Injection Pattern Research Articles

Noise-Regularized Advantage Value for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

Leveraging global state information to enhance policy optimization is a common approach in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). Even with the supplement of state information, the agents still suffer from insufficient exploration in the training stage. Moreover, training with batch-sampled examples from the replay buffer will induce the policy overfitting problem, i.e., multi-agent proximal policy optimization (MAPPO) may not perform as good as independent PPO (IPPO) even with additional information in the centralized critic. In this paper, we propose a novel noise-injection method to regularize the policies of agents and mitigate the overfitting issue. We analyze the cause of policy overfitting in actor–critic MARL, and design two specific patterns of noise injection applied to the advantage function with random Gaussian noise to stabilize the training and enhance the performance. The experimental results on the Matrix Game and StarCraft II show the higher training efficiency and superior performance of our method, and the ablation studies indicate our method will keep higher entropy of agents’ policies during training, which leads to more exploration.

Time frequency analysis for the evaluation of ignition delay in conventional and PCCI combustion modes

• Time frequency analysis can detect both start of injection and start of combustion. • Time frequency analysis can provide an accurate evaluation of ignition delay in diesel engines. • Combustion development for PCCI and conventional diesel modes is investigated. In-cylinder pressure signal has been widely adopted to obtain simple offline and online diagnosis of the combustion process through one-zone analysis, which provides the apparent heat release of the mixture. The present paper also starts from the in-cylinder pressure measurement to apply time frequency analysis for an alternative evaluation of the combustion events. A comparison with traditional one-zone analysis is then performed. In particular, time frequency analysis is here applied for the investigation of all the characteristic events that define the fuel ignition delay, i.e. hydraulic start of injection, first, along with the corresponding start of combustion, next. The study here reported is relative to single-injection patterns and has been applied to both conventional and premixed low temperature diesel combustion modes. For the considered injection pattern, time frequency analysis, compared to single-zone combustion model supplemented by measurements of injection rate at the hydraulic rig and by engine measurements of fuel injection pressure in the injector supply pipe, provided precise evaluation of the relevant combustion events.

Types of periocular wrinkles based on anatomical and contractile characteristics of participating periocular muscles: A modified classification method and personalized injection technique.

Clinical classification methods for periocular wrinkles based on participating muscle behavior are lacking, and traditional treatment lacks detailed and individualized methods. This study aimed to propose a modified classification system and individualized treatment for periocular wrinkles based on the participating muscles. Periocular wrinkles were classified into types I.I, I.II, I.III, II, and III. A personalized treatment pattern with a multipoint, low-dose technique was developed based on wrinkle classification and severity. Standard photographs were taken and assessments made at follow-up to evaluate wrinkle severity. Wrinkle severity was reduced at 1 and 3months after periorbital botulinum toxin injection, and no serious adverse events were recorded. Periorbital wrinkles were classified according to participating muscles. The modified injection pattern was individualized, effective, and safe for the treatment of periorbital wrinkles.

A meta‐heuristic capacitor placement framework for distribution grids using modal resonance analysis

Shunt capacitors are usually installed in distribution grids for power factor correction. On the other hand, the number of harmonic-producing sources such as wind turbines (WTs), photovoltaic (PV) panels, storage units, and electronic loads is rapidly growing in distribution grids. Since improper placement and sizing of shunt capacitors in harmonic-polluted grids may aggravate power quality conditions and lead to harmonic resonance, special attention should be paid to this optimization problem when harmonics are present. In this paper, a framework based on shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) is proposed for optimal placement of fixed capacitor banks. Moreover, a resonance index (RI) is proposed for assessment and mitigation of potential harmonic resonance based on resonance mode analysis (RMA). The resonance mitigation method helps in avoiding power quality constraint violations and directs the algorithm toward the feasible solution space. It thus results in a higher efficiency, and the chance of reaching (near) globally optimum solutions increases. The proposed algorithm is particularly useful when detailed data regarding the harmonic injection pattern of nonlinear sources is not available. The proposed framework is implemented on the IEEE 18, 34, and 69-bus test systems, and the results demonstrate its advantages, especially in larger grids.

Construction of porous calcite structure using microbially induced calcite precipitation

Sporosarcina pasteurii is a well-known ureolytic bacteria that promotes the microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) process for several environmental and engineering purposes. In our work, for the first time, MICP has been implemented to form pure, porous calcite structures. The maximum urease activity of S. pasteurii was 1.91 mM urea hydrolyzed min−1 at the late-exponentially phase. A reactor has been designed to achieve semi-continuous treatments, and reagents were introduced to it by a peristaltic pump. A new alternating injection pattern was adopted to obtain well-distributed precipitation. SEM images of treated structures indicated the shapes of CaCO3 crystals at a microscale level and revealed the successful formation of calcite-calcite bonds, which has contributed to achieving a consolidated porous structure. Such synthetic pure, porous calcite structure has found growing industrial interest where chemically intrusive procedures (e.g., acidizing, fracturing) should be performed on expensively excavated core samples.

Low-Cost Detection of Methane Gas in Rice Cultivation by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector Based on Manual Injection and Split Pattern.

Rice cultivation is one of the most significant human-created sources of methane gas. How to accurately measure the methane concentration produced by rice cultivation has become a major problem. The price of the automatic gas sampler used as a national standard for methane detection (HJ 38-2017) is higher than that of gas chromatography, which greatly increases the difficulty of methane detection in the laboratory. This study established a novel methane detection method based on manual injection and split pattern by changing the parameters of the national standard method without adding any additional automatic gas samplers. The standard curve and correlation coefficient obtained from the parallel determination of methane standard gas were y = 2.4192x + 0.1294 and 0.9998, respectively. Relative standard deviation (RSD, <2.82%), recycle rate (99.67–102.02%), limit of detection (LOD, 0.0567 ppm) and limit of quantification (LOQ, 0.189 ppm) of this manual injection method are satisfying, demonstrating that a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), based on manual injection at a split ratio (SR) of 5:1, could be an effective and accurate method for methane detection. Methane gases produced by three kinds of low-methane rice treated with oxantel pamoate acid, fumaric acid and alcohol, were also collected and detected using the proposed manual injection approach Good peak shapes were obtained, indicating that this approach could also be used for quantification of methane concentration.

Negative emotional impact following botulinum toxin treatment for crow's feet lines

So far, studies addressing the negative psychological effects of crow's feet treatment with botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) have rarely been published. BoNTA causes neuromuscular paralysis through a process of chemical denervation, temporarily preventing muscle contraction. The ability of botulinum toxin to alleviate dynamic wrinkles was coincidentally discovered after treating patients for benign essential blepharospasm in 1987.1 Since then, it has been widely used in cosmetic dermatology to reduce wrinkles and rejuvenate the skin. We report the cases of three female patients who presented with negative emotional complaints following BoNTA treatment for crow's feet. A 34-year-old Caucasian woman presented 14 days after the first BoNTA treatment. She reported having been injected with onabotulinumtoxinA (10 units per side) in the lateral part of the orbicularis oculi muscles on both sides. She reported a history of depression, treated with citalopram. The injection pattern was 3-4-3 U (Figures 1a and 2). A 28-year-old Caucasian woman presented 12 days after the first BoNTA treatment. She was injected 20 units of incobotulinumtoxinA (10 units per side) in the lateral part of the musculus orbicularis oculi. Her medical history was not relevant for previous diseases. The injection pattern was 3-4-3 U (Figure 1a). A 56-year-old Caucasian woman presented 10 days after the first BoNTA treatment. In this case, she was injected 50 units of abobotulinumtoxinA (25 units per side) in the lateral part of the musculus orbicularis oculi. Her medical history was only relevant to smoking. The injection pattern was 10-10-10 U (Figure 1b). All three cases were attended in our specialised outpatient clinic at Erasmus MC for complications of injectables, reporting a non-natural smile after BoNTA treatment. All patients reported a mental impact in the form of sadness, distress and insecurities, and a socio-psychological impact manifested as limitations in their daily functions, such as going to work or even going outside. All patients stated that their emotional status was normal before the treatment. Physical examination revealed complete paralysis of the lateral part of the orbicularis oculi muscles, resulting in a non-smooth transition with a crease between the lower eyelid and the cheek area (Figure 2). After explaining the anatomy of this area, mechanisms of action and temporary effect of BoNTA, the patients were reassured with a biweekly follow-up. Upon smiling, the zygomaticus major muscles contraction lifts a ‘shelf’ of cheek tissue and rhytids that stops abruptly as it transitions into the smooth paralysed lateral orbital area.2 Among older patients, this effect can be accentuated and even visible at rest, due to the excess skin in the lower lid.3 For most people, this muscle is also an accessory upper cheek elevator. When the lower portion of the lateral orbicularis oculi is totally paralysed, a small loss of upper cheek elevation is observed, resulting in a weaker facial feedback effect.3, 4 The injection pattern used in all three cases was similar (Figure 1a,b) and the doses between the different toxins were equivalent, reflecting a standardised practice in many current medical settings. Published guidelines for the use of BoNTA are an excellent starting point and an important tool for clinicians with little experience; however, each practitioner is likely to develop their own algorithm for facial rejuvenation procedures.5 Different injection patterns and new techniques, such as the microdroplet technique for BoNTA treatment on crow's feet, may possibly achieve a smoother transition between treated and non-treated areas for a more harmonious and natural outcome.6 Besides, appreciation for the aesthetic result desired by the patient, clear explanations about the mechanism of action of BoNTA and appropriate management of expectations result in a better doctor–patient communication and higher patient satisfaction. We think that the negative psychological effects of BoNTA treatment are under-reported. Although temporary, these effects can be very distressing and may lead to decreased client retention. The report of these cases should raise awareness about the importance of a personalised treatment plan for each patient, based on a deep understanding of the patient's unique characteristics combined with appropriate doctor-patient communication. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The patients in this manuscript have given written informed consent to the publication of their case details. I had full access to all the data in the study and I take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis as well as the decision to submit for publication.

Production-Technology Selection Optimizes Redevelopment Project in Austria

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 200290, “Production Technology Selection for an EOR Redevelopment Project: Lessons Learned From Polymer Pilots,” by Michaela Hoy, SPE, Timur Cimitoglu, and Philipp Knauhs, SPE, OMV, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. OMV operates 26 oil fields in Lower Austria. The majority were developed in the 1950s and ’60s and show an extended period of decline. The challenge of operating brownfields can be tackled by a major chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery field-redevelopment project. The scope of the polymer field rollout is to create and operate efficient horizontal polymer injection patterns in Lower Austria. Introduction The operator historically has executed several enhanced oil recovery trials, but during the past 10 years, polymerflooding has grown in importance in its development plans. For testing its efficacy in the Tortonian Horizons (TH) of the Matzen field, single vertical polymer patterns were created. Because the vertical polymer patterns showed operational success and incremental-oil-production potential, horizontal flooding patterns were considered. In 2017, the first horizontal pilot pattern was drilled and completed.

An analytical model for performance prediction of miscible flooding methods

The main target of this study is to develop fast and efficient analytical model that can predict reservoir performance under the implementation of miscible flooding processes. The developed model uses upgraded fractional flow theories and several areal sweep efficiency models. Unlike previous attempts in this topic, the developed model accounts for reservoir instability factors such as reservoir heterogeneity, viscous fingering behavior and gravity segregation. In addition, it accounts for different Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) injection strategies including continuous solvent injection and simultaneous Water Alternate Gas (WAG) injection in both secondary and tertiary miscible displacement modes. Moreover, the model has been extended to account for different injection patterns including line drive and 5-spot. The model was validated against two actual field applications: (1) the WAG injection pilot project of Slaughter field, and (2) the miscible flooding pilot project of Garber field. The results of the model deviate from the results of the field measurements with a range of 7.3 to 20.4%. This match demonstrated the ability and the strength of the developed model. The model utilizes a limited set of input data that is available in the field at the early stages of the reservoir life. Therefore, it can be used as a pre-simulation tool to support the decision-making during the critical technology selection phase.

Numerical investigation on gasification process of heavy fuel oil in an entrained flow gasifier

In this article, three-dimensional numerical modeling is conducted to describe heavy fuel oil gasification phenomena on the research scale entrained flow gasifier. The simulation is perceived particle distribution, pyrolysis, char, and gaseous phase gasification reactions. Different gasifying agents, equivalence ratio, and injection pattern of fuel and agent are considered to evaluate their impact on gasification performance features, such as syngas composition, gasification temperature, and efficiency. The obtained results show that increasing the equivalence ratio reduces syngas content (H2+CO). Nevertheless, the displacement of injection pattern of fuel and agent into the burner achieves a higher syngas yield. The simulation outcomes indicate that heavy fuel oil is an appropriate feedstock for gasification in a specific range of equivalence ratios. This numerical model approach enhances a proper understanding of heavy fuel oil gasification, and it applies to optimizing gasifier design.

Diesel Engine Fuel Pump Pressure, Time Setting and Calibration

Abstract: For a diesel engine, fuel pressure time setting and calibration are very important parameters, which influence and increase the engine efficiency, performance, emissions, and combustion. Other injection parameters affecting engine performance are rate of injection, injection pattern, number of injections etc. A single cylinder research engine was used to experimentally determine the effects of fuel injection strategies and injection timings on engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics. The experiments were conducted at constant speed (2500 rpm) with two FIPs (500 and 1000 bars respectively) and different start of injection (SOI) timings. Cylinder pressure and rate of heat release (ROHR) were found to be higher for lower FIPs however advanced injection timings gave higher ROHR in early combustion stages. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased with increased injection pressures while exhaust gas temperature and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) increased up to 500 bars. These parameters reduced slightly with increase in fuel pressure time pump. Diesel engine combustion quality is based on the formation of fuel-air mixture. Enormous efforts have made to reduce the harmful diesel engine emissions. High engine noise, Particulate matter (PM) and NOx production are the results of improper combustion process and considered as the major constraints. The performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines depend on many parameters. Precise control over the fuel injection process is one of the most important factors and plays a very important role in combustion to increase the engine performance with minimal exhaust emission. The injection system must satisfy high pressure capability, injection pressure control, flexible timing control, and injection rate control. The purpose of this study is to find the performance and exhaust emission of diesel engines by implementing the combination of various high injection pressures and variable injection timings. Present paper is concentrated towords optimization of the best combination of high pressure injection with suitable injection timing in a diesel engine fueled with pure diesel, to reduce the emission and fuel consumption with increased engine power. Keywords: Diesel Engine fuel pump pressure, time,setting and calibration.

Reproductive Performance of Saanen Goats After PGF2α Intramuscular Injection in Correlation to Body Weight

An experiment was conducted at Kalikesur Farm, Kedung Banteng, Banyumas to investigate the reproductive performance of Saanen dairy goats after PGF2α injection on different body weights. This experiment included twenty female Saanen goats at 2-3 years of age, 2-3 kidding periods, and varying body weights of 30 to 55 kg. All goats were intramuscularly injected by 2 ml PGF2α (LutalyseTM, Pharmacia and Upjohn Company, Pfizer Inc) in a double injection pattern, with 11-day interval to perform estrous synchronization. The variables on reproductive performance such as estrus onset, length of estrus, and intensity of estrus were measured and monitored twice a day at 6-10 am and 3-5 pm. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were conducted. Results demonstrated that body weight performed strong correlations with estrus intensity (r = 0.66) while the time for the first estrus (onset) has a negative moderate correlation with body weight (r = -0.47), a negative weak correlation was recorded between body weight and length of estrus (r = -0.17). Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the body weight of goats in the estrus synchronization program can be used to be an indicator of reproductive performance, especially in estrus intensity. This can help farmers to predict estrus behavior after PGF2α synchronization.

Fast Experimental Magnetic Model Identification for Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives

The accurate magnetic model is mandatory for high-performance control of high anisotropy synchronous machines. This paper presents a time-efficient and accurate magnetic model identification based on triangle current injection while the machine under the test is driven at a constant speed by a prime mover. The current injection pattern allows scanning the whole range of current, reducing the identification time compared to the standard constant-speed method (CSM) with the same level of accuracy. The ohmic voltage drop and inverter nonlinearities are compensated by using the average voltage of motor and generator modes. The synchronous reluctance machine is used as a case study for validation through the comparison between the experimental results obtained by the proposed method and the CSM against finite element simulation. Moreover, the temperature variation of the machine winding is measured showing no considerable changes during the identification test.

A new insight into a thermoplastic microfluidic device aimed at improvement of oxygenation process and avoidance of shear stress during cell culture

Keeping the oxygen concentration at the desired physiological limits is a challenging task in cellular microfluidic devices. A good knowledge of affecting parameters would be helpful to control the oxygen delivery to cells. This study aims to provide a fundamental understanding of oxygenation process within a hydrogel-based microfluidic device considering simultaneous mass transfer, medium flow, and cellular consumption. For this purpose, the role of geometrical and hydrodynamic properties was numerically investigated. The results are in good agreement with both numerical and experimental data in the literature. The obtained results reveal that increasing the microchannel height delays the oxygen depletion in the absence of media flow. We also observed that increasing the medium flow rate increases the oxygen concentration in the device; however, it leads to high maximum shear stress. A novel pulsatile medium flow injection pattern is introduced to reduce detrimental effect of the applied shear stress on the cells.

Experimental Evaluation Study on High Temperature Tolerance Foam for Profile Control of Steam Huff-n-Puff

In the process of steam huff and puff to develop heavy oil reservoirs, steam channeling is the main factor that restricts the development effect, which causes that the swept area of steam is limited and unable to heat heavy oil adequately. It is important to find an economical and efficient method to prevent steam channeling from happening at steam huff and puff production; thus, a DF-2 high temperature tolerance foam system is proposed to assist steam huff and puff production in this paper. Firstly, utilizing high-temperature aging tank and high-speed stirrer device, the foam quality of DF-2 foam and four kinds of other common industrial foams were evaluated and compared; this experiment result shows that the DF-2 foam has the best temperature tolerance. Whereafter, three groups of single-sandpack experiments were carried out to investigate the change of DF-2 foam resistance factor under different conditions, which included the influence of gas liquid ratio, injection pattern, and crude oil, and the blocking capabilities of DF-2 foam were studied. Through the dual-sandpack experiment, the profile control performance and diversion capacity of the DF-2 foaming agents were studied and evaluated systematically. Finally, the DF-2 high temperature tolerance foam agent was applied to on-site production. The sandpack experiment results indicated that the resistance factor of DF-2 foam agent decreased with gas-liquid ratio, and the optimal gas-liquid ratio was 1 : 1. Coinjection of gas and liquid with foam generator is better than slug injection. Crude oil in sandpack can reduce blocking capability to some extent. During the application of the DF-2 high temperature tolerance foaming agent in the steam huff-n-puff process in M-12 Oilfield block, it had a good performance of profile control and foam blocking, solving the problem of steam channeling and improving the steam sweep area to increase the steam-oil ratio in the heavy oil reservoir, and the production performance of steam huff and puff was improved to a great extent.

Numerical simulations of vapor kerosene/air rotating detonation engines with different slot inlet configurations

To investigate the effects of slot inlet configurations on premixed vapor kerosene/air rotating detonation engines, a series of cases with different injection patterns, including baseline inlet, outer slot inlet, middle slot inlet, and inner slot inlet, are simulated by solving three-dimensional reactive Euler equations. Stable rotating detonation waves were obtained in the baseline and the outer slot inlet cases. Instead, an unsteady triple-wave mode was obtained in the middle slot inlet case and a decoupled detonation was observed in the inner slot inlet case. A long supersonic injection zone was observed in the outer slot inlet case and the main total pressure loss was found in the buffer zone. The propagation mechanism analysis demonstrates the crucial role of the outer wall in the propagation of rotating detonation waves, where the detonation waves near the outer wall tend to be over-driven and contributes to the stable propagation of detonations. A positive mass average total pressure gain of 48.0% was obtained in the baseline, confirming the total pressure gain ability of the kerosene/air rotating detonation engines. The simulation results indicate the area ratio between the outlet and the inlet is of great importance for obtaining the positive total pressure gain.

Development of artificial neural network models to calculate the areal sweep efficiency for direct line, staggered line drive, five-spot, and nine-spot injection patterns

The overall efficiency of the oil displacement processes, and the amount of oil produced after the primary recovery depend on areal (EA), vertical (EV), and displacement (ED) sweep efficiency. There are many correlations and graphical charts that are used to calculate EA, EV, and ED with variable degrees of deviation. This research focuses on calculating the areal sweep efficiency (EA) at and after water breakthrough for direct and staggered line drive patterns, also for five and nine-spot injection patterns by using artificial neural network models (ANN) and comparing them with the previous techniques. In addition to establishing a new ANN model for calculating EA for the nine–spot injection pattern, as there is no current model to calculate it. The results showed that the four proposed models achieve high coefficients of determination (R2) of (0.9995, 0.9996, 0.9996, and 0.997) and low root mean square error (RMSE) of (0.0038, 0.0023, 0.0026, and 0.0034) for a direct line drive, staggered line drive, five-spot, and nine-spot injection patterns respectively. These new models are presented to provide a more accurate calculation of the amount of oil produced by waterflooding.

Monitoring CO2 storage using well-casing source electromagnetics

Successful geologic storage of CO2, whether in a carbon capture, utilization, and storage process or as part of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations, requires careful monitoring of the concentration of CO2 within the reservoir. Because injected CO2 is more electrically resistive than the in-situ brines and pore fluids in most storage sites, electromagnetic (EM) methods are well suited to map the distribution of injected CO2 over time. In particular, utilizing existing metallic well casings as electrodes to channel current to formation depth and measuring the resulting electrical and magnetic fields at the surface is an effective technique to image the deep and thin reservoirs of interest. This paper describes the theory behind the well-casing source EM method and discusses a series of field surveys carried out over a three-year period using the method to measure CO2 concentration at an EOR site in West Hastings, Texas. The surveys identify resistive zones that agree with the injection locations and geologic structure of the reservoir and show an increase in reservoir resistivity related to CO2 concentration between the initial field status and the middle survey. However, they also show an unexpected decrease in the resistivity within the reservoir between the last two surveys, which may be due to changes in survey parameters or CO2 injection patterns during that interval.

Transverse wave dynamics in short tubes with axisymmetric headwall injection

This work describes both traveling and standing vorticoacoustic waves in circular tubes that are driven by axisymmetric headwall injection. In this process, perturbation tools, field decomposition, and boundary-layer theory are jointly used. First, perturbation expansions are initiated to linearize the Navier–Stokes equations. Second, a Helmholtz decomposition of the first-order disturbances is pursued to identify a suitable set of acoustic wave equations. The last step consists of solving for the vortical mode using boundary-layer theory and a viscous expansion of the unsteady rotational set. At the outset, an explicit formulation for arbitrary headwall injection is obtained and confirmed both numerically and through limiting process verifications; the latter take into account special cases involving uniform and bell-shaped injection profiles. The resulting formulation is then described using both laminar and turbulent injection patterns. Using four canonical cases, the characteristics of the evolving vorticoacoustic wave, including its penetration depth, spatial wavelength, and overshoot factor, are systematically explored and discussed. Several fundamental flow features are also unraveled including the radial, tangential, and axial velocities of the time-dependent vortical field. Most rotational flow features are found to depend on the penetration number, the Strouhal number, and the distance from the centerline. The corresponding standing modes are expressed in closed form and shown to be appreciable in view of their amplitudes that twice exceed those associated with strictly traveling waves. Finally, by extending the boundary-layer analysis from the headwall to the sidewall, a uniformly valid wave approximation is achieved, which remains observant of the no-slip requirement everywhere.

Creating Lift in the Lower Face With Botulinum Toxin A Treatment: An Anatomical Overview With Videos and Case Studies Illustrating Patient Evaluation and Treatment.

BackgroundRelaxation of depressor muscles in the lower face with botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) can create a lifting effect and dramatically improve jawline contour and resting facial expression. Even with the recent increase in interest in lower face rejuvenation, BoNT-A is a relatively under-recognized tool for treatment of this area. When treating the lower face, an understanding of anatomy and the relationship between the facial muscles is especially important, as injection patterns must be customized for consistently positive outcomes.ObjectivesThis study was aimed to provide basic knowledge of the activities of the muscles in the lower face and neck and to describe the basis for injecting BoNT-A to create lift in this area. Expert guidance for injection is also provided.MethodsAs part of a continuing medical education course on differentiating botulinum toxin products, a panel of 4 expert physician injectors participated in a live webinar to discuss the implications of increasing toxin use.ResultsThe practical guidance in this manuscript is based on the most frequently requested information by audience members and the information considered critical for success by the authors. The authors outline the functional anatomy of the lower face most relevant for BoNT-A treatment and case studies as well as methods for patient evaluation and injection technique are also provided. Videos showing treatment planning and injection technique for the lower face and neck are included.ConclusionsBoNT-A is an important nonsurgical tool for creating lift in the lower face.Level of Evidence: 5