Injection Device Research Articles

Direct comparison of three-terminal and four-terminal Hanle effects in the persistent photoconductor Al0.3Ga0.7As:Si

The electronic rendition of the Hanle effect, which is interpreted as the ensemble dephasing of a spin accumulation in the semiconductor under a perpendicular magnetic field, has been one of the most widely utilized and effective methods of measuring spin lifetime, spin accumulation, and spin transport in semiconductors. However, the origin of the Hanle magnetoresistance in the three-terminal (3T) setup has been intensively questioned both theoretically and experimentally; this is in contrast to the nonlocal four-terminal (NL-4T) measurement, which is accepted as reflecting spin accumulation and its spatial decay in metals and semiconductors alike. Here, we present results from 3T and NL-4T Hanle measurements on the same spin injection and detection devices with an ${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.7}\mathrm{As}:\mathrm{Si}$ semiconducting channel. The use of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.7}\mathrm{As}:\mathrm{Si}$, a persistent photoconductor, enables examination of the evolution of both types of Hanle signals with varying carrier density in the channel on one and the same device via in situ photodoping. We observe that the 3T and NL-4T Hanle signals exhibit similar Lorentzian line shapes, and thus yield similar spin lifetimes at all carrier densities. Moreover, the amplitudes of both types of Hanle signals are found to be consistent with each other, showing a similar exponential decrease with carrier density and in agreement with the Valet-Fert theory, in contrast to devices with artificial oxide barriers. These observations provide compelling evidence that in devices in which the spin injectors and detectors are engineered to minimize the presence of localized states, the 3T Hanle measurements provide a reliable probe of the spin accumulation and its dynamics in the semiconductor channel.

Flow-homogeneous electrochemical sensing system based on 2D metal-organic framework nanozyme for successive microRNA assay

Considering DNA-based homogeneous electrochemical assay allows identification of targets to be carried out in a homogeneous solution, it would be of significance to develop the successive homogeneous assay system in dynamic solution for rapid disease diagnosis and high-throughput bioanalysis. In homogeneous assay, the work electrodes generally have capability of DNA capture but lack signal amplification, restricting its sensitivity. Here, a flow-homogeneous sensing system was proposed to realize the successive assay of microRNA, a model biomarker. Ultrathin 2D metal-organic framework (MOF) nanozymes with thickness of about 1 nm were facilely prepared by ultrasonic approach. Due to the excellent enzyme-like activity and adsorption capacity towards single-strand DNA (ssDNA), MOF nanozymes adsorbed on electrode simultaneously played two roles of ssDNA collector and signal-amplifier. To adapt the recoverable electrode to on-line monitoring, duplex-specific nuclease-assisted circle reaction was conducted to produce the turn-on amplified signal. Flow injection device was employed to realize the recycling of electrodes and the successive microRNA assay. The assay strategy showed low limit of detection (0.12 pM, S/N = 3) for microRNA, excellent renewability and acceptable reliability for real sample assay. The established system exerts the advantages of DNA-based homogeneous electrochemical sensing strategy. This work would not only expand homogeneous electrochemical assay to successive bioassay, but also provide the possibility for practical application of homogeneous sensing strategy.

Non-Inferiority Field Study Comparing the Administrations by Conventional Needle-Syringe and Needle-Free Injectors of a Trivalent Vaccine Containing Porcine Circovirus Types 2a/2b and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

The objective of this study was to assess the clinical, immunological, microbiological, and pathological evaluation of trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus types 2a/b (PCV2a/b) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae given by two different needle-free injection devices compared with conventional needle-syringe injection in a herd with subclinical PCV2d infection and enzootic pneumonia. A total of 240 21-day-old pigs, which weighed between 5 to 6 kg, were randomly divided into four groups (60 pigs per group, 30 = male and 30 = female per group). Injection site reactions in the pigs were minimal for the two needle-free injection devices and needle-syringe injection. Trivalent vaccination of pigs with two needle-free injection devices was not inferior to conventional needle-syringe injection for growth performance. Trivalent vaccination of pigs with two different needle-free injection devices reduced levels of PCV2d loads in serum and M. hyopneumoniae loads in the larynx equally compared to the conventional needle-syringe injection. The amount of PCV2d load in serum from the needle-free Pulse FX injection device at 49 days post vaccination showed non-inferiority to conventional needle-syringe injection. The immune response against PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae to trivalent vaccine given with the needle-free Pulse FX injection device was non-inferior to conventional needle-syringe injection. The pigs from the two needle-free injection device and conventional needle-syringe injection had significantly (p < 0.05) lower macroscopic and microscopic lung lesion scores, and microscopic lymphoid lesions than from unvaccinated. The results of this study demonstrated that vaccination of trivalent vaccine by the two needle-free Pulse injection devices used in the study was non-inferior to that by conventional needle-syringe injection for growth performance, immune response against PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae, and reduction of PCV2 viremia.

Monoclonal antibody treatments for paediatric severe asthma-outcomes, attitudes and adherence.

Asthma prevalence in Australian children is amongst the highest in the world. Monoclonal antibody treatments (biologics) are the fifth step in the Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines to treat severe asthma. Our retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the effect of biologics for children with severe asthma, assess adherence and explore attitudes toward home administration using prefilled injection devices. We collected data for paediatric patients receiving biologics to compare asthma-related outcomes six-months pre and post initiation of therapy. Participant and parent surveys assessed perceived change in asthma control and attitudes to home injections. Eleven patients were recruited. Six-months post biologic treatment there were significant reductions in mean exhaled nitric oxide (-40ppb, p<0.05) and asthma control questionnaire 5 (ACQ-5) (-1.7, p<0.05). The mean number of hospitalisations and OCS courses were also less, although not statistically significant (p=0.53 and 0.17 respectively). There were no notable changes in mean percent-predicted FEV1, FVC or FEV1/FVC. 80% of patients and carers perceived slightly or much better asthma control on biologics and 80% of carers indicated they would be slightly or much happier with home-based injections. We conclude that biologics can improve asthma control. Whilst health-centre injections adherence is high, carers are interested in home injections.

TINJAUAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN ALAT KONTRASEPSI SUNTIK TIGA BULAN

This paper discusses the Islamic Law Review Against the Use of Three-Month Injectable Contraceptive Devices (Case Study in Samarenda Village, Morowali Regency) which is the object of this research is Islamic law on the use of three-month injectable contraceptives in Samarenda Village, Morowali Regency. The method that the author uses in this paper is a qualitative research method. The results showed that 1). Some of the factors that cause a married couple in Samarenda Village to use contraceptives, including first, because the number of children they have is in accordance with what they want so that they no longer want to add children, both methods are easy to use and have a good level of effectiveness. , thirdly because of the factor of having had bad experiences with previous contraceptives, and fourthly because of economic factors. 2). The view of Islamic law on the use of three-month injectable contraceptives in Samarenda Village, Morowali Regency is not in accordance with Islamic law because it looks at the factors that cause them to use these contraceptives and the reasons they choose to limit the birth rate of children in the family, while in Islam allow the use of contraception to space births.

Evaluation of Patient-Reported Satisfaction and Clinical Efficacy of Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Patients with Type2 Diabetes: An Ambispective Study.

The method of therapy administration and injection device characteristics have been documented to influence perceptions and preference of treatment among patients with type2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to assess the metabolic effectiveness and patient-reported satisfaction of once-weekly semaglutide compared to liraglutide in suboptimally controlled patients with T2D. We conducted this single-center cohort study at diabetes center clinics at a tertiary care hospital between February 2021 and August 2021. We included suboptimally controlled patients with T2D who had been treated with liraglutide for at least 3months at baseline, then shifted to once-weekly semaglutide and followed up for the same period. Ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) metrics [i.e., mean glucose level, glycemic variability (GV), time above range (TAR), and time in range (TIR)] for baseline and follow-up were compared. To assess the satisfaction with shifting, we used the valid Arabic version of the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire status (DTSQs) and change (DTSQc) while the injection device preference was assessed using the Diabetes Injection Device Preference Questionnaire (DID-PQ). We included 52 patients (25 male and 27 female), with a mean age of 48 (± 6) years and a mean diabetes mellitus duration of 7.27 (± 3.79) years. We observed a significantly decreased mean HbA1c level following semaglutide treatment (7.79% at study end vs. 8.07% at baseline, p < 0.001) and body weight (84.64 ± 7.68 vs. 87.15 ± 8.011, p < 0.001). Compared to the glucometrics data at baseline, we observed a significantly improved mean average glucose, GV, TAR, and TIR (p < 0.001). Data from the DTSQs and DTSQc questionnaires showed a high level of patient-reported satisfaction after shifting to semaglutide treatment. All patients preferred/strongly preferred once-weekly semaglutide over liraglutide in most DID-PQ questionnaire domains. Switching from once-daily liraglutide to once-weekly semaglutide led to improvements in both clinical measures of glycemic control and patient-reported satisfaction.

Injection-free multiwavelength electroluminescence devices based on monolayer semiconductors driven by an alternating field.

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have emerged as promising candidates for various optoelectronic devices especially electroluminescent (EL) devices. However, progress has been hampered by many challenges including metal contacts and injection, transport, and confinement of carriers due to small sizes of materials and the lack of proper double heterostructures. Here, we propose and demonstrate an alternative approach to conventional current injection devices. We take advantage of large exciton binding energies in 2D materials using impact generation of excitons through an alternating electric field, without requiring metal contacts to 2D materials. The conversion efficiency, defined as the ratio of the emitted photons to the preexisting carriers, can reach 16% at room temperature. In addition, we demonstrate the first multiwavelength 2D EL device, simultaneously operating at three wavelengths from red to near-infrared. Our approach provides an alternative to conventional current-based devices and could unleash the great potential of 2D materials for EL devices.

Influence of information provided prior to switching from Humira to biosimilar adalimumab on UK patients’ satisfaction: a cross-sectional survey by patient organisations

ObjectivesTo investigate the perceptions and experiences of people with specific immune-mediated inflammatory diseases during the process of switching from Humira to biosimilar adalimumab.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingAn anonymised, self-administered, web-based survey.ParticipantsThe participants were...

FDA Warns Against Using Needle-Free Injection Devices For Dermal Fillers.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a safety communication to warn the public and health care professionals not to use needle-free devices for injection of dermal fillers. These devices are not approved by the FDA. FDA-approved dermal fillers are for prescription use only with a syringe and either a needle or cannula.Nurses should inform patients not to purchase any needle-free devices or products over the internet. Adverse effects from these devices should be reported to the FDA's MedWatch system.

Self-reported vs electronically-recorded adherence to GH therapy

Introduction: Adherence to the prescribed injection schedule is critical for the success of treatment of growth disorders with recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH), so monitoring adherence is an important component of effective management.&#x0D; Methods: We directly compared self-reported injection adherence data with data recorded from a digitally enhanced electromechanical injection device and software – the easypod™ connect system. Patients with an active easypod™ connect account were identified in seven Latin American countries. Participants completed a survey requesting data including recollection of the number of doses missed in the previous month. These data were compared with the electronically captured date, time, and dose administered by easypod™.&#x0D; Results: Of 402 patients receiving r-hGH treatment, 337 (84%) had an active easypod™ connect account and 301 completed the survey. The self-reported adherence data showed that overall, patients or their parents/caregivers believed that their average rate of adherence was 90.5%, equivalent to missing approximately 33 doses a year, or one month of treatment. The easypod™ data showed that the average adherence rate was 80.9%, equivalent to missing 67 injections, or approximately 2 months of treatment, per year.&#x0D; Conclusions: Our results show that patients over-estimate their own adherence by ~10%. This disparity between perceived and actual adherence represents approximately one month of missed injections a year, which is likely to lead to sub-optimal growth and clinical outcomes. Electronic monitoring with the easypod™ connect system appears to be an effective technique for identifying low adherence, providing HCPs with the opportunity of intervening to help patients improve their adherence.

Knowledge and Self-Reported Practice of Insulin Injection Device Disposal and Associated Factors among Diabetes Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A CrossSectional Study

Background: Poor disposal practices of insulin injection device among diabetes patients lead to the accumulation of sharps within the household and can potentially result in personal injury and injuries to people in the household and general community. Objective: This study was aimed to assess the knowledge and self-reported practice of insulin injection device disposal and associated factors among diabetes patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A hospital based cross-sectional study was employed among 182 diabetes patients on follow-up at Diabetic Clinic of Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital – the Ethiopia’s single largest referral hospital – in Addis Ababa. Descriptive data was summarized using frequencies and percentage. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the relationships between variables. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: About 54% of the participants had inadequate knowledge towards safe insulin injection waste disposal. More than two-thirds (73% %) of respondents had poor self-reported practice of insulin device disposal. Participants in age group between 25 and 39 years (AOR = 8.012, 95%CI = 2.168, 29.600, p-value = 0.02) and those with type 1 diabetes (AOR = 2.14, 95%CI = 1.12, 4.00, p-value = 0.020) were more likely to have adequate knowledge of insulin injection device disposal. But, participants who were urban residents (AOR = 0.197, 95%CI = 0.053, 0.730, p-value = 0.015), received information from pharmacist or friends (AOR = 0.358, 95%CI = 0.129, 0.990, p-value = 0.036), and used insulin for 5 years or bellow (AOR = 0.332, 95%CI = 0.154, 0.710, p-value = 0.014) were less likely to have adequate knowledge. Participants with type 1 diabetes (AOR = 2.1, 95%CI = 1.054, 4.200, p-value = 0.035) and who had adequate knowledge (AOR= 2.5, 95%CI = 1.025, 6.300, p-value = 0.044) were more likely to have good self-reported practice of insulin injection device disposal. Conclusion: This study revealed that diabetes patients in Addis Ababa had poor knowledge and self-reported practice of insulin injection device disposal.

A Patients' Perspective Towards the Injection Devices for Humira® and Imraldi® in a Nationwide Switching Program.

ObjectiveDue to a tender process in Iceland, all patients on Humira® were switched nationwide to its biosimilar Imraldi® in March 2019. The study aimed to explore the patient's perspective of the Humira® and Imraldi® injection devices.MethodsA standard telephone interview was carried out among patients with inflammatory arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis, who underwent this nationwide switching program a few months earlier.ResultsThe response rate was 84.5% (n = 198). The average age was 50.8 years, and 53.5% were female. The patients self-administered the drugs in 96% of the cases. The majority (90.5%) stated that they received individualized instruction on using the Humira® pen, compared to 18.2% who accepted instruction in the case of the Imraldi® pen. Almost half (46.6%) of the patients found it more difficult to use the Imraldi® pen than the Humira® pen, while only 12.5% found the Imraldi® pen easier to use. Firstly, these differences were due to more painful insertion of the needle (62.2%) and secondly, due to the experience, the injection process was different (63.0%).ConclusionPatients with inflammatory disorders who have been treated regularly with adalimumab preferred the Humira® injection device over the Imraldi® device, according to our results. After all, these injection devices' structure and content are not the same, although both contain the same active ingredient, i.e. adalimumab. Our results highlight the importance of thorough information, not only with an information letter but also with the possibilities for individualized introduction in planning switching to biosimilars.

Adherence to Growth Hormone Treatment Using a Connected Device in Latin America: Real-World Exploratory Descriptive Analysis Study.

BackgroundRecombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy is an effective treatment for children with growth disorders. However, poor outcomes are often associated with suboptimal adherence to treatment.ObjectiveThe easypod connected injection device records and transmits injection settings and dose data from patients receiving rhGH. In this study, we evaluated adherence to rhGH treatment, and associated growth outcomes, in Latin American patients.MethodsAdherence and growth data from patients aged 2-18 years from 12 Latin American countries were analyzed. Adherence data were available for 6207 patients with 2,449,879 injections, and growth data were available for 497 patients with 2232 measurements. Adherence was categorized, based on milligrams of rhGH injected versus milligrams of rhGH prescribed, as high (≥85%), intermediate (>56%-<85%), or low (≤56%). Transmission frequency was categorized as high (≥1 per 3 months) or low (<1 per 3 months). Chi-square tests were applied to study the effect of pubertal status at treatment start and sex on high adherence, and to test differences in frequency transmission between the three adherence levels. Multilevel linear regression techniques were applied to study the effect of adherence on observed change in height standard deviation score (∆HSDS).ResultsOverall, 68% (4213/6207), 25% (n=1574), and 7% (n=420) of patients had high, intermediate, and low adherence, respectively. Pubertal status at treatment start and sex did not have a significant effect on high adherence. Significant differences were found in the proportion of patients with high transmission frequency between high (2018/3404, 59%), intermediate (608/1331, 46%), and low (123/351, 35%) adherence groups (P<.001). Adherence level had a significant effect on ∆HSDS (P=.006). Mean catch-up growth between 0-24 months was +0.65 SD overall (+0.52 SD in patients with low/intermediate monthly adherence and +0.69 SD in patients with high monthly adherence). This difference translated into 1.1 cm greater catch-up growth with high adherence.ConclusionsThe data extracted from the easypod Connect ecosystem showed high adherence to rhGH treatment in Latin American patients, with positive growth outcomes, indicating the importance of connected device solutions for rhGH treatment in patients with growth disorders.

Systematic kMC Study of Doped Hole Injection Layers in Organic Electronics.

Organic light emitting diodes (OLED) play an important role in commercial displays and are promising candidates for energy-efficient lighting applications. Although they have been continuously developed since their discovery in 1987, some unresolved challenges remain. The performance of OLEDs is determined by a multifaceted interplay of materials and device architectures. A commonly used technique to overcome the charge injection barrier from the electrodes to the organic layers, are doped injection layers. The optimization of doped injection layers is critical for high-efficiency OLED devices, but has been driven mainly by chemical intuition and experimental experience, slowing down the progress in this field. Therefore, computer-aided methods for material and device modeling are promising tools to accelerate the device development process. In this work, we studied the effect of doped hole injection layers on the injection barrier in dependence on material and layer properties by using a parametric kinetic Monte Carlo model. We were able to quantitatively elucidate the influence of doping concentration, material properties, and layer thickness on the injection barrier and device conductivity, leading to the conclusion that our kMC model is suitable for virtual device design.

A comparative, observational study evaluating dosing characteristics and ovarian response using the recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone pen injector with small-dose dial in assisted reproductive technologies treatment in Asia: IMPROVE study

BackgroundOvarian stimulation during medically assisted reproduction treatment should be individualized to optimize outcomes and reduce complications. This study assessed whether use of the recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (r-hFSH) pen injector allowing small 12.5 IU dose increments resulted in lower r-hFSH dose per oocyte retrieved in a subgroup of patients at risk of OHSS, compared with r-hFSH injection devices allowing only 37.5 IU increments.MethodsThis multicenter, comparative, observational study evaluated patients from a prospective (study group) and historical (control group) cohort. The study group enrolled 1783 patients using the redesigned r-hFSH pen injector (GONAL-f®, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) from a prospective phase IV, non-interventional, open-label study, conducted in Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia, and China. The control group consisted of 1419 patients from a historical study using r-hFSH devices allowing 37.5 IU increments. In the study group, 397 patients were considered at risk of OHSS; this information was unavailable for the control group, so biomarkers and patient characteristics were used to match 123 patients from the study group and control group. Each center adhered to standard practice; starting dose and intra-cycle dose adjustments were allowed at any point. The primary endpoint, amount of r-hFSH (IU) administered per oocyte retrieved, was assessed in matched patients only. Additional outcomes and safety were assessed in the overall populations.ResultsBaseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Mean (SD) total dose of r-hFSH administered per oocyte retrieved in patients at risk of OHSS, was significantly lower in the study group compared with the control group (132.5 [85.2] vs. 332.7 [371.6] IU, P < 0.0001, n = 123). Implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and live birth rates in the overall study and control groups were 30.0 vs. 20.6%, 50.3 vs. 40.7%, and 43.8 vs. 34.0%, respectively. OHSS incidence was significantly lower in the study group compared with the control group (27/1783 [1.5%] vs. 57/1419 [4.0%] patients, P < 0.0001). AEs were reported by 5.0% of patients in the study group.ConclusionsA significantly lower r-hFSH dose per oocyte retrieved and lower OHSS incidence were observed in patients using the redesigned injector compared with patients using other injection devices.

Remote-controlled cholangiography injection device: first clinical study in China

BackgroundX-ray cholangiography is of great value in the imaging of biliary tract diseases; however, occupational radiation exposure is unavoidable. Moreover, clinicians must manually inject the contrast dye, which may result in a relatively high incidence of adverse reactions due to unstable injection pressure. Thus, there is a need to develop a novel remote-controlled cholangiography injection device.MethodsPatients with external biliary drainage requiring cholangiography were included. A remote-controlled injection device was developed with three major components: an injection pump, a pressure sensor, and a wireless remote-control panel. Image quality, adverse reactions, and radiation dose were evaluated.ResultsDifferent kinds of X-ray cholangiography were successfully and smoothly performed using this remote-controlled injection device in all patients. The incidence of adverse reactions in the device group was significantly lower than that in the manual group (4.17% vs. 13.9%, P = 0.001), and increasing the injection pressure increased the incidence of adverse reactions. In addition, the device helped operators avoid ionizing radiation completely.ConclusionsWith good control of injection pressure (within 10 kPa), the remote-controlled cholangiography injection device could replace the need for the doctor to inject contrast agent with good security and effectivity. It is expected to be submitted for clinical application.

A Journey Through Guidelines, Consensus, Curriculum of Educators and Clinical Practice on Insulin-Induced Skin Lipohypertrophy: From the Earth to the Moon

This minireview wants to draw the readers' attention to a neglected complication of insulin therapy, i.e., lipohypertrophy due to injection errors. The considerable diffusion of lipohypertrophy represents evidence of a lack of education and monitoring. This phenomenon occurs despite international recommendations on correct injection techniques in the latest American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes edition. There are no precise indications in the literature for well-organized courses for educators like those promoted by the International Diabetes Federation. The damage caused by LH, such as poor glycemic control, significant blood sugar variability, and unexpected hypoglycemic events, represents a high risk for acute and chronic complications of diabetes and an increase in health and social costs. Unfortunately, as reported by the WHO, health costs tend to increase spontaneously over time and have been increasing recently with the COVID-19 pandemic, which has also enormously contributed to new cases of diabetes. For all this, a call to action is required for errors in insulin injection techniques across the board, involving university programs, specialization programs, joint efforts of all scientific endocrinology-related societies, manufacturers of insulin and injection devices, and Ministries of health.

A quantum key injection scheme for mobile terminals based on commercial quantum key distribution

In order to satisfy the demand of mobile secure communication for quantum keys, this study proposes a commercial quantum key distribution (QKD) based quantum key injection scheme for mobile terminals. It integrates a quantum network with a classic network, employs a quantum key injection device, and applies an encryption strategy to securely transmit the quantum key from the quantum network to the classic network for injection into a mobile terminal.Experimental results in a real quantum key distribution environment show that the fusion network runs stably, and the injection of the quantum key at the mobile terminal is realised effectively, which can meet the demands of mobile secure communication for quantum keys.

Определение оптимальных условий экстракции антрагликозидов крушины ломкой коры, разработка и валидация методики их количественного определения методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии

Objective: optimization of extraction conditions for anthraglycosides of alder buckthorn bark, development and validation of a method for their quantitative determination using high performance liquid chromatography. Materials and methods. The object of the study was alder buckthorn bark from different manufacturers. The work was performed on an Agilent 1100 liquid chromatograph complete with a G1311A four-solvent supply and degassing system, a G1315B diode array detector, a G1316A column thermostat, and a G1313A automatic sample injection device. Chromatographic analysis was carried out on a Zorbax SB-C18 reverse-phase column (4.6×250 mm, 5 μm) in a gradient elution mode of the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and highly purified water, adjusted to pH 2 with phosphoric acid. Results. As a result of the study, the optimal conditions for the chromatographic separation of anthraglycosides of alder buckthorn bark were determined. The optimal conditions for their extraction have been established: the grinding of plant raw materials is 250 µm, the extractant is ethyl alcohol 40%, the extraction temperature is 80℃, the extraction time is 90 minutes, the ratio of raw materials and extractant is 1:50. It has been proved that the developed method for the quantitative determination of anthraglycos

Use of Lifesaving Medications by Athletic Trainers.

The athletic trainer's (AT's) emergency management skillset requires competency in the delivery of basic lifesaving medications. Some lifesaving medications have been a part of athletic training practice for decades, but that list has grown as ATs' practice settings have expanded, increasing the types of emergent conditions that the AT may have to treat. The 2020 Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) curricular standards require that athletic training students be trained to administer the following: supplemental oxygen, nitroglycerine, low-dose aspirin, bronchodilators, epinephrine using an automated injection device, glucagon, and naloxone. Clinically, the conditions treated by these medications can be categorized as cardiac, respiratory, hypoglycemia, and anaphylaxis. All ATs should know the indications, contraindications, administration methods, and details of patient monitoring for each medication. Generally, these medications are safe and have clear indications for use and few contraindications. Although ATs are trained to administer these medications, they must consider state laws and local policies governing administration.