Initial Sample Weight Research Articles

Characteristics Biobriquettes from Mushroom Baglog Waste Carbonization Production

Bio briquette is a briquette based on agricultural waste because it is deliberately made from biomass charcoal. The utilization of agricultural waste such as mushroom planting media to be processed as bio briquette requires a very cheap cost. Bio briquettes that are processed properly and correctly, will produce high-quality briquettes. The purpose of this study was to produce a biobriquette from baglog mushroom waste and to determine the characteristics of the biobriquette. The research material used consisted of 400 grams of mushroom baglog waste and 40 grams of starch as adhesive. The briquette dough is then printed cylindrical. The printed briquettes are then heated at 80°C for 5 hours to reduce the moisture content. The result of smoke test is the smoke will stop in 17 seconds with the color of the smoke is white. The Combustion of speed test, the results obtained are 0,0019 gram/second with an initial sample weight of 2, 4 grams and burning for 20 minutes 35 seconds with a final sample weight of 0,387 grams. The result of ash content is 0.16%. This result is in accordance with the SNI issued by our government. SNI of ash content is max 8 %.

Preparation procedures of food and beverage samples for oxygen bomb calorimetry: A scoping review and reporting checklist.

Standardised bomb calorimetry methods are essential to accurately quantify the gross energy within food and beverages, yet no accepted protocols exist. The objective of this review was to synthesise literature on food and beverage sample preparation methods used for conducting bomb calorimetry. This synthesis enhances our understanding of the extent to which methodological variances may currently affect estimates of the caloric values of dietary items. Five electronic databases were searched for peer reviewed literature on food and beverage energy measurement via bomb calorimetry. Data were extracted on seven identified methodological themes, including: (1) initial homogenisation, (2) sample dehydration, (3) post-dehydration homogenisation, (4) sample presentation, (5) sample weight, (6) sample frequency, and (7) equipment calibration. A tabular and narrative approach was used to synthesise the data. Studies that specifically explored the impact of any methodological variance on the energy derived from foods and/or beverages were also considered. In total, 71 documents describing food and beverage sample preparation techniques and processes used for bomb calorimetry were identified. Only 8% of studies described all seven identified sample preparation and calibration processes. The most frequent approaches used included: initial homogenisation - mixing or blending (n = 21); sample dehydration - freeze drying (n = 37); post-dehydration homogenisation - grinding (n = 24); sample presentation - pelletisation (n = 29); sample weight - 1g (n = 14); sample frequency - duplicate (n = 17); and equipment calibration - benzoic acid (n = 30). The majority of studies that have measured food and beverage energy via bomb calorimetry do not describe sample preparation and calibration methods in detail. The extent to which different sample preparation processes influence the energy derived from food and beverage items is yet to be fully elucidated. Use of a bomb calorimetry reporting checklist (described within) may assist with improving the methodological quality of bomb calorimetry studies.

Analisa Kebutuhan Energi Termal Pada Kotak Pengering Biji Kopi Arabica yang di Isolasi dengan Aluminium Foil

The experiment test was carried out to obtain the composition of the caloric quality needed to determine the water content and the mass amount of coffee beans when they were dried by utilizing the sun's heat. Heat transfer processes by convection, conduction and radiation play an important role in the drying process with heat quality. Ambient temperature data of 350C with a constant fan rotation speed of 1.0m/s. The duration of the test is 5 days where the initial sample weight is 5000gr with the final result being a water content of 12-15%, with a duration of testing per day for 10 hours starting at 08.00-18.00Wib. The final drying weight of coffee beans for 5 days is: 2500.21gr with an initial weight of 5000kg. The temperature difference around the box is 31,110C. heat weight to evaporate water content Qh= 65.6058.kJ. and the heat required in heating the Coffee beans is 72,839 kJ. The ability to dry 5000gr of coffee beans requires total heat: 138.43kJ with a drying box volume of 8.88m3.

Impact Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete with Polypropylene Fibers and Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymers

Abstract In this study, the influences of bidirectional carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) confinement along with polypropylene fibers on the impact resistance of concrete samples were experimentally studied. Forty-nine concrete cylindrical samples (with compressive strengths of 20, 30, and 40 MPa) with polypropylene fibers (with content ratios of 0 %, 1 %, 1.5 %, and 2 %) were subjected to weight (46.7 and 66.8 kg) dropping at a height of 1.6 m above the cross-section of the sample. Moreover, half of the samples were tested with CFRP confinement. The number of weight releases required to destroy the samples and the weights of the samples after each release were recorded. The results indicated that the concrete without fibers and fiber-reinforced polymers (with compressive strengths of 20, 30, and 40 MPa) did not have sufficient impact resistance and were swiftly destructed. However, as the content ratios of polypropylene fibers increased, the number of cracks and weight droppings (to reach 70 % of the initial sample weight) increased. Moreover, it was observed that the concrete samples wrapped with the CFRP sheets also withstood impact loading better than fiber-reinforced concrete samples without the confinements. Besides, it was indicated that the prevailing failure mode of the samples with CFRPs was CFRP rupturing. Finally, it was observed that the more the compressive strength of concrete, the more the impact resistance.

Preliminary Study on Chlorination Reaction of Lithium Carbonate for Carbon-Anode-Based Oxide Reduction Applications

The reaction between Li2CO3 and Cl2 was investigated to verify its occurrence during a carbon-anode-based oxide reduction (OR) process. The reaction temperature was identified as a key factor that determines the reaction rate and maximum conversion ratio. It was found that the reaction should be conducted at or above 500℃ to convert more than 90% of the Li2CO3 to LiCl. Experiments conducted at various total flow rate (Q) / initial sample weight (W i) ratios revealed that the reaction rate was controlled by the Cl2 mass transfer under the experimental conditions adopted in this work. A linear increase in the progress of reaction with an increase in Cl2 partial pressure (pCl2) was observed in the pCl2 region of 2.03–10.1 kPa for a constant Q of 100 mL∙min−1 and W i of 1.00 g. The results of this study indicate that the reaction between Li2CO3 and Cl2 is fast at 650℃ and the reaction is feasible during the OR process.

Обґрунтування полімерних матеріалів для використання у конструкціях плугів

The purpose of the work is to study and determine material "TEKRONE" belonging to the group of polymers, substantiate such a polymer composite material (PCM) in the modernization of the plow blade, which is not inferior to the "TEKRONE" composite and is much cheaper. This requires the study of the physical and mechanical properties of the material. The following studies of the physical and mechanical properties of the "TEKRONE" material have been conducted: density, heat endurance, and tensile strength. It has been found out that when heated over an open flame, the polymer softens with subsequent melting. There is no charring, destruction in the solid state. Therefore, the TEKRONE material is a thermoplastic. After pyrolytic decomposition 0.5… 0.7% of the initial sample weight remains. PCM TEKRONE density is 954 kg/m3. The value of this parameter coincides with the polyethylene density, which, depending on the brand, varies from 910 to 980 kg/m3. The tensile strength stress of the investigated samples of PCM TEKRONE is 17.9 MPa, which is very close to the values of polyethylene (14.8-17.0 MPa). The laboratory studies have shown that TEKRONE polymer-composite material in its properties corresponds to the materials based on polyethylene. It is determined that the closest in properties are PE 500 and PE 1000 polyethylene. It is advisable to recommend the use of PE 500 and PE 1000 polyethylene as a basis for the manufacture of plow blade of PLN type.

Carcass characteristics and fatty acid profile of Santa Inês lamb fed banana leftovers

The use of new feed resources, particularly local agroindustrial byproducts, such as banana, may be an option for replacing those traditionally used for sheep feed to reduce production costs. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary effects of replacing corn bran with banana leftovers on performance, carcass, non-carcass components, meat traits, and fatty acid profile of Santa Ines lambs. Twenty-four Santa Ines female lambs with an average weight of 23.73 kg were fed diets containing 60 % coast cross hay and 40 % concentrate (30 % corn bran and 10 % soybean meal). Treatments consisted of corn bran replaced by banana leftovers at rates of 0, 25, 50, and 75 % on a dry matter basis. The experiment lasted 120 days. Animals were slaughtered and carcasses and non-carcass components were evaluated. The half-carcasses were weighed and sectioned into commercial cuts. The 12th and 13th ribs were dissected to collect bones, muscle and fat proportions. Cooking loss, color, shear force and sarcomere length were measured. Fatty acid profiles were obtained by gas chromatography. Hot and cold carcass weight, leg, neck, lung, loin eye area, fat thickness, initial sample weight of the 12th and 13th ribs, fat and bone, presented a negative linear effect of banana leftovers replacing corn in the diet. Loin, fat thickness, cooking loss and carcass redness showed a negative quadratic effect, while full and empty abomasum, full omasum, sarcomere length and yellowness presented a positive quadratic effect. Replacement of up to 75 % of corn bran by banana leftovers did not interfere in the intake, performance, meat traits and the fatty acid profile of lambs. The use of banana leftovers may be an alternative for reducing animal production costs.

Osmotic dehydration kinetics of oyster mushroom

This research was carried out to study the effect of osmotic dehydration behavior of oyster mushroom. The effect of solution concentration, immersion time and temperature on mass transfer parameters were observed during osmotic dehydration of oyster mushroom at three different temperatures −12, 27 and 45°C. A number of process parameters on osmotic dehydration such as water loss (WL), solid gain (SG), and normalized solid content (NSC) were investigated. Results showed that increase in salt concentration and immersion time resulted in %WL, %SG and NSC. The highest NSC (4.09 g solids/100g of initial weight of sample) was achieved for product osmosed in 25% salt solution for 6 hr immersion time. The pseudo diffusion coefficient, k was determined by using Fick’s First Law of diffusion equation. Plotting k values against inverse absolute temperature an Arrhenius type relationship was developed from which the calculated activation energy values of 1.8 and 3.64 kcal/gm-mole were obtained for 20% and 15% salt solution respectively.

Drying characteristic and physico-chemical evaluation of tender jackfruit slices during osmo-convective drying

Osmo-dehydration of tender jackfruit pieces were carried out in salt solution concentration of 6, 10, 14% at 30, 40 and 50 °C with 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1 salt solution to sample ratio. The optimum processing parameters for osmosis were found to be salt solution concentration of 10% at 40 °C with 4:1 salt solution to sample ratio for 2 h resulting in 34.0% water loss (maximum) and 6.1% salt gain (acceptable) based on initial weight of sample. Both osmosed (with optimum process parameters) and non-osmosed tender jackfruit pieces were dried at 50, 60 and 70 °C in hot air dryer. The total drying time required for osmosis and air drying of osmosed jackfruit pieces was found to be 14 h as compared to 18 h for air drying of non-osmosed sample at 60 °C. Page model was fitted well to the thin-layer drying data for both osmosed and non-osmosed jackfruit pieces. Osmotic dehydration prior to hot air drying improved the quality of tender jackfruit with good texture and acceptable colour at 60 °C drying air temperature.

Pyrolysis process using a bench scale high pressure thermobalance

The influence of the pressure and other operating conditions such as particle size, sweep gas flow and initial sample weight on the cellulose pyrolysis process using a bench scale plant high pressure thermobalance was evaluated. The particle size and the sweep gas flow did not have a great influence on the pyrolysis process. Nevertheless, initial sample weight altered the thermochemical behavior of the pyrolysis process. Moreover, a comparison of the values of the kinetic parameters obtained from pyrolysis experiments performed at lab and bench scale was established. On the other hand, the morphology, the presence of functional groups, the surface area, the proximate analysis and elemental analysis of the chars obtained were studied. Moreover, the evolved gases from the pyrolysis performed at different pressures were also analyzed. An increase of pressure led to both a decrease in the temperature at which pyrolysis took place and an increase in the char yield. Furthermore, the higher the pressure, the higher the porosity, the lower the pores size and the higher the occurrence of alkanes and carbonyl components in the resulting chars were. Finally, the gas released analysis from the pyrolysis process by mass spectrometry showed that high pressures promoted the CH4 and CO2 formation, the H2 yield being practically negligible.

Thermal effects during biomass pyrolysis

The influence of process conditions on the overall heat demand during the pyrolysis of biomass was investigated. The results show that increasing the vapour residence time by an increasing initial sample weight or an increasing operating pressure results in an increasing char yield and in a decreasing heat demand. Lumped reaction schemes were used for data interpretation. They suggest that only an exothermic char formation process may justify the experimental results obtained. Influence of pressure, residence time and initial sample mass on biomass heat demand were correlated to the final char yield, confirming that the formation of char during pyrolysis is an exothermic process, independently of operating conditions.

Tar and soot generation behaviors from ABS, PC and PE pyrolysis

In this study we performed a non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis on three thermoplastics—ABS, PC and PE. The Coats and Redfern method (Nature 201:68–69, 1964) was then used to approximate the kinetic parameters of each material. In addition, we performed a series of pyrolysis experiments in a batch reactor, for each plastic. The experiments were performed over the temperature range of 600–1000 °C at a constant residence time. The liquid and solid products of the pyrolysis, were collected, separated and weighted. Those products were categorized as soot, tar and char (PC only), and their relative weight to initial sample weight (DAF) was plotted against the temperature. The tar measured was exclusively medium to high molecular weight (>80 g/mol). Results revealed that relative tar and soot production, for all three materials, first increases and then decreases with temperature increase. The maximum achieved tar yields for ABS, PC and PE were at 700, 650 and 800 °C, respectively; and the maximum soot yields were at 1000, 1000, 950 °C, respectively.

Boron Particles Agglomeration and Slag Formation During Combustion of Energetic Condensed Systems

Boron is a promising component of energetic condensed systems due to its high gravimetric heat value, which is significantly higher than that one of aluminum. In the present work, two non-equilibrium processes, i.e., boron particles agglomeration and framework (slag) formation during combustion of high-energy compositions were investigated experimentally. The quench particle collection bomb technique was used to collect the condensed combustion products formed under nitrogen pressures of 0.1 – 4MPa. The formation of a framework was visualized using high-speed video registration (1200 fps). Particle size, morphology, and surface structure of collected condensed products were evaluated using laser diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. In the experiments, the weight of the collected condensed combustion products was about 30% of the initial sample weight, where 26% belonged to the products collected from the gas phase and 4% were remained in a highly-porous framework. The initial amorphous boron powder consisted of 1-micron particles, whereas agglomerated particles, which were collected from the gas phase, were 10μm in diameter. The burning rate of compositions without binder was 4 times higher and the diameter of collected agglomerates was 10 times larger than those for compositions with binder.

FROST WEATHERING OF SELECTED ROCKS FROM THE TATRA MOUNTAINS

Abstract The paper summarises the progress of a frost weathering simulation experiment involving a range of rocks after more than 300 gelation cycles. Samples of granite, conglomerate, sandstone, dolomite, limestone and amphibolite were sourced in the Chochołowska Valley, Tatra Mts. The simulation project, which continues at the Low Temperature Laboratory of the Jagiellonian University, Cracow, is set to quantify the resistance of the rocks to frost weathering by measuring the number of gelation cycles after which the samples are damaged. At the end of the project, the degree of damage will be assessed using the percentage loss of the initial sample weight and a frost weathering indicator. So far, little damage has been recorded overall, with the dolomite samples losing the highest percentage of their initial weight at nearly 6%. The paper also presents results of physical tests of the rocks, including their strength, porosity and density, which provide a useful insight into the interpretation of differences in frost weathering resistance.

Estimating Erodible Rock Durability and Geotechnical Parameters for Scour Analysis

Rock erosion is a rock-water interaction phenomenon. Erodible rock material exposed to flowing water wears gradually and progressively. Submerged tumbling response of rock fragments in a modified slake durability test was expressed in units equivalent to scour depth and stream power. Standard test modifications include saturated-surface dry in lieu of oven drying for sample weight, extended duration and increased number of test increments, and normalized initial sample weight. Sample loss is expressed as a linear dimension based on rock unit weight. Average sample weight during test increments is expressed as stream power using equivalent distance “traveled”. Slopes of approximately linear result trends plotted as equivalent scour depth versus equivalent stream power define the “geotechnical scour number” of degradable rocks. Rapidly wearing rocks have higher geotechnical scour numbers than more durable rocks; geotechnical scour numbers for six rock types are consistent with observed channel behavior and hydraulic loading, indicating that the modified slake durability test may be valuable for predicting scour at bridge sites, as well as for a general index parameter for weak rocks.

Effects of debranning on the distribution of pentosans and relationships to phenolic content and antioxidant activity of wheat pearling fractions

Pentosans represent the major dietary fiber constituent in wheat and the predominant source of antioxidant activity (AOA) whose nature is closely associated with the phenolic compound ferulic acid. Incremental debranning was used to determine effects on pentosan content and AOA of pearled fractions. Four cultivar samples were debranned to obtain pearling fractions, each equivalent to 5% of initial sample weight up to 60%. Total pentosans (TP), water-extractable pentosans (WEP), total phenolic content (TPC) and AOA were determined. There were significant differences among genotypes in response to debranning although trends were consistent. WEP was maximized in the 10% debranning fraction which likely maximized aleurone content. TP content was highest in the initial 5% fraction and progressively declined in successive fractions. Relationships between pentosan composition and AOA followed different trends. TP and water-unextractable pentosans (WUP) were highly correlated to TPC (R2 = 0.84) and AOA (R2 = 0.88) for the 10–25% debranning fractions. No significant correlations were found between TPC and AOA with WEP. Results indicated that debranning wheat to recover material between the initial 5% pearling fraction and the next 5% was effective to produce bran fractions for functional food or nutraceutical purposes, highly enriched in dietary fiber and AOA.

Release behavior of water vapor and mass loss from lithium titanate

The release behavior of tritium generated by neutron irradiation is strongly affected by the surface water of ceramic breeder materials. In the present study, the release behavior of water vapor from Li2TiO3 with added Li, which is in a developmental stage in JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency) as an advanced tritium breeder materials, was observed at elevated temperatures. The capacity of chemical adsorbed water in nitrogen atmosphere and the water formation capacity in hydrogen atmosphere were quantified, respectively. The mass loss of the Li2TiO3 due to evaporation of Li-containing species at 900°C in 10,000ppmH2/N2 was estimated to be 1.8% of initial sample weight. The majority of evaporated Li adhered to a quartz tube around the sample bed. It was shown experimentally that the mass loss in water vapor atmosphere is larger than that in hydrogen atmosphere.

Microwave drying and moisture diffusivity of white mulberry: experimental and mathematical modeling

The literature surveyed revealed that drying kinetics of white mulberry under microwave treatment has not been investigated. In present study, both experimental study and mathematical modeling on microwave drying of white mulberry was performed. The microwave drying process which reduced the moisture content of mulberry from 3.76 to 0.25 (g water/g dry matter) was carried out at 90, 180, 360, 600, and 800 W in a modified microwave drying set-up. The effects of microwave drying technique on the moisture ratio and drying rate of white mulberry were investigated experimentally. Both the effects of microwave power level (under the range of 90–800W) and initial sample weight (50–150g) were studied. No constant rate period was observed. Mathematical modeling of thin layer drying kinetics of white mulberry under microwave treatment was also investigated by fitting the experimental drying data to eight thin layer drying models. Among the models proposed, Midilli et al. model precisely represented the microwave drying behavior of white mulberry with the coefficient of determination higher than 0.999 and mean square of deviation (χ2) and root mean square error (RMSE) lower than 1.1×10−4 and 8.9×10−3, respectively for all the microwave drying conditions studied. The effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) of white mulberry varied from 0.45×10−8 to 3.25×10−8 m2s−1. Both the drying constant (k) and Deff increased with the increase of microwave power level.

Measuring chemical emissions from wet products—Development of a new measurement technique

A new approach for estimating chemical emissions from wet products has been developed. The concept of such approach is that emission rates can be estimated from the amount of target chemicals in the product as a function of evaporation time. Samples were placed under a laboratory fume hood under controlled conditions (surface air velocity and temperature). Weight losses of the product were monitored and residuals at different time intervals were chemically analyzed. Emission factors of the target chemicals were then calculated based on the weight losses and residual levels of the chemicals. To demonstrate the applicability of this approach, two wet products with very different physical characteristics, one liquid and one paste-like viscous fluid, were chosen. Emissions of two principle chemicals in the products, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) were measured. The influences of initial sample weight, surface air velocity, and temperature were investigated. The calculated emission profiles were compared with those obtained from the chamber method. The described approach could be used as an alternative screening method for emission tests of wet products, especially for compounds with low vapour pressure when sink effect poses serious challenge in traditional chamber-based emission tests.

Sowing density and harvest time affect fibre content in hemp (Cannabis sativa) through their effects on stem weight

AbstractSowing density and harvest time are considered important crop management factors influencing fibre quantity and quality in hemp (Cannabis sativa). We investigated whether the effects of these factors are essentially different or that both factors affect stem weight and thereby total and long‐fibre content. The effects of all combinations of three sowing densities and three harvest times were studied for six different stem parts. Almost 500 samples consisting of stem parts from 50 plants and with a length of 50 cm were tested. Fibres were extracted by a controlled warm‐water retting procedure, followed by breaking and scutching. The initial sample weight was fractionated into retting losses, wood, tow and long fibre. In both Italy and the Netherlands, crops were successfully established with different stem densities (99–283 m−2), plant heights (146–211 cm) and stem diameters (4.5–8.4 mm) at harvest. Stem dry matter yields (6.8–11.7 Mg ha−1) increased with a delay in harvest time but were not affected by sowing density. Retting loss percentages were lower in lower stem parts and decreased with later harvest because maturation was associated with increasing amounts of fibre and wood. Within a certain stem part, however, the absolute retting losses were constant with harvest time. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that the amount of fibre in a hemp stem is almost completely determined by the weight and the position of that stem part. When the plant grows, the increase in dry matter is split up into fibres and wood in a fixed way. This total fibre/wood ratio was highest in the middle part of the stem and lower towards both bottom and top. Sowing density and harvest time effects were indirect through stem weight. The long‐fibre weight per stem increased with the total fibre weight and hence with stem weight. Stem weight increased with harvest time; as harvest time did not affect plant density, the highest long‐fibre yields were obtained at the last harvest time. The long fibre/total fibre ratio was lowest in the bottom 5 cm of the stems but similar for all other parts. Sowing density and harvest time effects again were indirect. Fibre percentages in retted hemp decreased with increasing stem weights towards a level that is presumably a variety characteristic. The dry matter increase between harvests, however, is much more important with respect to total and long‐fibre yield.