Injection Of Ringer's Solution Research Articles

Injection of Ringer solution into the navicular bursa for the diagnosis of the navicular syndrome in horses: An experimental study

Injection of Ringer solution into the navicular bursa for the diagnosis of the navicular syndrome in horses: An experimental study

Delayed pharmacological effects of proctolin and CCAP on heartbeat in pupae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Abstract. The effects in vivo of cardioactive peptides proctolin, CCAP and leucomyosuppressin (LMS) are investigated by means of noninvasive optocardiographic or thermographic techniques in postdiapause pupae of Manduca sexta. A constant pattern of heartbeat reversal in these pupae is manifested by regular alternations of the forward orientated (anterograde) and the backward orientated (retrograde) cardiac pulsations, with a periodicity of some 5–10 min. The heartbeat pattern is monitored continuously for several hours before and 24 h after injection of the investigated peptides. Injections of Ringer solution alone cause a slight, almost immediate increase of the rate of the pupal heartbeat (0–10%), which lasts only for 20–30 min. Injection of proctolin, CCAP or LMS does not show any immediate cardiostimulating effects (beyond those of Ringer) at concentrations up to 2 × 10−6 M (calculated from µg of the injected peptide and 70% pupal water content; 5–7 g pupal body mass). By contrast, injections of proctolin and CCAP in the range of 10‐9 − 10‐6 M concentrations cause delayed effects on the heartbeat, which are manifested only several hours after the injections. The delayed effects involve prolonged, or even continuous periods of unidirectional, more efficient and faster anterograde pulsations. Consequently, the flow of haemolymph through the head and thoracic parts of the pupal body increases. In the case of proctolin, the prolonged anterograde cardiac activity usually starts 5 h after the injections and the effect persists for 7–12 h. Using CCAP, the stimulation of anterograde activity starts 2.5–3 h after injections and lasts usually 7–8 h. Very small doses of peptides (10‐8 − 10‐9 M) do not change the latency period significantly, but they decrease the duration of the response. The frequency of the systolic contractions of the heart does not increase during the prolonged anterograde phase. Injections of LMS to produce a final concentration of 10−6 M in the pupa induce pathophysiological disturbances of heartbeat reversal and peristalsis. The effects start with a delay of some 1.5–2.5 h after the injections. By contrast to the effects of proctolin and CCAP, LMS does not produce delayed anterograde cardiac pulsations. These results show that the most intensively investigated cardiostimulating peptides in vitro, proctolin and CCAP, have no direct cardiostimulating activity under physiological conditions in vivo. It is concluded therefore that the delayed pharmacological effects of these peptides observed in the pupae of M. sexta, represent a secondary effect, resulting from stimulation of nonspecific, extracardiac myotropic or other physiological functions.

Effect of Thyroid Hormones on Distension-Induced Gastric Acid and Pepsin Secretions in Rats

Thyroid hormones are known to influence acid and pepsin secretion, though the exact mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, distension-stimulated acid and pepsin secretions in hypo- and hyperthyroid rats were compared with controls. Each group consisted of 8 N-mari rats of both sexes, weighing 246.6+/-9.2 g. Hypo- and hyperthyroid states were induced by administration of methimazole (500 mg/L H2O) and thyroxin (200 microg/L H2O) respectively, in drinking water. All animals were deprived of food, but not of water 24 hours before the experiments. After anesthetization with sodium thiopental (50 mg/kg body weight, ip), tracheotomy and laparatomy, gastric secretions were collected through a cannula introduced via the duodenum. Gastric distension was induced by the injection of Ringer solution in stomach (1.5 cm(3)/100 g body weight). Acid secretions, which were measured by automatic titrator in the hypothyroid, hyperthyroid and control groups were 8+/-0.2, 14.6+/-1.9 and 10.2+/-0.1 micromol/15 min, respectively. Pepsin secretions were 4.4+/-0.5, 9.09+/-0.4 and 6.1+/-0.1 mg/15 min. in respective groups. There were statistically significant differences in both series between control and the other two groups. The results from the measurements of thyroid-stimulating hormones and T4 hormones showed that increased or decreased thyroid function can significantly affect gastric distension-induced acid and pepsin secretion.

Carotid and cardiopulmonary chemoreceptor activity increases hippocampal theta rhythm in conscious rabbits.

We have examined whether activation of carotid artery chemoreceptors causes alerting in conscious rabbits. Injection of phenylbiguanide (a 5-hydroxytryptamine(3)-receptor agonist) into the common carotid artery of conscious rabbits increased the proportion of theta rhythm in the hippocampal EEG, commencing in the first 5-s epoch after the injection. Intravenous injection of phenylbiguanide also increased the proportion of theta rhythm in the hippocampal electroencephalogram (EEG), but the onset of the change was not until the second 5-s epoch following injection. Injection of Ringer solution, either into the common carotid artery or into the marginal ear vein, did not affect the hippocampal EEG. Results suggest that phenylbiguanide-mediated activation of carotid and cardiopulmonary chemoreceptor afferents alerts the animal, as assessed by induction of theta rhythm in the hippocampal EEG. This alerting response presumably reflects the action of neural inputs that enter the brain with the carotid sinus nerve at the level of the medulla oblongata.

Regulation of pelvic patch water flow in Bufo marinus: role of bladder volume and ANG II.

This report examines the importance of bladder volume in regulating cutaneous water uptake (Jv, cm3.cm-2.s-1 x 10(-7)) across the ventral pelvic patch and examines the role of angiotensin II (ANG II) and circulation as the regulatory mechanism. Jv in empty-bladder Bufo marinus (bladder volume 3.89 +/- 1.49%, n = 7) was 1,671 +/- 68 (n = 7). Injection of Ringer solution into the bladder (12.8 +/- 2.2%, n = 7) decreased Jv to 1,025 +/- 202 (n = 7). ANG II injected into toads with filled bladders increased Jv in a dose-dependent manner. At 5 micrograms/100 g toad Jv increased by 136 +/- 63 (n = 6), at 50 micrograms/100 g toad by 432 +/- 82 (n = 7), and at 200 micrograms/100 g toad by 620 +/- 142 (n = 5). Saralasin (200 micrograms/100 g toad) completely inhibited the response to ANG II (50 micrograms/100 g toad) and at 1 mg/100 g toad decreased Jv in empty-bladder toads. These experiments indicate that 1) bladder volume participates in the regulation of Jv in the ventral pelvic patch; 2) ANG II increases the Jv in toads with full bladders; 3) saralasin inhibits the high Jv in empty bladder toads; 4) the high Jv, associated with an empty bladder, requires an intact circulation to be maintained; 5) without an intact circulation, the high water flow associated with an empty bladder causes the Na+ content of the tissue in the ventral patch to be reduced; and 6) ANG II causes only a minimal increases in water permeability in the isolated pelvic patch skin.

Axon Reflex Vasodilatation in Human Skin Measured by a Laser Doppler Technique.

This study was designed to investigate whether or not an objective method to measure a blood flow value by laser Doppler technique is possible to study the mechanism of an axon reflex vasodilatation elicited by i.d. injection of histamine or substance P into human skin. The probe of laser Doppler flowmeter was placed 10 mm apart from the injection site in the ventral forearm. The blood flow increased after the i.d. injection of histamine, substance P, but not after injection of Ringer solution. Penetration by the hypodermic needle produced an increase in the blood flow, but this increase was masked by the injection of the Ringer solution. The histamine- or substance P-induced blood flow increase was dose-dependent in both duration and intensity. Pretreatment with diphenhydramine ointment or xylocaine jelly 1 h prior to i.d. injection of histamine or substance P significantly attenuated the blood flow increase elicited by either vasoactive substance. Pretreatment of the skin with capsaicin (1% alcoholic solution) for 2 or 3 days markedly reduced the histamine- or substance P-induced blood flow increase. These results show that the measurement of cutaneous blood flow by laser Doppler flowmeter is useful in studying the mechanism of vasoactive substances-induced axon reflex vasodilatation.

Experimental study on interdigestive migrating contractions with intestinal transection and injection of Ringer solution into intestine

The occurrence and mechanism of IMC are still not completely elucidated. Base on the conjecture of that the region of intestine and its ingredients may be concerning with the conduction mechanism of IMC, following experiment was performed by author. Small intestine was cut into two parts. Anal side was closed as blind end, and the end of oral side was sutured to colon or anal part of intestine by end to side anastomosis. Gastric fistula and intestinal fistula of the blind ending intestine were also made, and six pieces of force transducers were sutured to the serosa of the intestine in order to observe the movement of intestine. Under non-anesthesia and non-restricted condition for whole day long, Ringer solution was injected into gastric or intestinal fistula by 50 ml one shot or continuous dripped infusion of 250 ml per hour. The result is: In upper part of intestine, the appearance of IMC in oral and anal side of intestine is continuously observed. However, in lower part of intestine, the IMC of oral and anal part of intestine appeared completely independent without any continuity. And, as one shot of 50 ml of Ringer solution was injected, the conduction of IMC was suppressed but still observable, while continuously infused of 250 ml/hr, the IMC was completely disappeared.

The synthesis of antibacterial proteins in isolated fat body from Cecropia silkmoth pupae.

Fat body from previously immunized diapausing pupae of the silkmoth, Hyalophora cecropia (Saturniidae), incubated in vitro, released antibacterial activity into the medium and incorporated 3H-leucine into the immunity proteins P1-P9. The release of antibacterial activity from fat body was also induced to some extent by injection of Ringer solution and, after 20 h in culture, by the injury of dissection.

Epithelial cell extrusion during fluid transport in canine small intestine.

Epithelial cell extrusion during fluid transport was studied under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The rate of cell extrusion from the villus tips in vitro increased by about onefold in the villi with obstruction of lymph flow associated with the increase of lymph and tissue fluid pressure. When lymph pressure in the jejunal and ileal villi was increased to 6.4 +/- .2 and 12.3 +/- .5 mmHg, respectively, by injection of Ringer solution into the central lacteals, fluid leaked out of the villi and a shedding of epithelium occurred. Vigorous villus spasmodic contraction induced by cocaine or atropine also caused a shedding of epithelium. Cells always appeared in the lumen of intestine in vivo either during fluid absorption or secretion. A copious secretion of fluid, increase of cell loss, and congestion of blood in the villi occurred by the action of cholera toxin, MgSO4, and choline chloride. The rate of cell loss was highest during fluid secretion induced by an elevation of tissue fluid pressure such as at high venous pressure or during intra-arterial histamine infusion. It is thus concluded that elevated tissue fluid pressure is involved in epithelial cell extrusion during fluid transport.

Symmetrization in the amphibian egg by disrupted sperm cells

In the amphibian egg the future plane of bilateral symmetry of the embryo is predominantly fixed by the spermatozoon. The injection of sperm homogenate into the subcortical region of the egg of the toad Bufo arenarum shows that structural integrity of the sperm cell is not required for this symmetrization process. Thus, in all homogenate-treated eggs the future dorsal side of the embryo, indicated by the grey crescent, appeared at the opposite side of the injection point. No such effect was observed after the injection of Ringer solution.

Afferent and efferent activity in the renal nerves of cats.

AbstractIn anesthetized cats efferent as well as afferent activity has been recorded in the kidney nerves. Pulse synchronous bursts of efferent impulses could regularly be recorded which after vagotomy and baroreceptor denervation were augmented and changed into a continuous type of discharge. The efferent activity could be modified by electrical stimulation of peripheral sensory nerves. It was inhibited by elevation of systemic blood pressure by i.v. noradrenaline injection, and greatly increased by lowering of blood pressure by i.v. acethylcholine. In the same nerves afferent activity also occurred, in a few instances spontaneously, but more often after elevation of renal vein pressure, elevation of arterial perfusion pressure (by pump), mechanical pressure applied to the hilus area or local dilution of the blood by close intra‐arterial injection of Ringer solution. Local ischemia for one minute or less elicited intense afferent activity. The results indicate that venous distension and increased subcapsular pressure are adequate stimuli for these afferent responses and that more than one kind of fibers are engaged in the afferent response. The functional significance of the afferent activity remains to be determined.

Über die Wirkung der Corpora allata auf den Sauerstoffverbrauch bei der Schabe Leucophaea maderae (F.)

The oxygen consumption in adult females of Leucophaea maderae is correlated to the reproductive cycle and to the cyclic changes in volume of the corpora allata. The maximum O 2-consumption is reached during the phase of most rapid increase in volume of the c. allata. If the ootheca of pregnant females is removed, the c. allata increase in size. The O 2-consumption also increases and reaches the value of the maximum of the normal cycle. Castration is also followed by an increase of O 2-consumption. In order to test the influence of the c. allata on O 2-consumption, active and inactive c. allata were implanted in castrated females. The increase of O 2-consumption could not be due to the activity of the ovaries and of the accessory glands, which had in some experiments been removed together with the ovaries. The implantation of active c. allata from donors which had deposited their eggs 4 days before, was followed by a significant increase in O 2-consumption. The implantation of inactive c. allata taken from pregnant females and the injection of Ringer solution had no effect. It is evident therefore that a hormone of the c. allata has a stimulatory effect upon the respiratory metabolism. During the two last larval instars respiration follows essentially the same course although a difference in the juvenile hormone secretion of the c. allata has to be postulated in these instars (inactivation during the last instar brings about metamorphosis). The hormone which stimulates the respiratory metabolism can therefore not be identical with the juvenile hormone, whereas its identity with the gonadotropic hormone of the c. allata is probable. The c. allata therefore seem to produce at least two different hormones: a juvenile hormone and a gonadotropic hormone.

THE EFFECT OF FORCING FLUIDS UPON SURVIVAL AFTER BILATERAL EPINEPHRECTOMY

Previous work done by several investigators has shown that the administration of certain solutions may result in prolongation of life beyond the usual period in epinephrectomized animals. Stewart and Rogoff1, working on dogs, report that intravenous injections of Ringer's Solution and dextrose prolonged life. Zwemer2, working on cats, in this laboratory, was able to keep double operated animals alive for considerable periods by administering orally 5 per cent solution of glucose. This work suggested the possibility that forcing fluids containing various substances might prove beneficial in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency. Zwemer and Swingle have noted and commented upon the symptoms of dehydration which appear after bilateral epinephrectomy in cats, and, the fact that animals, presenting marked symptoms, eagerly drink large quantities of water up to within a few hours of death.The procedure followed in the present work was to remove the left adrenal and after a lapse of 5 to 10 days extirpate the r...

PRESERVATION OF THE LIFE OF COMPLETELY PARATHYROIDECTOMIZED DOGS

In several earlier communications 1 it was stated that completely parathyroidectomized animals could be cured of all symptoms of parathyroid tetany by the intravenous injection of Ringer's solution. It was furthermore shown that this treatment could be stopped after from forty to sixty days without the appearance of tetany except under special conditions described in the papers referred to. In the course of this work it was found that calcium-free Ringer's solution or Locke's solution from which the calcium was partly precipitated possessed some efficacy in conserving the life of parathyroidectomized animals, but that ordinary Ringer's solution was incomparably better, especially early after operation. These results strongly suggested that the calcium contained in the Ringer's solution was in some way responsible for the beneficial results seen following its intravenous administration in parathyroidectomized animals. When, however, calcium chlorid was administered orally in quantities from 2.6 to 3.6 times as great each