GnRHa Injection Research Articles

Commonly Practiced Induced Breeding Techniques of Carp Species in Three Important Fish Hatcheries of Kurigram District, Bangladesh

The study was carried out to investigate the induced breeding practices and variations in effective hormone dosage used in induced breeding procedures in three different fish hatcheries of Kurigram District of Bangladesh. The hatcheries mainly produced carp fish seeds, including five native fish species such as Rui (Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), Bata (Labeo bata), Punti (Puntius sarana) and four exotic fish species namely Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Exotic carps were the highest produced fish seeds (38%) in the Kurigram district, followed by major carps (35%), Bata (16%), Punti (6%) and others (5%). Three main types of inducing agents including PG (pituitary gland), HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) and Ovupin (GnRHa injection) were used for induced spawning. The rate of 1st dose of injection of PG, HCG, and GnRHa varied from 0.5 to 2 mg/kg body weight, 100 to 200 IU/kg body weight, and GnRHa (only one dose) 0.2 to 0.4 ml/kg body weight, respectively. The rate of 2nd dose of injection of PG varied from 2 to 12 mg/kg body weight. The PG is usually primarily used for first and second doses; the ovulation period of different fish species varied between 12 to 72 hours, whereas the hatching rate ranged from 70% to 95%. Due to the variations in inducing agents and doses, different ovulation, fertilization, and hatching rates were observed.

Retrospective analysis of the endometrial preparation protocols for frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles in women with endometriosis

BackgroundThere was inconsistency in optimal endometrial preparation protocol for frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) in patients with endometriosis. We conducted this study to investigate the effect of different endometrial preparation protocols on the pregnancy outcomes in patients with endometriosis undergoing FET cycles, and determine the optimal number of GnRHa injections in GnRHa-HRT protocols.Method(s)This was a retrospective cohort analysis of women with endometriosis who underwent FET cycles at a single university-based center. This study retrospectively analyzed 2048 FET cycles in our center from 2011 to 2020. According to the endometrial preparation protocols, patients were divided into 4 groups: gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist-hormone replacement therapy(GnRHa-HRT), hormone replacement therapy(HRT), ovulation induction(OI), and natural cycle(NC). In the GnRHa-HRT group, patients were further divided into 3 groups: one injection of GnRHa, two injections of GnRHa, and three or more injections of GnRHa. The primary outcome was the clinical pregnancy rate. Propensity score matching was used to adjust for potential non-similarities among the groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to figure out the risk factors for pregnancy outcomes.Result(s)There were no statistical differences in pregnancy outcomes among the four endometrial preparation protocols in FET cycles with endometriosis patients, the results retained after propensity score matching(PSM). And in endometriosis patients complicated with adenomyosis, the results remained similar. In patients with GnRHa-HRT protocol, there were no differences in clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate with different numbers of GnRHa injections, the early miscarriage rate were 18% in the two injections of GnRHa group and 6.5% in the one injection of GnRHa group(P = 0.017). Multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that two injections of GnRHa before FET was associated with increased early miscarriage rate compared with one injection of GnRHa[adjusted OR (95% CI): 3.116(1.079–8.998),p = 0.036].Conclusion(s)The four kinds of endometrial preparation protocols for FET, GnRHa-HRT, HRT, OI and NC had similar pregnancy outcomes in patients with endometriosis. In endometriosis patients complicated with adenomyosis, the results remained similar. In patients with endometriosis undergoing GnRHa-HRT protocol for FET, more injections of GnRHa had no more advantages in pregnancy outcomes, on the contrary, it might increase the early miscarriage rate.

Long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist trigger in fertility preservation cycles before chemotherapy

Oocytes/embryo cryopreservation and ovarian function suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists (GnRHas) are two established strategies for preserving fertility in patients with cancer, frequently both being offered to the same woman. As the first injection of GnRHa should be administered before chemotherapy, it is usually performed in the luteal phase of the urgent controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) cycle. The GnRHa flare-up effect on recently stimulated ovaries may cause ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and this risk may discourage some oncologists to offer an ovarian function preservation method with proven efficacy. We suggest the long-acting GnRHa as an option to trigger ovulation for egg retrieval in oncological patients, whenever ovarian suppression during chemotherapy is planned. We retrospectively analyzed prospectively collected data from all consecutive ovarian stimulation cases in oncological patients for oocyte cryopreservation from 2016 to 2021 in a single academic referral center. The COS was performed according to good clinical practice standards. Since 2020 long-acting GnRHa trigger was offered to all patients for whom ovarian suppression after cryopreservation was planned. All other patients served as controls, stratified for the triggering method used: highly purified chorionic gonadotrophin 10 000 UI or short-acting GnRHa 0.2 mg. Mature oocytes were collected, with the expected maturation rate, in all the 22 cycles triggered with GnRHa. The mean number of cryopreserved oocytes was 11.1 ± 4, with a maturation rate of 80% (57%-100%), versus 8.8 ± 5.8, 74% (33%-100%) with highly purified chorionic gonadotrophin and 14 ± 8.4, 80% (44%-100%) with short-acting GnRHa. No case of OHSS was observed after long-acting GnRHa triggering and by 5 days after egg retrieval most patients had reached luteinizing hormone levels showing suppression. Our preliminary data show that long-acting GnRHa is efficacious in inducing the final oocytes' maturation, reducing OHSS risk and suppressing ovarian function by the start of chemotherapy.

Effect of the administration route of gonadotropin releasing hormone on the reproductive performance of multiparous Holstein cows

We investigated the effect of epidural versus intramuscular administration of alarelin acetate (GnRHa; 25 μg) at artificial insemination (AI; day 0) and/or 7 days after AI on the pregnancy rate (PR) of Holstein cows that exhibited estrus spontaneously after their voluntary wait period. Cows (n = 117) were randomly allocated to treatment and control groups. In groups IM0, IM7, and IM07 (n = 12 per group), cows received GnRHa intramuscularly (IM) at 0 or 7 days, or both, respectively. In groups EP0 (n = 19), EP7 (n = 13) and EP07 (n = 11), cows received GnRHa at the sacrococcygeal epidural site (EP) at 0 or 7 days, or both, respectively. Animals in the control group (CON) received 5 mL of normal saline at 0 and 7 days. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by rectal palpation of the uterine horns 60 days post AI. Results showed a significant difference in PR/first AI between IM0 and EP7 groups (16.67% vs. 61.54%; P < 0.05). Moreover, the results showed no significant differences in overall PR after two rounds of inseminations among all groups 60 days after the second AI. In conclusion, epidural injection of GnRHa 7 days after AI versus its intramuscular injection at AI improved PR/first AI significantly in Holstein lactating cows.

Unravelling a novel, promising and convenient tool for differential diagnosis of delayed puberty: GnRHa-stimulated inhibin B (GnRH-iB)

Etiological diagnosis of delayed puberty is difficult. Despite availability of various basal and stimulation tests differentiation between constitutional delay in puberty and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is still challenging. To elucidate the role of GnRH agonist-stimulated inhibin B (GnRH-iB) for the differential diagnosis of delayed puberty. Participants were recruited into "exploratory cohort" (n = 39) and "validation cohort" (n = 16). "Exploratory cohort" included children with spontaneous puberty and patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. "Validation cohort" constituted children who presented with delayed puberty. GnRHa (Triptorelin) stimulation test along with measurement of inhibin B level at 24h after GnRHa injection was performed in all the study participants. Cut-offs for GnRH-iB were derived from the "exploratory cohort". These cut-offs were applied to the "validation cohort". Basal LH, basal inhibin B(INH-B), GnRHa-stimulated LH at 4h (GnRH-LH) and GnRH-iB were evaluated for the prediction of onset of puberty on prospective follow-up. GnRH-iB at a cut-off value of 113.5pg/ml in boys and 72.6pg/ml in girls had 100% sensitivity and specificity for the documentation of puberty. In the "validation cohort" basal LH, basal INH-B, GnRH-LH, and GnRH-iB had a diagnostic accuracy of 68.75%, 81.25%, 68.75% and 93.75% respectively, for the prediction of onset of puberty. Basal LH, basal INH-B and GnRH-LH used alone or in combination were inferior to GnRH-iB used alone. GnRHa-stimulated inhibin B (GnRH-iB) is a convenient and easily employable test for the differentiation of constitutional delay in puberty from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. CTRI/2019/10/021570.

The Effect of Hormonal Treatment on Selected Sperm Quality Parameters and Sex Steroids in Tropical Cyprinid Bala Shark Balantiocheilos melanopterus

Hormone treatments are routinely employed with bala shark Balantiocheilos melanopterus male broodstock to stimulate the production of high-quality sperm. In the current trial, three spermiation-inducing treatments were evaluated: 20 μg/kg body weight (BW) recombinant hCG; 20 μg/kg BW [D-Ala6, Pro9, NEt]- gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRHa) with 20 mg/kg BW metoclopramide; and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles with slow release of 10 μg/kg BW GnRHa. A 0.9% saline AS negative control was also included. Administration of the GnRHa through the form of slow release of PLGA microparticles 24 h after treatment resulted in a significantly higher sperm volume, motility percentage, and total sperm count compared to the control. Injection of GnRHa with metoclopramide induced sperm parameters that did not differ from the control, with the exception of motility percentage. The lowest potency to induce spermiation in bala sharks was in the treatment with recombinant hCG. Both PLGA microparticles and GnRHa with metoclopramide significantly increased blood plasma concentrations of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone compared to the control. The PLGA microparticle system with continuous release of 10 μg/kg BW GnRHa was the most effective treatment in inducing spermiation in bala sharks.

Central Precocious Puberty in a Three-Year-Old Girl

Precocious puberty is defined as the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before 8 years of age in girls and 9 years in boys. Central Precocious Puberty (CPP) is caused by early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Laboratory test of LH, FSH, and Estradiol is recommended for monitoring suppressive effects from GnRHa therapy in the early three months and every six months. This study aimed to report a case of CPP in a 3-year and 3-month-old girl. A 3-year and 3-month-old girl went to the hospital with vaginal bleeding (menstruation), breast development, and pubic and axilla hair for 7-month-old. Physical examination found moderately ill with obesity, body weight 20 kg, height 98 cm. Tanner stage was A2M3P2, café au lait was found in the left forehead with size 7x3.5 cm. In March 2015 before GnRHa therapy, LH, FSH and Estradiol level increased with levels of 4.32 mlU/mL, 6.01 mlU/mL, and 67 pg/mL, and after 3 months of the treatment was 0.87 mlU/mL, 2.51 mlU/mL and <20 pg/mL. Pelvic ultrasonography showed suggestive precocious puberty, bone age 5-year and 9-month (Greulich and Pyle), CT-Scan of the brain showed hypothalamic tumor suspected hypothalamic hamartoma. This patient was treated with a GnRHa injection every 4 weeks. Leuprorelin is a synthetic non-peptide analogue of natural GnRH. The diagnosis was based on medical history, physical examination, laboratory, and radiological findings. The prognosis of the patient was good.

1907 Hydronephrosis- Ureteral Squeezed by Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis Lesions

Video Objective To present a successful remission of hydronephrosis, with laparoscopic surgery of complete excision for DIE lesion, and end-to-end anastomosis of left ureter. Setting A 42-year-old female patient was diagnosed with left hydronephrosis 2 years ago, with slightly renal dysfunction. She complained secondary dysmenorrheal for 2 years, and a 3-cm ovarian cyst was also detected in the pelvis. In the past 2 years, she experienced Double-J catheterization twice, but recurrence occurred rapidly after extraction of D-J catheter. This year, the ultrasound examination showed an endometrial cyst with the size 41*40*29 mm, and left renal effusion with left upper ureteral dilatation. Pelvic CT shared the same finding. A laparoscopic removal of endometriosis lesions was presented (a 5-min video with key steps described). Interventions During the surgery, after extensive enterodialysis, a chocolate-looked cyst was exposed with the size 4*5cm, which was tightly adhered with the tissues nearby. The Dauglus Porch was completely blocked. Deep endometriotic lesion wrapped the left ureter tightly, which was hard and limited the movement of ureter. Ultrasonic knife and scissors were used to remove the D.I.E. lesions, and then a narrowed ring of ureter was observed, which was only 0.3cm in diameter, and 1cm in length. The upper part of the ureter was extremely dilated, which was about 1cm in diameter. End-to-end anastomosis was performed after segmental resection of the narrowed ureter. A Double “J” catheter was inserted via cystoscopy. Postoperative left hydronephrosis was completely relieved. Postoperative pathological diagnosis: D.I.E. of left ureter, and ovarian endometrioid cyst. The patient received GnRH-a injection post-operatively. Conclusion Patients complained refractory hydronephrosis, with endometriosis-related symptoms, like severe dysmenorrhea should be altered to the diagnosis of ureteral DIE. Multidisciplinary teamwork, precise exposure of the pelvic anatomy, and complete resection of DIE lesions would be crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of DIE.

Induced Spawning of F1 Wreckfish (Hāpuku) Polyprion oxygeneios Using a Synthetic Agonist of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Wild-caught hāpuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) spawn readily in captivity, but although first filial (F1) hāpuku complete vitellogenesis, females fail to undergo oocyte maturation and spawn or produce poor quality eggs. This study investigated whether administration of a synthetic agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRHa) could improve F1 hāpuku spawning and complete the life-cycle in captivity. Spawning trials were conducted over 2 years in 2013 and 2014, when F1 were aged five and six years. In 2013, females previously conditioned under a variable or constant temperature regime were implanted with GnRHa (100 μg/kg−1) or blank implants constructed of powdered cellulose and cholesterol. Spawning was erratic and egg quality very poor in all tanks. No F2 offspring were produced by communal spawning. In contrast, viable F2 larvae were produced by strip-spawning and in vitro fertilization after a series of GnRHa injections. In 2014, two additional trials were conducted: females received ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAc) matrix implants containing GnRHa (100 μg/kg−1) or blank implants and in the second trial, two GnRHa doses (100 μg/kg−1 and 50 μg/kg−1) were tested. Eggs were first detected in all tanks 12–17 days post-implantation when females received 100 µg/kg−1 GnRHa implants, but not in the lower dose or control tanks. In summary, this study achieved induction of female spawning with GnRHa implants (target dose 100 μg/kg−1) and the successful production of F2 hāpuku in captivity by strip-spawning.

腹腔镜下卵巢内膜样囊肿剥除术联合GnRH-a注射对患者激素分泌、妊娠、月经恢复及囊肿复发的影响

腹腔镜下卵巢内膜样囊肿剥除术联合GnRH-a注射对患者激素分泌、妊娠、月经恢复及囊肿复发的影响

Persistent megalocystic ovaries after ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in a postpartum patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a case report

BackgroundOvary enlargement is common in controlled ovarian stimulation, which could continue several months during a successful pregnancy. However, persistent megalocystic ovaries 3 years after ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) were rare. Here we will present you the case and treatment as well as discuss the probable etiology.Case presentationA 34-year-old woman with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and a history of infertility presented to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Peking Union Medical College Hospital with abdominal pain and persistently enlarged ovaries 36 months after OHSS. Enlarged ovaries were evaluated with ultrasonography and serum tests. Diagnostic laparoscopic surgery with detorsion and drainage followed by GnRHa treatment was performed. Symptoms and ovarian size evaluated by vaginal ultrasound were the main outcome measures. The patient was discharged from the hospital 5 days after surgery without any remarkable complications. Both ovaries recovered to almost normal after a monthly injection of GnRHa for 3 months.ConclusionsOvarian enlargement may persist for a long time in patients with severe OHSS even after sex hormone levels and ovarian functions return to normal. Long term follow-up is necessary and ovarian torsion should be suspected when accompanied by abdominal pain. Acupuncture plus GnRHa treatment may be an effective way for these cases.

High-quality spontaneous spawning in greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili, Risso 1810) and its comparison with GnRHa implants or injections

Production of sufficient high-quality eggs of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) still constitutes the main bottleneck for commercial production of this species. The main objective of this study was to compare the quality of spontaneous spawn of greater amberjack with those obtained by either GnRHa injection or GnRHa implant protocols. Captive amberjack broodstock were distributed in three circular tanks of 40 m3. Broodstock from Tank 1 were not hormonally induced and spawned spontaneously, whereas those of Tank 2 were intramuscularly injected with GnRHa (20 µg/kg body weight) and those of Tank 3 were given EV-500 µg GnRHa implants. The number of eggs per spawn obtained in the broodstock without hormonal treatment was larger than in those obtained with injections or implants. Egg quality was best in broodstock with spontaneous spawn, followed by GnRHa-injected fish and then GnRHa implants. Besides, size of larvae from control and injected broodstock was similar between them and significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those from GnRHa implant spawn. Overall, this study showed that it is possible to obtain very high-quality spontaneous spawn in greater amberjack, providing the adequate conditions. Furthermore, GnRHa weekly injections lead to similar egg viability and hatching rates than spontaneous spawn and higher fertilization rates than GnRHa hormonal implants, which is better than in previous studies.

Time- and dose-related effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and dopamine antagonist on reproduction in the Northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates luteinizing hormone release to control ovulation and spermiation in vertebrates. Dopamine (DA) has a clear inhibitory role in the control of reproduction in numerous teleosts, and emerging evidence suggests that similar mechanisms may exist in amphibians. The interactions between GnRH and DA on spawning success and pituitary gene expression in the Northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens) were therefore investigated. Frogs were injected during the natural breeding season with a GnRH agonist [GnRH-A; (Des-Gly10, D-Ala6, Pro-NHEt9)-LHRH; 0.1μg/g and 0.4μg/g] alone and in combination with the dopamine receptor D2 antagonist metoclopramide (MET; 5μg/g and 10μg/g). Injected animals were allowed to breed in outdoor mesocosms. Time to amplexus and oviposition were assessed, and egg mass release, incidences of amplexus, egg mass weight, total egg numbers and fertilization rates were measured. To examine gene expression, female pituitaries were sampled at 12, 24 and 36h following injection of GnRH-A (0.4μg/g) alone and in combination with MET (10μg/g). The mRNA levels of the genes lhb, fshb, gpha, drd2 and gnrhr1 were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA. Both GnRH-A doses increased amplexus, oviposition and fertilization alone. Co-injection of MET with GnRH-A did not further enhance spawning success. Injection of GnRH-A alone time-dependently increased expression of lhb, fshb, gpha and gnrhr1. The major effect of MET alone was to decrease expression of drd2. Importantly, the stimulatory effects of GnRH-A on lhb, gpha and gnrhr1 were potentiated by the co-injection of MET at 36h. At this time, expression of fshb was increased only in animals injected with both GnRH-A and MET. Spawning success was primarily driven by the actions of GnRH-A. The hypothesized inhibitory action of DA was supported by pituitary gene expression analysis. The results from this study provide a fundamental framework for future time- and dose–response investigations to improve current spawning methods in amphibians.

Enhancement of oogenesis/spermatogenesis in meagre Argyrosomus regius using a combination of temperature control and GnRHa treatments

A multiple GnRHa injection method for inducing spawning of high fecundity and quality in meagre was optimized. Specifically, the study (a) examined how long females would continue spawning in response to consecutive, weekly GnRHa injections, if maintained at the natural spawning temperature, and (b) evaluated whether males can produce adequate amounts of good quality sperm for the same period, with the assistance of a GnRHa therapy. Combined with stable temperatures (19–20°C) that are prevalent during the early spawning season (April–May) in the Mediterranean Sea, each weekly GnRHa injection induced ~2 consecutive spawns per week for a period of 17weeks. Fish spawned consistently 2days after treatment and produced high fecundity and egg quality (i.e. fertilization, hatching and early larval development). Maximum mean total fecundity (±S.D.) obtained was 1,415,000±149,000eggskg−1 in 32 spawns, being the highest total season fecundity reported for meagre, and significantly higher than the estimated maximum potential fecundity for the species. At the same time, sperm of consistently high quality (i.e. initial motility, duration of motility and storage survival) was produced in response to treatment with multiple GnRHa implants, though towards the end of the experiment a significant reduction (ANOVA, P≤0.05) in spermatozoa density was observed. This protocol is expected to enhance greatly commercial production of meagre. Statement of relevanceThe present study reports on an optimized protocol for the induction of consistent and repeated spawning in meagre, based on the use of weekly GnRHa injections combined with stable temperatures that are prevalent at the early spawning season in the Mediterranean Sea. This protocol produced eggs of high fecundity and quality (i.e. fertilization, hatching and early larval development) for a period of >4months, and it is expected to enhance greatly commercial production of meagre.

EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTED VERSUS NUTRITIONALLY INDUCED PROGESTERONE ON CONCEPTION RATE IN MODERATE YIELDING DAIRY COWS

The present study included two experiments, the first experiment aimed to test if direct supplementation of P4 during post insemination period together with GnRH treatment on day 11post-isemination (PI) improve conception rate or not. The second experiment aimed to test whether peri-insemination feeding on fatty acids supplemented feed could improve conception rate or not. Cows in experiment 1 (n= 96) were fed on the basal diet (B) and randomly allotted into 3 groups vz: G1B (n=34) whereas cows received intravaginal insertion of CIDR (controlled internal drug release device) on Day 1 PI whereas Day 0 was the day of insemination plus single I/M injection of GnRHa (0.02 mg buserelin, Receptal) on Day 11 PI. The second group G2B (n=30) received the same treatment regime of G1B plus 2 injections of 250mg of progesterone (Cidolut-Depot) on Days 1 and 3 PI. The 3rd group (G3B, control n=32) received no treatments. The results of the present study showed a decrease in the conception rate in both G1B and G2B although there was a significant increase in the serum P4 concentration on Day 3 and 8 PI compared with the control. In contrast there was a significent increase (P<0.01) in the CR in cows fed fatty acids supplemented feed compared with the control (75 vs 62.5%). It could be concluded that one of the beneficial effects of peribreeding feeding cows on fatty acids supplemented feed is enhancing endogenous progesterone secretion which is being better than direct exogenous progesterone supplementation in improving conception rate in moderate yielding dairy cows.

Efficacy and safety of remifemin on peri-menopausal symptoms induced by post-operative GnRH-a therapy for endometriosis: a randomized study versus tibolone.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate clinical efficacy and safety of Remifemin on peri-menopausal symptoms in endometriosis patients with a post-operative GnRH-a therapy.Material/MethodsWe treated 116 women who had endometriosis with either Remifemin (n=56) 20 mg bid po or Tibolone (n=60) 2.5 mg qd po for 12 weeks after GnRH-a injection. The efficacy was evaluated by Kupperman menopausal index (KMI), and hot flash/sweating scores. The safety parameters such as liver and renal functions, lipid profile, endometrial thickness, and serum sex hormone level, as well as the incidence of adverse events were recorded.Results(1) After GnRH-a therapy, KMI and hot flash/sweating scores in both groups increased significantly (P<0.05) but we found no significant difference for KMI (2.87±1.40 for Remifemin and 2.70±1.26 for Tibolone) and hot flash/sweating scores (0.94±1.72 for Remifemin and 1.06±1.78 for Tibolone) between the 2 groups (P>0.05). (2) No statistical change was observed in liver or renal functions and lipid profile in both groups before and after the treatment (P>0.05). The post-therapeutic serum FSH, LH, and E2 level and endometrial thickness decreased remarkably in both groups (P<0.05). E2 level in the Remifemin group was obviously lower than that in the Tibolone group (P<0.05), and FSH and LH levels were strongly higher (P<0.05). No significant difference in thickness were found in either group (P>0.05). The Remifemin group had far fewer adverse events than the Tibolone group (P<0. 05).ConclusionsCompared with Tibolone, Remifemin had a similar clinical efficacy and was safer for the peri-menopausal symptoms induced by GnRH-a in endometriosis patients.

Multiple GnRHa injections to induce successful spawning of wild caught greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) matured in captivity

Reliable reproduction and sufficient amounts of juveniles obtained in captivity constitute a main bottleneck for mass production of greater amberjack. The aim of the present study was to combine several aspects of broodstock management and hormonal induction, to obtain a large number of high quality spawns. Captured Seriola dumerili sub-adults were kept for three years in 10 m3 tanks. When fish were larger than 75 cm, they were individually tagged, periodically explored to determine gonad maturation and injected with gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue from June to October. A total of 15 inductions to four males and two females produced 330 821 ± 219 519 eggs/induction and a total of 22 spawns. The number of spawns and female fecundity (2.48 millions eggs/female/spawning season) were similar to those of free wild populations and higher than those previously obtained in captivity for this species. Egg quality increased from an initial low in the first two spawns in June to give, during July to October, a mean of 96.01 ± 6.50% fertilized eggs, 92.58 ± 17.56% hatched eggs, 78.66 ± 12.60% larval survival at day 3 after. These results showed that intramuscular injections of 20 μg kg−1 body weight GnRHa under natural temperature and photoperiod conditions in the Canary Islands produced a high induction efficiency.

Individualized managing strategies of aggressive angiomyxoma of female genital tract and pelvis

To investigate and evaluate the clinical management strategies of aggressive angiomyxoma (AA) in female genital tract and pelvis. A cohort of 13 patients with AA diagnosed and treated in Peking Union Medical College Hospital in the last 12 years was reported focusing on the results of the managements and prognosis. The mean age at initial presentation was 36.9 years. The commonest site of tumor was perineum. Only two cases were accurately diagnosed as AA preoperatively by biopsy and fine needle aspiration of the tumors respectively. MRI helpfully reveals the location, relationship and degree of infiltration between tumors and pelvic organs. Surgery is the mainstay treatment. 11 of 12 patients had complete resection and majority of the operations were finished successfully through trans-perineum and trans-vagina approaches. Three cases with positive expression of ERs and PRs in the tumors received GnRHa injections which were useful preoperatively but not postoperatively. One repeatedly-recurrent case was treated with radiotherapy effectively. The recurrence rate in our study was 41.7% (5/12), with a median recurrence interval of 20.9 months. No patient developed distant metastases and died of the disease. AA preferentially involves the pelvic and perineal regions of women in reproductive age. Tumor biopsy and fine-needle aspiration cytology are conducive to the preoperative diagnosis. The individualized operative strategy and awareness to protect and rebuild structure and function of the organs should be emphasized during the management of AA. Long-term follow-up is mandatory because of the high rate of recurrence.

Artificial fertilisation of cultured Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis): Effects of the time of day of hormonal treatment on inducing ovulation

To develop a protocol for the hormonal induction of ovulation and artificial fertilisation in Senegalese sole, it is necessary to determine whether the time of day of the GnRHa injection influences the lapsed time to ovulation or the egg quality. Hormonal treatments were administered at 06:00, 12:00 and 19:00h. The time of ovulation was 42.5±0.6h following hormonal treatment, and there were no significant differences between groups. However, it was noted that the time of ovulation was the most homogeneous in Groups 6 and 12, and most females in these groups ovulated at 41 or 44h following hormonal treatment. Fertilisation rates were lower in fish injected at 19:00h than in those injected at 06:00 or 12:00h, and the largest number of larvae per kg of each female was obtained when the treatment was administered at 06:00. These results suggest that hormonal treatments should be applied in the early morning to promote the maximum number of good quality eggs.

Artificial fertilization of Senegalese sole ( Solea senegalensis): Hormone therapy administration methods, timing of ovulation and viability of eggs retained in the ovarian cavity

One method to overcome the difficulties involved in reproducing first generation Senegalese sole that are born in captivity (F1) is to obtain gametes by stripping and then using them for artificial fertilization. The aim of this paper was to determine an appropriate protocol for hormonal induction of ovulation and artificial fertilization. To induce ovulation, two different GnRHa administration methods, weekly injections versus a single GnRHa implant, were compared. The number of spawns per female and the relative fecundity were significantly higher in females that received the hormonal therapy through repeated injection (6.3 ± 0.8 spawns per female and 574.9 ± 67.2 × 10 3 eggs kg −1 BW) than those treated with a single implant (2.7 ± 0.6 spawns per female and 134.6 ± 40.9 × 10 3 eggs kg −1 BW). The lapsed time to ovulation and the changes in fertilization and hatching rates of eggs that were retained in the ovarian cavity after ovulation were determined after GnRHa treatment. At 16 °C, ovulation was detected at 41–44 h post-treatment in 70% of the females. The highest fertilization and hatching rates were obtained during the first 3 h after ovulation, and they significantly decreased thereafter. The results suggested that the GnRHa injection was the most appropriate administration method for the induction of ovulation. Ovulated eggs inside the female were viable for a short time, and therefore it is important to determine the time of ovulation after hormonal treatment.