Initial Development Research Articles

An Overview of the Impact of the Food Sector “Intelligent Packaging” and “Smart Packaging”

The contribution of traditional packaging was significant to the initial development of food distribution systems; however, it can no longer meet the growing demands of modern consumers, businesses, and the rapidly evolving supply chain. New advances in various sciences, particularly in information and communication technologies (ICT), contribute to the emergence of new forms of packaging. The transition to “innovative packaging” with additional functions is beneficial for all participants in the food chain. “Intelligent packaging” and “smart packaging” both provide helpful information and continuous monitoring of the food / product safety and quality during the whole chain. Packaging should be seen as an entire system and offers many benefits to many sectors of our society, such as economic rewards, reduction of food waste, increased food safety, contribution to the circular economy, and in general, responds better to the growing demands of users in their daily lives. The current research reviewed a large number of relevant studies, discussed the main issues, and finally, functional outcomes were generated. Practitioners and academicians will benefit from the current study and acquire helpful knowledge on an exciting topic.

DESIGN OF LIBRARY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (SIMPUSTAKA) BASED ON LARAVEL FRAMEWORK

The objective of this study is to develop a design for SimpusTaka as a website-based library using the Laravel Framework so that a conducive, systematic and computerized system can be created at the Ksatrya Lima Satu college foundation. SimPusTaka’s design was developed from the foundation's website, library guidebooks, and the existing studies. The primary emphasis of this research centers around the three phases of the Borg & Gall model’s development. The study began with data collection through interviews and literature reviews, followed by the planning and initial development stages of SimPusTaka. The findings suggest that the researchers utilized the Borg & Gall development stages to design SimPusTaka as a foundation for creating a system for managing library information that is based on the web using the Laravel framework. During the data collection phase, the researchers conducted a thorough literature review using previous studies, guidelines for library services, and the Ksatrya Lima Satu Higher Education Foundation website. Interviews were conducted with the YPKLS school librarian. At the SimPusTaka design stage, the researcher made a list of SimPusTaka features according to the suggestions given from the data collection stage, namely homepage features, search for books, about us, librarian, survey satisfaction, contact, registration form, login.

LOW RESISTIVITY PAY DEVELOPMENT: CASE STUDY OF TALANGAKAR FORMATION ASRI BASIN, OFFSHORE SOUTHEAST SUMATRA, INDONESIA

Southeast Sumatra is a prolific oil and gas block located offshore in the Java Sea, 90 km north of Jakarta Bay. This area covers two major basins, namely Sunda Basin and Asri Basin. The initial development of the area focused on faulted and high closures and high-resistivity reservoirs. Further analysis shows that there are special low-resistivity reservoirs in Widuri Area, especially in the Aryani field. This paper will discuss the low resistivity pay zone reservoirs and fluid containment of the intervals. The paper will also include further assesment this undeveloped interval to increase oil production, considering the upside potential of the reservoirs using current geological, geophysical, and reservoir engineering approaches. Additionally, it will describe the operational challenges faced during the production period. The low-resistivity pay zone, a hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir in the Aryani field of the Widuri area, was identified using gas readings in the daily drilling reports, complemented with mud logging data. The Basal Sand interval, which drapes above the basement, was the site of the first producing well of Basal Sand, Aryani AC-X, preceded by a hydraulic fracturing job. Lambda-mu-rho inversion was implemented to delineate this reservoir. To recognize the potency in those wells, data reconfirmation was conducted between the elan summary, sidewall core, and cutting data. Aryani AC-X has successfully drained oil using a submersible pump, with an initial production of 408 bopd and cumulative production of 240 MBO.

The Impact of Ex-Post Legislative Evaluations in Healthcare: A Mixed Methods Realist Evaluation Study Protocol for Conducting Case Studies.

Recent studies on the impact of ex-post legislative evaluations show that there are different types of impact and different factors that can influence it. These include the context of a legislative evaluation, research quality, and interactions between researchers and other actors within the evaluation process. However, thorough empirical research in this area is lacking. This warrants empirical research into the factors that influence the impact of ex-post legislative evaluations, so these insights can be used to increase the likelihood of ex-post legislative evaluations having an impact. In this protocol, we report on the realist evaluation methodology that will be used to evaluate the impact of three ex-post legislative evaluations in the Dutch healthcare sector. The mixed methods realist evaluation approach will facilitate this theory-driven, qualitative research. The study will consist of the following three steps: (1) Initial programme theory development, (2) theory validation, and (3) theory refinement. Knowledge from two scoping reviews conducted previously, and two subsequent expert meetings will form the basis for developing the initial programme theory. During this study, three case studies will be conducted, in which three individual ex-post legislative evaluations will be examined. Specificmethods for data collection will include: documentary review, observation, structured questionnaires and focus group discussions with purposefully identified key stakeholders. Using the framework approach, the data will be analysed thematically in a within-case analysis followed by a cross-case analysis. This protocol provides insight into how the study will be conducted. As this study uses multiple qualitative researchmethods to answer one question, this protocol supports refining data collection procedures. Careful consideration of the approach beforehand can minimise pitfalls, reduce publication bias and improve reproducibility. The protocol therefore specifies how the research question will be answered in detail, and this provides solid guidance for the research process.

Effect of Silicon on Micronutrient Content in New Potato Tubers

Since silicon can improve nutrient uptake in plants, the effect of foliar silicon (sodium metasilicate) application on micronutrient content in early crop potato tuber was investigated. Silicon was applied at dosages of 23.25 g Si∙ha–1 or 46.50 g Si∙ha–1 (0.25 L∙ha–1 or 0.50 L∙ha–1 of Optysil) once at the leaf development stage (BBCH 14–16), or at the tuber initiation stage (BBCH 40–1), and twice, at the leaf development and tuber initiation stages. Potatoes were harvested 75 days after planting (the end of June). Foliar-applied silicon reduced the Fe concentration and increased Cu and Mn concentrations in early crop potato tubers under water deficit conditions but did not affect the Zn, B, or Si concentrations. The dosage and time of silicon application slightly affected the Fe and Cu concentration in the tubers. Under drought conditions, the highest Mn content in the tuber was observed when 46.50 g Si∙ha–1 was applied at the leaf development stage, whereas under periodic water deficits, it was highest with the application of the same silicon dosage at the tuber initiation stage (BBCH 40–41). The Si content in tubers was negatively correlated with the Fe and B content, and positively correlated with the Cu and Mn content.

Physical therapist perceptions and use of clinical pain mechanism assessment in the musculoskeletal setting: a survey analysis

BackgroundA mechanism-based approach to the evaluation and management of pain has been suggested across disciplines in contemporary research. However, the translation of pain mechanism assessment strategies in research to clinical practice is unclear. This study sought to explore perceptions and use of clinical pain mechanism assessment by physical therapists managing musculoskeletal pain.MethodsThis was an electronic cross-sectional survey. After initial development, refinement, and piloting for comprehensiveness, comprehensibility and relevance, the survey was disseminated to members of the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy via email listserv. Data was maintained anonymously using the online database REDCap. Descriptive statistics and Spearman’s correlations for non-parametric data were analyzed for frequencies and associations across variables.ResultsIn total, 148 respondents completed all aspects of the survey. Respondent age ranged from 26 to 73 years, with a mean (SD) of 43.9 (12.0). Most respondents (70.8%) reported performing clinical pain mechanism assessments at least ‘sometimes’. A majority (80.4%) believed clinical pain mechanism assessments are useful in guiding management strategies while 79.8% reported specifically choosing interventions to alter aberrant pain mechanisms. The most commonly used pain severity, physical examination testing and questionnaires were the numeric pain rating scale, pressure pain thresholds and pain diagrams, respectively. However, the vast majority of instruments to clinically assess pain mechanisms were performed by a small proportion of respondents (< 30%). There were no significant correlations between age, years of experience, highest earned degree, completion of advanced training or specialist certification and testing frequency.ConclusionThe evaluation of pain mechanisms involved in the pain experience is becoming common in research. The clinical application of pain mechanism assessment is unclear. Based on the results of this survey, physical therapists in the orthopedic setting believe pain mechanism assessment is useful, but data suggests it is infrequently performed. Additional research to uncover clinician motivation related to pain mechanism assessment is warranted.

The role of emotions in educational processes: the conceptions of teacher educators.

The research shows that a very important part of initial teacher education is to reformulate the beliefs that student teachers bring with them from their school experience. These beliefs, which are intuitive in nature, deal with different educational topics and one area that is currently of great importance, due to the emotional turn that the educational system is experiencing, are the beliefs that student teachers hold about the role of emotions in educational processes. In a world full of views that portray emotions as discrete states that are separate from cognitive processes, it is a priority for initial teacher development to train future teachers to hold conceptions that consider the deep emotional-cognitive integration that exists in the human brain. At the same time, this process requires teacher educators (hereafter referred to as TEs) who hold conceptions on this topic that are aligned with the most current scientific knowledge on the subject. However, we do not know how the conceptions that TEs maintain on this topic are, since, until now, research on conceptions has focused on other types of educational topics. Considering the foregoing, this study aimed to evaluate the conceptions that TEs have on this topic, using a questionnaire of dilemmas that was applied to 68 TEs from different universities. The results obtained show that the TEs maintain perspectives on the role of emotions in the teaching and learning processes that oscillate between dualism and emotional-cognitive integration. In addition, it was found that TEs' perspectives tend to be more integrative when considering attitudinal learning than when considering verbal learning. Finally, the study shows that maintaining integrative perspectives is more difficult when educational situations involve emotions of positive valence that may constitute an obstacle for teaching and learning. The results are discussed, and a series of reflections are elaborated in order to analyze to what extent the beliefs held by TEs are adequate as a cognitive basis for reformulating the conceptions held by student teachers on this issue.

Troglomorphic adaptations on the northern European frontier: the phylogeny of the cave Pseudosinella (Hexapoda, Collembola) in the Western Carpathians

IntroductionUsing an integrative taxonomic approach, we investigated the morphological and molecular characters to identify the species of the genus Pseudosinella occurring in caves of the Western Carpathians and to clarify their phylogenetic relationships. Based on morphological characters, we hypothesized that Pseudosinella aggtelekiensis (Stach, 1929) and Pseudosinella paclti (Rusek, 1961) originated from different phyletic lineages.MethodsWe used the barcoding fragment of the mtDNA COI gene from 87 individuals from 16 caves to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the genus Pseudosinella.ResultsThe molecular phylogenetic tree revealed two distinct species groups with allopatric distributions. The first group consisted of P. aggtelekiensis populations from the Slovak Karst and three undescribed species from fragmented and isolated karst areas in southeastern Slovakia. The second group, P. paclti populations in the Central Western Carpathians, was merged. This group included Pseudosinellamuranensis, a new species taxonomically described in this work. It is characterized by highly developed troglomorphic features and is restricted to a small karst area, the Muranska planina Plateau. The phylogeny of the genus Pseudosinella from the caves of the Western Carpathians revealed a Miocene diversification. According to molecular calibration, the two distinct Pseudosinella lineages were separated in the Middle Miocene, about 14.51 Mya, followed by further diversification in the P. paclti lineage 10.89 Mya and in the P. aggtelekiensis lineage 11.14 Mya.DiscussionThis phylogeny is consistent with the uplift of Triassic limestones during the early formation of the Western Carpathians in the Paratethys region and the initial development of caves during this period. The study provides further important evidence that the Western Carpathians played a significant role as an independent speciation center of the obligate cave fauna in Europe.

P-794 Autologous stem cell-derived mitochondria transfer show therapeutic advantages in human embryo quality rescue

Abstract Study question To fill gaps in the evidence base on the autologous superior mitochondria donor cells, and its therapeutic effect on human embryo development among infertile population. Summary answer Autologous urine-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (USC) mitochondria transfer may be an effective strategy to improve embryonic development, especially in infertile females with advanced age. What is known already Mitochondria are vital for the initial development of oocytes and embryos. Transferring autologous mitochondria into oocytes of infertile females is a novel and feasible strategy for infertile problems without genomic safety and ethical concerns. Stem cells have biological advantages, but research and evidence in this area are quite scarce. Study design, size, duration In vitro fertilization/Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) patients at the Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Centre of Peking University People’s Hospital (Beijing, China) were divided into young group (&amp;lt;35) and advanced age group (≥35) according to age. Oocytes obtained from each age group were randomly assigned to the conventional ICSI group and the mitochondria ICSI group. Participants/materials, setting, methods Mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, mitochondrial activity, metabolic capacity are analyzed among autologous adipose, marrow, urine-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSC, BMSC and USC) and ovarian germline granulosa cells (GC). Whole mitochondrial genome sequencing was performed to validate mtDNA biosecurity. The effect of mitochondrial transfer was evaluated by human early embryonic morphology, euploidy, mitochondrial content, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ levels. Main results and the role of chance Among many types of human primary cells, urine-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (USC) demonstrate a non-fused spherical mitochondrial morphology and low oxidative stress status, which resembles the oocyte stage. Moreover, USC mitochondrial content, activity and function are all higher than other cell types and less affected by age, and it also exhibits a biphasic metabolic pattern similar to the pre-implantation stage of embryonic development. After the biosafety identification of USC mitochondrial genome, human early embryos after USC mitochondria transfer showed improvements in mitochondrial content, activity, and cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. Further, aging embryos also showed improved embryonic morphological indicators, euploidy rates, and oxidative stress status. Limitations, reasons for caution Our study is an in-vitro basic research on human early embryos, further basic mechanisms and clinical trials are still needed to confirm its clinical therapeutic results. Wider implications of the findings Autologous USC mitochondria transfer provides evidence and possibility for the autologous treatment in the infertile females without invasive and ethical concerns. Trial registration number Beijing Natural Science Foundation (grant no. 7222197); State Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 21737001)

Safety climate in high safety maturity organisations: development of a multidimensional and multilevel safety climate questionnaire

The proliferation of operationalisation approaches to safety climate has failed short of establishing a common set of dimensions and measurement items. Furthermore, extant measures are designed to accommodate all organisations regardless of safety management maturity; thus, a safety climate measurement scale suited to high-maturity organisations is still missing. Drawing on a systematic review of safety climate measurement literature, the article reports the development and validation of a multi-dimensional and multi-level safety climate measurement scale, suited to organisations with high safety management maturity. To corroborate the validity of the measure, the study was conducted in cooperation with health & safety managers from 15 large companies with a mature safety management system. Following initial questionnaire development, a multi-stage validation procedure was implemented on data from four large companies (totalling 880 participants) operating in the electric power distribution, oilfield services, manufacturing, minting and printing sectors in Italy. Exploratory factor analysis was used for the identification of the underlying structure of the set of items. Confirmatory factor analysis was undertaken to evaluate the model fit at the validation stages. The final version of the questionnaire consists of eight safety climate dimensions and 60 items. A short version of the scale is also validated to provide a more balanced, while complete and reliable, measurement tool (totalling 40 items). Lastly, implications for safety practitioners are discussed, providing directions on how to utilise the scale for identifying safety improvement opportunities.

Research on Industry Transformation Models and Influencing Factors of Hot Spring Villages from the Perspective of Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Fujian, China

The industrial transformation of hot spring villages is an important means to promote the sustainable development of the rural economy and achieve common prosperity. This study aims to explore the models of hot spring industrial transformation and reveal the influencing mechanisms in hot spring villages. Based on the theory of rural industrial transformation, an evaluation index system was constructed to measure rural industrial development by using the attribute data of enterprises in hot spring villages. Taking 19 typical hot spring villages in Fujian Province of China as examples, this study explores the process, models and influencing factors of the industrial transformation of hot spring villages from a sustainable perspective. Research results show that (1) the industrial transformation of the hot spring village includes the initial development stage and the rapid development stage, with the leading industries being transformed into service industries. (2) The industrial transformation of the hot spring village presents a gradual transformation model from hot spring aquaculture to hot spring processing and hot spring services, which not only reflects the transformation process of the hot spring village from the development of its primary industry to that of its secondary and tertiary industries, but also reveals the transformation trend of specialization and the high-end productive service industry and the convenient and high-quality transformation process of the living service industry. (3) The influencing factors of the industrial transformation of the hot spring village mainly include location conditions, the demand of the rural hot spring tourism market, government funding policy support and the choices of local villagers. This study not only enriches the theory of industrial transformation in resource-based rural areas, but also provides decision-making references for the sustainable development of hot spring villages in practice.

Hydration of Portland slag cement in the presence of nano silica

The cement industry accounts for nearly 7% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions globally and is facing tremendous pressure to reduce the emission intensity. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) are a quick and effective lever to lower CO2 emissions. The cement hydration process is a sensitive mechanism and is greatly influenced by many factors such as hydration environment, type of SCM, and the amount used in the cement, which affect the cement's physical and mechanical performance. The SCM adversely impacts cement performance, especially prolonged setting and slow initial compressive strength development, compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The importance of nanomaterials has been known for decades; their usage in cementitious materials is now accelerated as they can play an essential role by offsetting the adverse effects of the high usage of SCMs in cement. They help in reducing the intensity of CO2 and offer value-added features. A lab experiment is carried out to understand the role of nano SiO2 at different dosages on the Portland slag cement (PSC) hydration by studying heat evolution profiles, compressive strengths, TG-DTA, XRD, and SEM images. Results have revealed that 1% nano SiO2 accelerates early settings time and compressive strength compared to OPC. It will promote slag-based blended cement (PSC) and replace ordinary Portland cement in the construction industry to reduce the CO2 footprint of the cement and construction industry. A model of NS's role during PSC hydration is also given.

Assessment of Bone Healing: Opportunities to Improve the Standard of Care.

➤ Bone healing is commonly evaluated by clinical examination and serial radiographic evaluation. Physicians should be mindful that personal and cultural differences in pain perception may affect the clinical examination. Radiographic assessment, even with the Radiographic Union Score, is qualitative, with limited interobserver agreement.➤ Physicians may use serial clinical and radiographical examinations to assess bone healing in most patients, but in ambiguous and complicated cases, they may require other methods to provide assistance in decision-making.➤ In complicated instances, clinically available biomarkers, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging may determine initial callus development. Quantitative computed tomography and finite element analysis can estimate bone strength in later callus consolidation phases.➤ As a future direction, quantitative rigidity assessments for bone healing may help patients to return to function earlier by increasing a clinician's confidence in successful progressive healing.

DEVOPS FOR MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS: SPEEDING UP SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

AbstractThe increasing importance of software as an essential functional provider in products and processes requires that companies master the development capabilities to continiously and quickly deliver high-quality software features. DevOps (acronym for Development and Operations) is an essential approach to these capabilities, which has so far been used predominantly in software-driven companies. This paper investigates the conditions under which DevOps can also be used in the industrial context of series manufacturing in order to be able to steadily develop and provide software features used in these environments (e.g. for monitoring and maintenance of manufacturing machines). A concept for DevOps for manufacturing systems was developed based on current best practices and the specific situation in the industrial company. The concept was then implemented and validated with experts on the basis of initial development cycles, demonstrating the usefulness of DevOps for manufacturing systems.

PENGEMBANGAN BUKU AJAR MENULIS CERPEN BERBASIS KARAKTERISTIK BUDAYA LOKAL DENGAN TEKNIK MENERUSKAN CERITA UNTUK SMK KABUPATEN GROBOGAN

AbstracTraditional learning activities of writing simple essays do not provide instructions to make it easier for students to write essays. As a result, students clash in writing down the material that comes to mind, causing frustration and considering learning boring. The purpose of this study is to develop a textbook on how to write short stories that meet the needs of students with storytelling skills based on local cultural characteristics. The research was conducted in the following phases using modified Borg and Gal research and development methods. 1) We collect information. 2) planning; 3) initial product development; 4) the first experiment. 5) Product Revision.

Objective molecular dynamics study of cross slip under high-rate deformation

In this paper, we investigate high-strain-rate deformations in crystalline materials using a novel implementation of Objective Molecular Dynamics (OMD). The OMD method is exact and has a rigorous foundation based on the fundamental invariance of the underlying potential energy surface: all atoms out to infinity satisfy the equations of molecular dynamics to high accuracy. Using this OMD method, we compute how dislocations filling all of the space in a crystalline material undergo time-dependent, three-dimensional motions during deformation. We apply this method to investigate the dynamics of screw dislocations in FCC nickel. Our key finding is that the macroscopic motion (i.e., loading conditions) and initial conditions greatly affect the atomic scale deformation mechanisms—such as the formation, motion, multiplication, annihilation, and abrupt changes of the slip plane and Burgers vector of dislocations. Small changes in the macroscopic loading conditions generate a rich variety of atomic deformation pathways. In certain macroscopic motions, we observe the growth of a stacking fault into a mechanical twin, which subsequently thickens by a process of step motion. In other macroscopic motions, we observe the initiation and subsequent development of cross-slip by the Friedel–Escaig (FE) or Fleischer mechanisms (FL). Under mixed loading conditions, a novel mechanism, with a combination of both FE and FL mechanisms was also observed. Our findings on the effect of external strain rate and temperature on the critical stress for homogeneous cross-slip quantitatively agree with a version of transition state theory with a stress-dependent activation barrier. Beyond dislocation motion, we demonstrate the modeling of sliding surfaces using the OMD framework. These examples highlight potential applications of the OMD framework to the mechanisms underlying plastic deformation and friction in material systems.

Method/ology of Phases of Biomarker Discovery.

Biomarkers are commonly used in pediatric medicine to identify disease and guide clinical management for children. Biomarkers can be used to predict risk of disease, provide diagnostic clarification, and offer prognostic expectations. Specimens for biomarker testing might require noninvasive collection (eg, urine, exhaled breath) or invasive procedures (eg, blood, bronchoalveolar lavage) and testing might use various methodologies (eg, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics). Specimen type and testing methodology depends on the disease of interest, ability to obtain sample, and availability of biomarker testing. To develop a new biomarker, researchers must first identify and validate the target, and then determine the test characteristics of the biomarker. Once it has undergone initial development and testing, a new biomarker is then tested in the clinical setting before being implemented into practice. An ideal biomarker is one that is feasible to obtain, readily quantifiable, and offers meaningful information that impacts care. Learning how to reliably interpret the performance and clinical application of a new biomarker is an important skillset for all pediatricians in the hospital setting. Here we provide a high-level overview of the process from biomarker discovery to application. In addition, we provide an example for the real-world application of biomarkers as an opportunity for clinicians to build on their ability to critically evaluate, interpret, and implement biomarkers in clinical practice.

Computational determination of the solvation structure of LiBF4 and LiPF6 salts in battery electrolytes

Li-ion battery technology has come a long way since its initial development a few decades ago. However, expectations of energy storage continue to grow, making the optimization of battery technology vital. Along with improving the electrochemical performance of electrodes, investigation of the properties of the electrolyte has thus become necessary. In this work, we use first principles computational modeling to investigate the structural and physical interactions of a common solvent solution, ethylene carbonate:dimethyl carbonate, with two salts, LiPF6 and LiBF4. We look at how the solvation shells form and evolve using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. The solvation structures extracted from the calculated trajectories are used to investigate the energetics of removal of individual solvent molecules using density functional theory (DFT). We also investigate the order in which the solvent molecules form a shell around the salts. LiBF4 and LiPF6 have similar solvation structures and interaction energies with the solvent, with a preference for the carbonyl oxygens and the ether oxygens to interact with the Li+ cations, and the methyl or methylene groups to interact with the BF4− or PF6− anions. Our calculations also find that the solvation shell formed around LiPF6 can desolvate more easily compared to LiBF4, suggesting easier kinetics/diffusion.

Health status of coal industry workers

Health status of coal industry workers

Development of an E-Book-Based Flexibility Training Model for Karate

Sports activities are considered very necessary to maintain body and physical condition amid the convenience offered by technology and science. Currently, one of the most popular sports in Indonesia is karate. However, the lack of sources of information and knowledge about karate training hinders the training process and possible preparation. Therefore, this study developed a very easy e-book-based flexibility training model, which can be applied practically to increase the training power of karate sports. The design of the research model for the development of a flexibility training e-book for karate sports will be carried out using the Borg and Gall development research model. In full, the steps of the Borg and Gall modification development model consist of the following ten steps: 1) preliminary research, 2) planning, 3) initial product development, 4) limited field test, 5) revision of limited field test results, 6) wider field test, 7) broader revision of field test results, 8) operational field test, 9) revision of operational field test results, and 10) dissemination and implementation of the final product. As a result, the effectiveness of using e-books in flexibility training at the Lemkari dojo showed relatively improved post-test results. The results of the pre-test and post-test flexibility through flexiometer tests in large-scale karateka trials in the "very good" category of 32.66%, the "good" category of 67.5%, the "Medium" category of 0%, the less category of 0% and the "ugly" category of 0%. Therefore, the flexibility training e-book for karate at Dojo Lemkari is declared very suitable to be used as a source of material and knowledge about flexibility training for karate sports.