Injection Of Cyclophosphamide Research Articles

Effect of Cinnamaldehyde on Systemic Candida albicans Infection in Mice.

To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of cinnamaldehyde (CA) on systemic Candida albicans infection in mice and to provide supportive data for the development of novel antifungal drugs. Ninety BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 3 groups according to a random number table: CA treatment group, fluconazole (positive control) group, and Tween saline (negative control) group, with 30 mice in each group. Initially, all groups of mice received consecutive intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide at 200 mg/kg for 2 days, followed by intraperitoneal injection of 0.25 mL C. albicans fungal suspension (concentration of 1.0 × 107 CFU/mL) on the 4th day, to establish an immunosuppressed systemic Candida albicans infection animal model. Subsequently, the mice were orally administered CA, fluconazole and Tween saline, at 240, 240 mg/kg and 0.25 mL/kg respectively for 14 days. After a 48-h discontinuation of treatment, the liver, small intestine, and kidney tissues of mice were collected for fungal direct microscopic examination, culture, and histopathological examination. Additionally, renal tissues from each group of mice were collected for (1,3)- β -D-glucan detection. The survival status of mice in all groups was monitored for 14 days of drug administration. The CA group exhibited a fungal clearance rate of C. albicans above 86.7% (26/30), significantly higher than the fluconazole group (60.0%, 18/30, P<0.01) and the Tween saline group (30.0%, 9/30, P<0.01). Furthermore, histopathological examination in the CA group revealed the disappearance of inflammatory cells and near-normal restoration of tissue structure. The (1,3)-β-D-glucan detection value in the CA group (860.55 ± 126.73 pg/mL) was significantly lower than that in the fluconazole group (1985.13 ± 203.56 pg/mL, P<0.01) and the Tween saline group (5910.20 ± 320.56 pg/mL, P<0.01). The mouse survival rate reached 90.0% (27/30), higher than the fluconazole group (60.0%, 18/30) and the Tween saline group (30.0%, 9/30), with a significant difference between the two groups (both P<0.01). CA treatment exhibited significant therapeutic efficacy in mice with systemic C. albicans infection. Therefore, CA holds potential as a novel antifungal agent for targeted treatment of C. albicans infection.

Trifolium Pratense Improves Cyclophosphamide-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Leukopenia in a Rat Model of Chemotherapy

Background: Due to the toxicity of chemotherapy drugs in cancer patients, thrombocytopenia can lead to bleeding. Trifolium pratense L. is traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory compound for the treatment of various diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of T. pratense (red clover) extract (TPE) on thrombocytopenia and the related factors in a rat model of chemotherapy.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: In this experimental in vivo study, 28 rats were randomly divided into four groups of seven members (four males and three females) including Group1 as the control subjects, Group2 as thrombocytopenia cases, and Groups 3 and 4 with thrombocytopenic animals receiving TPE (100 and 200 mg/kg). Thrombocytopenia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CP) on three consecutive days. Then, the TPE was fed to rats for 14 days. At the end of the study, the rats' weight was measured. Blood samples were collected, complete blood count (CBC) was performed, and PF4 and clotting time were measured. After the dissection of the animals, the bone marrow and spleen were separated, and hisopathological changes were determined. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and a post-hoc Tukey test.&#x0D; Results: Cyclophosphamide decreased the platelets and the white blood cells (WBCs) and increased PF4 and the clotting time significantly (P &lt; 0.05). Also, TPE significantly increased the platelets and the WBC counts but decreased the time of clotting and the PF4 factor (P &lt; 0.05). TPE increased megakaryocyte (P &lt; 0.001) and enhanced the bone marrow and spleen cellularity.&#x0D; Conclusion: T. pratense can increase the number of platelets and WBCs and improve thrombocytopenia and bone marrow cellularity induced by chemotherapy.

Chinmedomics strategy for elucidating the effects and effective constituents of Danggui Buxue Decoction in treating blood deficiency syndrome.

Danggui Buxue Decoction (DBD) is a clinically proven, effective, classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula for treating blood deficiency syndrome (BDS). However, its effects and effective constituents in the treatment of BDS remain unclear, limiting precise clinical therapy and quality control. This study aimed to accurately evaluate the effects of DBD and identify its effective constituents and quality markers. BDS was induced in rats by a combined injection of acetylphenylhydrazine and cyclophosphamide, and the efficacy of DBD against BDS was evaluated based on body weight, body temperature, energy metabolism, general status, visceral indices, histopathology, biochemical markers, and metabolomics. The effects of DBD on urinary and serum biomarkers of BDS were investigated, and the associated metabolic pathways were analyzed via metabolomics. Guided by Chinmedomics, the effective constituents and quality markers of DBD were identified by analyzing the dynamic links between metabolic biomarkers and effective constituents in vivo. DBD improved energy metabolism, restored peripheral blood and serum biochemical indices, and meliorated tissue damage in rats with BDS. Correlation analyses between biochemical indices and biomarkers showed that 15(S)-HPETE, LTB4, and taurine were core biomakers and that arachidonic acid, taurine, and hypotaurine metabolism were core metabolic pathways regulated by DBD. Calycosin-7-glucoside, coumarin, ferulic acid sulfate, cycloastragenol, (Z)-ligustilide + O, astragaloside IV, acetylastragaloside I, and linoleic acid were identified as effective constituents improving the hematopoietic function of the rats in the BDS model. Additionally, calycosin-7-glucoside, ferulic acid, ligustilide, and astragaloside IV were identified as quality markers of DBD. The hematopoietic function of DBD was confirmed through analysis of energy metabolism, biochemical markers, histopathology, and metabolomics. Moreover, by elucidating effective constituents of DBD in BDS treatment, quality markers were confirmed using a Chinmedomics strategy. These results strengthen the quality management of DBD and will facilitate drug innovation.

DHEA promotes ovarian angiogenesis and improves ovarian function in POI rats by up-regulating HIF-1α/VEGF signalling

Research QuestionDehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) promotes tissue function recovery in different diseases by stimulating angiogenesis; however, its impact on ovarian angiogenesis and function in rats with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and the potential mechanisms of action remain uncertain. DesignDHEA was co-cultured with human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) cells to investigate its effects on cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation. A rat model of POI was established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CTX), followed by continuous oral administration of DHEA for 28 d. Ovarian angiogenesis, follicular growth, and granulosa cell (GC) survival in ovarian tissues were assessed through haematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL. The effect of DHEA on the fertility of rats with POI was evaluated in pregnant animals. The expression levels of characteristic genes and proteins in the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway was determined using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blotting. ResultsIn vitro experiments revealed that DHEA stimulated the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HMEC-1 cells. In in vivo studies, DHEA treatment improved the disruption of estrous cycle and hormone imbalances in POI rats. Key genes in the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway exhibited upregulated expression, promoting ovarian angiogenesis in POI rats, and enhancing follicular development and GC survival, thereby restoring fertility in rats. ConclusionsDHEA can potentially restore ovarian function in CTX-induced POI rats by upregulating HIF-1α/VEGF signalling, which promotes the growth of blood vessels in the ovaries.

Comparative Efficacy of Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization Regimens in Multiple Myeloma Patients

Aim. To compare the efficacy of mobilization regimens (MR) differing in their composition and intensity, with the purpose of defining the criteria to personalize the choice of MR based on clinical and hematological characteristics of multiple myeloma (MM) patients.&#x0D; Materials &amp; Methods. A retrospective analysis of the autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization and autograft harvesting results was performed in 177 patients with newly diagnosed MM. The patients were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 included 62 patients with the median age of 53 years who were treated with single injection of cyclophosphamide (CF) dose 3 g/m2 as MR. Group 2 consisted of 71 patients with the median age of 58 years who received vinorelbine 35 mg/m2. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) as a monoregimen was administered to group 3 consisting of 33 patients with the median age of 55 years. Group 4 included 11 patients with the median age of 57 years who received G-CSF enhanced by plerixafor administration. G-CSF 10 µg/kg was used as MR. In all chemomobilization cases, daily G-CSF 10 µg/kg started on Day 4 from the administration of the chemotherapy drug prescribed as MR.&#x0D; Results. In the analyzed groups, the median time from MR start to the first leukocyte apheresis session was 11, 8, 5, and 5 days, respectively. On the first leukocyte apheresis day, the median CD34+ cell collection in group 3 was significantly lower than in groups 1, 2, and 4: 2.2 × 106/kg vs. 3.79 × 106/kg, 7.22 × 106/kg, and 3.9 × 106/kg, respectively. The total CD34+ cell collection after two leukocyte apheresis sessions was also the lowest in group 3 compared with groups 1, 2, and 4: 3.22 × 106/kg vs. 5.2 × 106/kg, 4.95 × 106/kg, and 7.5 × 106/kg, respectively. In the analyzed groups, the rate of mobilization with CD34+ cell collection &lt; 2.0 × 106/kg was 6.5 %, 5.6 %, 18.2 %, and 9.1 %. The evaluation of the results in all patients showed a direct correlation of CD34+ cell collection with lenalidomide administered before autologous HSC mobilization. A significant difference in CD34+ cell collection in lenalidomide recipients vs. non-recipients was reported when vinorelbine as MR and G-CSF as monoregimen (р = 0.001 and р = 0.022, respectively) were used. No significant differences were observed either with CF or G-CSF combined with plerixafor treatment.&#x0D; Conclusion. Based on the findings, age of a MM patient, comorbidities, and prior lenalidomide administration can be regarded as key criteria for choosing one of 4 MRs.

Model construction and drug therapy of primary ovarian insufficiency by ultrasound-guided injection

BackgroundClinically, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the main treatment for primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). However, HRT may increase the risk of both breast cancer and cardiovascular disease. Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSC) have been gradually applied to the therapy of a variety of diseases through inflammation inhibition, immune regulation, and tissue repair functions. However, the application and study of hUC-MSC exosomes in POI remain limited.MethodsHere, we first constructed four rat animal models: the POI-C model (the “cyclophosphamide-induced” POI model via intraperitoneal injection), the POI-B model (the “busulfan-induced” POI model), the POI-U model (the “cyclophosphamide-induced” POI model under ultrasonic guidance), and MS model (the “maternal separation model”). Second, we compared the body weight, ovarian index, status, Rat Grimace Scale, complications, and mortality rate of different POI rat models. Finally, a transabdominal ultrasound-guided injection of hUC-MSC exosomes was performed, and its therapeuticy effects on the POI animal models were evaluated, including changes in hormone levels, oestrous cycles, ovarian apoptosis levels, and fertility. In addition, we performed RNA-seq to explore the possible mechanism of hUC-MSC exosomes function.ResultsCompared with the POI-C, POI-B, and MS animal models, the POI-U model showed less fluctuation in weight, a lower ovarian index, fewer complications, a lower mortality rate, and a higher model success rate. Second, we successfully identified hUC-MSCs and their exosomes, and performed ultrasound-guided intraovarian hUC-MSCs exosomes injection. Finally, we confirmed that the ultrasound-guided exosome injection (termed POI-e) effectively improved ovarian hormone levels, the oestrous cycle, ovarian function, and fertility. Mechanically, hUC-MSCs may play a therapeutic role by regulating ovarian immune and metabolic functions.ConclusionsIn our study, we innovatively constructed an ultrasound-guided ovarian drug injection method to construct POI-U animal models and hUC-MSC exosomes injection. And we confirmed the therapeutic efficacy of hUC-MSC exosomes on the POI-U animal models. Our study will offer a better choice for new animal models of POI in the future and provides certain guidance for the hUC-MSCs exosome therapy in POI patients.Graphical abstractThe schema of construction of different animal models, extraction and identifying hUC-MSCs and exosomes, therapy of ultrasound-guided hUC-MSCs exosome injection. Note: POI: premature ovarian insufficiency; hUC-MSCs: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; POI-C: POI-cyclophosphamide; POI-B: POI-cyclophosphamide + Busulfan; POI-U: POI-Ultrasonic guidance cyclophosphamide injection; MS: POI-Maternal separation. POI-e: ultrasound-guided hUC-MSCs exosome injection; AMH: Anti-müllerian hormone; LH: Luteinizing hormone; FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone; DA: dopamine; T: Testosterone; PRL: prolactin; GnRH: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

Multi-omics analyses uncover metabolic signatures and gene expression profiles of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome.

We explore molecular and metabolic pathways involved in interstitial cystitis (IC) with integrating multi-omics analysis for identifying potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Mouse models of IC/bladder pain syndrome (BPS) were established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide and bladder tissue samples were collected for metabolomics and transcriptome analysis. We found a total of 82 and 145 differential metabolites in positive ion modes and negative ion modes, respectively. Glycerophospholipid metabolism, choline metabolism in cancer, and nucleotide metabolism pathways were significantly enriched in the IC/BPS group. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that 1069 upregulated genes and 1087 downregulated genes were detected. Importantly, the stronger enrichment for cell cycle pathway was observed in IC/BPS than that in normal bladder tissue, which may be involved in the process of bladder remodeling. Moreover, the inflammatory response and inflammatory factors related pathways were enriched in the IC/BPS group. Our findings provide critical directions for further exploration of the molecular pathology underlying IC/BPS.

Ameliorative effect of salidroside on the cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian failure in a rat model

Background Oxidative stress injury is an important pathological factor of premature ovarian failure (POF). Salidroside, extracted from the Chinese herb-Rhodiola rosea, has advantages in antioxidant characteristics. However, their therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms in POF have not been explored. Purpose This study aims to assess the therapeutic effects of salidroside in chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure rats. Methods A POF rat model was established by injection of cyclophosphamide, followed by treatment with salidroside. The therapeutic effect of salidroside was evaluated based on hormone levels, follicle count, and reproductive ability. Oxidative stress injury was assessed by the detection of SOD enzyme activity and MDA levels. Differential gene expression of Keap1, Nrf2, HMOX1, NQO1, AMH, BMP15, and GDF9, were identified by qRT‑PCR. The protein expression of Keap1, Nrf2, P53, and Bcl-2 were detected by western blot. Results Salidroside treatment markedly restored FSH, E2, and AMH hormone secretion levels, reduced follicular atresia, and increased antral follicle numbers in POF rats. In addition, salidroside improves fertility in POF rats, activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway, and reduces the level of oxidative stress. The recovery function of high dose salidroside (50 mg/kg) in a reproductive assay was significantly improved than that of lower dose salidroside (25 mg/kg). Meanwhile, the safety evaluation of salidroside treatment in rats showed that salidroside was safe for POF rats at doses of 25–50 mg/kg. Conclusions Salidroside therapy improved premature ovarian failure significantly through antioxidant function and activating Nrf2 signaling.

Danggui Jixueteng decoction for the treatment of myelosuppression after chemotherapy: A combined metabolomics and network pharmacology analysis

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the mechanism of the Danggui Jixueteng decoction (DJD) in treating Myelosuppression after chemotherapy (MAC) through network pharmacology and metabolomics. MethodsWe obtained the chemical structures of DJD compounds from TCMSP and PubMed. SwissTargetPrediction, STITCH, CTD, GeneCards, and OMIM were utilized to acquire component targets and MAC-related targets. We identified the key compounds, core targets, main biological processes, and signaling pathways related to DJD by constructing and analyzing related networks. The main active compounds and key proteins of DJD in treating AA were confirmed by molecular docking. A MAC rat model was established through intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide to confirm DJD's effect on the bone marrow hematopoietic system. Untargeted metabolomics analyzed serum metabolite differences between MAC rats and the control group, and before and after DJD treatment, to explore DJD's mechanism in treating MAC. ResultsOf the 93 active compounds identified under screening conditions, 275 compound targets and 3113 MAC-related targets were obtained, including 95 intersecting targets; AKT1, STAT3, CASP3, and JUN were key proteins in MAC treatment. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway may play a crucial role in MAC treatment with DJD. Molecular docking results showed good docking effects of key protein AKT1 with luteolin, β-sitosterol, kaempferol, and glycyrrhizal chalcone A. In vivo experiments indicated that, compared to the model group, in the DJD group, levels of WBCs, RBCs, HGB, and PLTs in peripheral blood cells, thymus index increased, spleen index decreased, serum IL-3, GM-CSF levels increased, and IL-6, TNF-α, and VEGF levels decreased (p < 0.01); the pathological morphology of femoral bone marrow improved. Eleven differential metabolites were identified as differential serum metabolites, mainly concentrated in phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways, phenylalanine metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism. ConclusionThis study revealed that DJD's therapeutic effects are due to multiple ingredients, targets, and pathways. DJD may activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, promote hematopoietic-related cytokine production, regulate related metabolic pathways, and effectively alleviate cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression after chemotherapy in rats.

Ameliorative effects of rutin and rutin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on testicular oxidative stress and histological damage induced by cyclophosphamide in male rats

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is broadly used to kill various tumor cells; however, its repeated uses have been reported to cause reproductive dysfunction and infertility. Natural flavonoid, rutin (RUT), possesses strong antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity that is attributed to ameliorate the reproductive dysfunction induced by CP. Many previous studies proved that the formulation of flavonoids in nanoemulsion has a promising perspective in mitigating the side effects of chemotherapy. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effects of RUT and RUT-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (RUT-CH NPs) against CP-induced reproductive dysfunction in male rats. For this aim, thirty-six male albino rats were randomly allocated into six groups as follows: control, RUT, RUT-CH NPs, CP, CP + RUT, and CP + RUT-CH NPs. In the CP groups, a single intraperitoneal injection of CP (150 mg/kg bwt) was administered on the first day of the experiment. RUT and RUT-CH NPs were orally administered either alone or with CP injection at a dose of 10 mg/kg bwt per day for 60 days. The results revealed that CP administration caused significant testicular oxidative stress damage through increasing the nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels as well as decreasing the total antioxidant capacity and reduced glutathione contents. It also impaired spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis via altering the transcription levels of CYP11A1, HSD-3b, StAR, Bax, bcl-2, and Nrf-2 genes. Otherwise, the oral intake of either RUT or RUT-CH NPs with CP injection effectively attenuated these alterations and significantly improved the microscopic appearance of testicular tissue. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of RUT either free or NPs in mitigating CP-induced testicular dysfunction via its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.

L-carnitine fails to rescue chemotherapy injured ovaries by epigenetic changes of transcription factors

Cyclophosphamide (CP), as an anti-cancer drug, is frequently used to treat various types of cancer. A decreased number of ovarian follicles impaired normal ovarian function, and subsequent premature ovarian failure (POF) presented as a side effect of cyclophosphamide usage. These events may eventually affect the fertility rate of individuals. The present study showed the effect of cyclophosphamide on ovarian reserves and the protective effect of L-carnitine (LC) as an antioxidant to prevent POF.To design the study, six to eight-week-old NMRI female mice were divided into three groups: control, cyclophosphamide (CP), and cyclophosphamide + L-carnitine (CP + LC). Mice received drugs intraperitoneally (IP) for 21 days. In the following 24 h after the last injection, both ovaries were used to evaluate the expression of Sohlh1 and Lhx8 genes by Real-time PCR. Furthermore, the alteration of Lhx8 promoter methylation was examined by Methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting analysis (MS-HRM).The present data showed the negative effect of CP on regulator genes of oogenesis including Sohlh1 and Lhx8. In addition, an examination of the epigenetic status of the Lhx8 gene showed a change in promoter methylation of this gene following cyclophosphamide injection. Although, L-carnitine is an effective antioxidant in relieving oxidative stress caused by cyclophosphamide and its damage, in the present study, however, the use of L-carnitine failed to protect the ovaries from changes caused by CP injection. So, using cyclophosphamide can alter the expression of folliculogenesis genes through its effects on epigenetic changes and may cause POF. The results of the present study showed that L-carnitine consumption can’t protect the ovaries against the adverse effects of CP.

Investigating the Potential Hepatoprotective Effect of Quercetin in Male Rats ‎Following Acute Exposure to Cyclophosphamide

This study aimed to assess the hepatoprotective efficacy of quercetin against ‎hepatotoxicity ‎induced by cyclophosphamide in a rat model. A total of 28 male ‎Wister albino rats (Rattus ‎norvegicus), with body ‎weights ranging from 195.5 to ‎‎198.2 g and approximately three months ‎of age, were randomized into four different ‎groups: the untreated Control group ‎received no interventions; the CYP group was treated with an intraperitoneal ‎injection of ‎cyclophosphamide at a dose of 200 mg/BW; the Qt group received an ‎‎oral administration of quercetin at 100 mg/kg BW daily for ten days; and the combined (Qt+CYP) group received quercetin orally for ten days, followed by a ‎cyclophosphamide ‎injection on the tenth day. Various biochemical markers, ‎including alanine aminotransferase ‎‎(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and liver glutathione ‎‎(GSH), and malondialdehyde ‎‎(MDA), were analyzed, in addition to body weight and ‎prothrombin time. The ‎Untreated Control group exhibited baseline levels for all assessed ‎markers. In ‎contrast, the CYP group showed elevated levels of ALT, AST, ‎‎ALP, and MDA, coupled with a decrease in GSH. Notably, the Qt+CYP ‎group ‎demonstrated a statistically significant reduction (P‎‎&lt;0.05) in ALT, AST, ALP, ‎and MDA levels, ‎as well as an increase in GSH and prothrombin time, when ‎compared to the CYP group. No significant differences in body ‎weight were observed across all groups ‎‎(P‎‎&lt;0.05). The results of the study indicate that quercetin has the potential to be used as a ‎‎hepatoprotective agent, protecting liver tissues from the cytotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide.

Melatonin prevents overproduction of reactive oxygen species and vascular dysfunction induced by cyclophosphamide

AimsOverproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a pathologic hallmark of cyclophosphamide toxicity. For this reason, antioxidant compounds emerge as promising tools for preventing tissue damage induced by cyclophosphamide. We hypothesized that melatonin would display cytoprotective action in the vasculature by preventing cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress. Materials and methodsMale C57BL/6 mice (22–25 g) were injected with a single dose of cyclophosphamide (300 mg/kg; i.p.). Mice were pretreated or not with melatonin (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.), given during 4 days before cyclophosphamide injection. Functional (vascular reactivity) and oxidative/inflammatory patterns were evaluated at 24 h in resistance arteries. The antioxidant action of melatonin was assessed in vitro in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of mesenteric arteries. Key findingsCyclophosphamide induced ROS generation in both mesenteric arterial bed (MAB) and cultured VSMCs, and this was normalized by melatonin. Cyclophosphamide-induced ROS generation and lipoperoxidation in the bladder and kidney was also prevented by melatonin. Increased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were detected in the MAB of cyclophosphamide-treated mice, all of which were prevented by melatonin. Functional assays using second-order mesenteric arteries of cyclophosphamide-treated mice revealed a decrease in vascular contractility. Melatonin prevented vascular hypocontractility in the cyclophosphamide group. Melatonin partially prevented the decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities in the MAB of the cyclophosphamide group. SignificanceMelatonin may constitute a novel and promising therapeutic approach for management of the toxic effects induced by cyclophosphamide in the vasculature.

The immune-modulatory role of MSCs exerted by PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in kidney tissue after cyclophosphamide

Background: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is one of the most effective immunosuppressive agents. To understand the mechanisms used by the CP and MSCs in the kidney, we investigated their effects on some pathways.Experimental animals and methods: 4 groups of female rats were used. GI: was the normal control group treated with saline solution. Groups G II, G III, and G IV were treated with CP. G I and G II groups were sacrificed on the fourth day after treatment., G III (Auto healing group) was left without treatment after the CP injection for six days. The G IV group was treated with MSCs on the fourth day after the CP injection. G III and G IV groups were sacrificed six days after treatment, and the kidney was removed and processed.Results: CP induced up-regulation in CD14 and CD21 positive cells and caspase. Significant down-regulation of previous markers in groups III and IV. CP exerted a downregulation effect on AKT/ PI3K, that were ameliorated in groups III and IV. A significant increase in P53, BCL2, as well as VEGF in Group IV (P &lt; 0 05).Conclusion: MSCs play a vital function in the immune inhibition in CP-treated rats through PI3K/AKT pathway.

Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells alleviate premature ovarian failure via blockage of autophagy and AMPK/mTOR pathway.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of adipose-derived stem cell-derived exosome (ADSCs-Exo) in treating premature ovarian failure (POF). We constructed a POF mouse model through intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide, followed by the administration of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Pathological injury, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), estradiol (E2), superoxide dismutase (SOD), granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis, and autophagy were assessed. Exosomes isolated from ADSCs were used to treat POF in mice. The AMPK-mTOR pathway and its proteins (p-AMPK and p-mTOR) were evaluated. A POF cell model was established using cyclophosphamide-treated human ovarian granulosa-like tumor (KGN) cells. We administered ADSCs-Exo and rapamycin to validate the mechanism of ADSCs-Exo against POF. In POF mice, 3-MA treatment attenuated pathological injuries, decreased FSH, MDA, and ROS levels, and increased E2 and SOD levels. 3-MA treatment also inhibited GC apoptosis and autophagy. ADSCs-Exo alleviated pathological injuries, improved ovarian morphology and function, and reduced oxidative stress in POF mice. ADSCs-Exo inhibited GC apoptosis and autophagy. ADSCs-Exo downregulated the expression of AMPK/mTOR pathway proteins (p-AMPK and p-mTOR). In the POF cell model, ADSCs-Exo and rapamycin inhibited AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy. ADSCs-Exo inhibits POF through the inhibition of autophagy and the AMPK/mTOR pathway. This study provides a potential target for the clinical treatment of POF.

Levocetrizine attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced lung injury through inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β and MMP-9

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an antineoplastic drug commonly used worldwide. Despite its spread, it causes fatal organ toxicity. Lung toxicity is a serious side effect of CP. Actually, in the past three years the world has been facing an un-predicted crisis following COVID-19 pandemic and the associated high-mortality rates attributed to respiratory distress. Accordingly; this study aimed to probe the potential prophylactic role of levocetrizine against CP-induced lung injury. Animals were allocated into three sets; control; CP and CP/Levo. CP was intraperitoneally injected in rats 150 mg/kg once on day 7. Levocetrizine was given orally for 14 days starting 7 days before CP injection. On the last day, all rats were sacrificed and lung tissues were kept for analysis. CP significantly elevated lung/body weight index, inflammatory cell counts, LDH, total protein, TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β and histamine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Moreover, it markedly increased expression of MMP-9 and contents of MDA, hydroxyproline, collagen and NOx besides decreasing GSH level and SOD activity in lung tissues. These biochemical results were further confirmed by histopathological examination. In contrast, treatment with levocetrizine significantly attenuated CP-induced pathological alterations. These findings propose that levocetrizine can attenuate CP-induced lung injury via exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects.

Sesamin's Therapeutic Actions on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hepatotoxicity, Molecular Mechanisms, and Histopathological Characteristics.

Cyclophosphamide, an alkylating agent integral to specific cancer chemotherapy protocols, is often curtailed in application owing to its significant hepatotoxic side effects. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the hepatoprotective potential of sesamin, a plant-originated antioxidant, using rat models. The rats were divided into five groups: a control group received only the vehicle for six days; a cyclophosphamide group received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) single injection of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) on day four; a sesamin group received a daily high oral dose (20 mg/kg) of sesamin for six days; and two groups were pretreated with oral sesamin (10 and 20 mg/kg daily from day one to day six) followed by an i.p. injection of cyclophosphamide on day four. The final and last sesamin dose was administered 24 h before euthanasia. At the end of the experiment, blood and liver tissue were collected for biochemical and histopathological assessments. The results indicated significantly increased liver markers (AST, ALT, ALP, and BIL), cytokines (TNFα and IL-1β), caspase-3, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the cyclophosphamide group as compared to the normal control. Additionally, there was a significant decline in antioxidants (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes (CAT and SOD), but the sesamin treatment reduced liver marker enzymes, cytokines, and caspase-3 and improved antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes. Thus, sesamin effectively countered these alterations and helped to normalize the histopathological alterations. In conclusion, sesamin demonstrated the potential for attenuating cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating cytokine networks, apoptotic pathways, and oxidative stress, suggesting its potential role as an adjunct in chemotherapy to reduce hepatotoxicity.

Social enrichment alters the response of brain leukocytes to chemotherapy and tumor development in aged mice

Aging is a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. Foundational science studies have supported associations among neuroinflammation, breast cancer, and chemotherapy, but to date, these associations are based on studies using young adult rodents. The current study examined the neuroinflammatory effects of chemotherapy in aged, tumor-naïve and tumor-bearing mice with or without social enrichment. Mice received two intravenous injections of doxorubicin (A) and cyclophosphamide (C) at a two-week interval. Brain immune cells were enriched/assessed via flow cytometry, seven days following the second chemotherapy injection. Social enrichment enhanced peripheral immune cell trafficking in aged tumor-naive mice treated with AC. Group housed aged tumor bearing mice receiving AC had reduced percentage of IL-6+ monocytes and granulocytes relative to their singly housed counterparts. Notably, group housing aged experimental mice with young cage partners significantly reduced TNF + monocytes, tumor volume, and tumor mass. These data illustrate the importance of social enrichment in attenuating neuroinflammation and are the first to demonstrate that social support with young housing partners reduces tumor growth in aged mice.

Abstract 13851: CAR-T Cells: A Potential Novel Strategy for Mitigating Fibrosis in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Introduction: Chimeric Antigen T (CAR)-T cells have proven effective preclinically for mitigating cardiac fibrosis in hypertensive cardiomyopathy. Hypothesis: We assessed whether this approach could be applied to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) by targeting Fibroblast Activating Protein (FAP)-expressing activated fibroblasts in cardiac and skeletal muscle fibrosis. Methods: A protocol for the lymphodepletion conditioning of mice was developed to optimize the dosing of cyclophosphamide. Next, immune-magnetically selected T cells were retrovirally transduced to target FAP (FAP-CAR) and quality-controlled by co-culture killing assays using FAP-expressing HEK target cells. Finally, lymphodepleted D2. mdx mice were intravenously injected with 10 7 FAP-CAR T cells (n=9) or 10 7 GFP-T cells (n=9) or Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA, n=8). Cardiac and skeletal muscle end points were assessed 2 and 5 weeks after treatment. Results: In vitro , the engineered CAR-T cells expressed activation markers (CD69, PD-1) and released large amounts of granzyme, perforin and interferon γ upon exposure to FAP-expressing target cells. One IP injection of cyclophosphamide (3mg) 4 days before treatment was safe and induced a lymphodepletion which enabled robust in vivo expansion of FAP-CAR T cell assessed by flow cytometry in lymphoid organs and blood: 10 5 , 2.10 6 and 10 7 detected CAR-T cells at day 3, 5 and 7 post-injections, respectively. This was paralleled by a more than a 2-fold decrease in endogenous FAP expression in skeletal muscles, as assessed by PCR at day 5 post-injections, and measurable FAP-CAR levels in the spleen compared with GFP-T cell controls. In vivo , FAP-CAR T cells significantly improved LV function with an EF change from baseline (Mean±SEM) of 33.1% ± 6.7% in FAP-CAR vs. 3.7% ± 6.4% and -9.6% ± 7.9% in GFP-T and BSA ( p &lt;0.037 and p &lt;0.005, respectively) at 2 weeks. The benefit was maintained at 5 weeks post-treatment. Several markers of fibrosis, particularly collagens 1 and 3, were also down-regulated in heart and muscles. Conclusions: FAP-CAR-T cells might represent a new therapeutic option for mitigating fibrosis in DMD, likely in conjunction with approaches aimed at addressing the root cause of the disease through a re-expression of a functional dystrophin.

Cytoprotective effects of cinnamaldehyde and adipoRon against cyclophosphamide‐induced cardio-renal toxicity in rats: Insights into oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis

Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of various types of tumors and autoimmune diseases. Unfortunately, cyclophosphamide usage is limited in clinical situations due to its cardio-renal toxicity. The current study investigates the protective effects of cinnamaldehyde and adipoRon against cyclophosphamide-induced cardio-renal toxicity. 24 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assorted in a random manner into 4 groups; control, cyclophosphamide, cyclophosphamide+cinnamaldehyde (90 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide+adipoRon (25 mg/kg), rats treated with cinnamaldehyde and adipoRon for 10 days and on the 7th day of the experiment, rats were given a single I.P. injection of cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg). Thereafter, specimens of heart and kidney tissues were used for biochemical, immunohistochemical and histopathological analysis. Cinnamaldehyde and adipoRon attenuated the cardio-renal intoxication induced by cyclophosphamide which was manifested by a marked decrease in cardiac-renal injury markers (CK-MB, LDH, cTnI, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen) accompanied with normalization of histopathological changes. Moreover, cinnamaldehyde and adipoRon reversed cardio-renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis as they have significantly decreased 8-OHdG levels, MDA contents, NF-κB, TNF-α and caspase-3 expression. On the other hand, cinnamaldehyde and adipoRon have upregulated antioxidant biomarkers; GSH concentration, Nrf2 expression as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine; IL-10 and the antiapoptotic; BCL2. In conclusion, these cytoprotective effects of cinnamaldehyde and adipoRon suggesting the possibility of using them in combination with cyclophosphamide treatment protocols to minimize their unwanted side effects.