volland‐Stern model, a SAPS (Goldstein et al., 2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005ja011135) model, and a modified SAPS model on the energetic electron deep injections. The modified SAPS model reflects the SAPS electric field observations by the Van Allen Probes and is supported by Defense Meteorological Satellite Program observations. Simulations suggest that the SAPS electric field pushes 10–20 MeV/G electrons Earthward to L* ∼ 2.7 in 2.5 hr, much deeper compared to the Volland‐Stern electric field.

Intraperitoneal injection of mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned media (MSCS-CM) treated monocyte can potentially alleviate motor defects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis female mice; An original experimental study

IntroductionMultiple sclerosis (MS), as a destructive pathology of myelin in central nervous system (CNS), causes physical and mental complications. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is laboratory model of MS widely used for CNS-associated inflammatory researches. Cell therapy using macrophage M2 (MPM2) is a cell type with anti-inflammatory characteristics for all inflammatory-based neuropathies. This experimental study investigated the probable therapeutic anti-inflammatory effects of intraperitoneal (IP) injection of MPM2 on alleviation of motor defect in EAE-affected animals. Materials and methods24 C57/BL6 female mice were divided into four groups of EAE, EAE + Dexa, EAE + PBS, and EAE + MP2. EAE was induced through deep cervical injection of spinal homogenate of guinea pigs. MPM2 cells were harvested from bone marrow and injected (106cells/ml) in three days of 10, 13 and 16 post-immunizations (p.i). Clinical score (CS), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10), pro-inflammatory gene expression (TNF-α, IL-1β) and histopathological investigations (HE, Nissl and Luxol Fast Blue) were considered. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (v.19) and p < 0.05 was considered significant level. ResultsDuring EAE induction, the mean animal weight was decreased (p < 0.05); besides, following MPM2 injection, the weight gain was applied (p < 0.05) in EAE + MPM2 groups than control. Increased (p < 0.05) levels of CS was found during EAE induction in days 17–28 in EAE animals; besides, CS was decreased (p < 0.05) in EAE + MPM2 group than EAE animals. Also, in days 25–28 of experiment, the CS was decreased (p < 0.05) in EAE + MPM2 than EAE + Dexa. Histopathological assessments revealed low density of cell nuclei in corpus callosum, microscopically. LFB staining also showed considerable decrease in white matter density of corpus callosum in EAE group. Acceleration of white matter density was found in EAE + MPM2 group following cell therapy procedure. Genes expression of TNF-α, IL-1β along with IL-4 and IL-10 were decreased (p < 0.05) in EAE + MPM2 group. ConclusionIP injection of MPM2 to EAE-affected female mice can potentially reduce the CNS inflammation, neuronal death and myelin destruction. MPM2 cell therapy can improve animal motor defects.