Initial Stock Research Articles

Aquatic Plant Invasion and Management in Riverine Reservoirs: Proactive Management via a Priori Simulation of Management Alternatives

Negative impacts from aquatic invasive plants in the United States include economic costs, loss of commercial and recreational use, and environmental damage. Simulation models are valuable tools for predicting the invasion potentials of species and for the management of existing infestations. We developed a spatially explicit, agent-based model representing the invasion, growth, and senescence of aquatic weeds as functions of day length, water temperature, water depth, and the response of aquatic weeds to biological control. As a case study to evaluate its potential utility, we parameterized the model to represent two historical invasions (1975–1983 and 2004–2007) of Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L. fil.) Royle) in Lake Conroe, Texas, USA, and their subsequent biological control using grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Results of several hypothetical alternative management schemes indicated that grass carp stocking densities needed to control Hydrilla infestation increased exponentially as the lag time between initial invasion and initial stocking increased, whereas stocking densities needed to control infestation decreased as the amount of time allowed to control the infestation increased. Predictions such as those produced by our model aid managers in developing proactive management plans for areas most likely to be invaded.

Soil organic carbon stock responded more sensitively to degradation in alpine meadows than in alpine steppes on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

AbstractGrassland degradation is commonly thought to cause soil organic carbon (SOC) change, and the response of SOC stock to degradation is highly dependent on grassland type. However, the effects of grassland type on changes in SOC stocks with grassland degradation over broad geographic scales remain unclear. Here, we explored the probably different responses of SOC stocks to grassland degradation for alpine meadows and alpine steppes based on 58 peer‐reviewed publications regarding the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that SOC stock consistently decreased with increasing degradation levels in both alpine meadows and steppes, whereas the magnitudes of reduction of SOC stock in alpine meadows were significantly larger than those in alpine steppes (p < 0.05). The variations in SOC stock were significantly positively correlated with variations in aboveground biomass in the alpine steppes only (p < 0.05) but were significantly positively correlated with variations in belowground biomass in both alpine meadows and alpine steppes (p < 0.01). The relationships between change rates of SOC stock with initial SOC stock and mean annual precipitation were both significantly negative during the lightly and moderately degraded stages, while the negative relationship became nonsignificant for the heavily degraded stage (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that soil organic carbon stock responded more sensitively to degradation in alpine meadows with higher initial SOC stock and annual mean precipitation than in alpine steppes. Our study might have significant implications for future sustainable management practices for carbon sequestration of alpine grasslands on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau.

Response of germination and seedling growth of Jute plant (Corchorus olitorius L.) on three different substrates in the tilapia aquaponic system

The merging of fish farming and crop husbandry in a mutual system forms aquaponics. In this system, the nature of the planting substrate plays a significant role in the germination, establishment, and growth of the plant. In the current experiment, the germination and growth of the Jute plant ( Corchorus olitorius L . ) in an aquaponics system with tilapia fish was investigated using three different substrate types: gravel, rice husk, and palm kernel shell. Five hundred-liter plastic tanks containing tilapia fingerlings at initial stocking densities of 250 fish m −3 were used. One gram of Jute seed was sown in a 1 m 2 planting trough, which contained the three substrates separately in triplicates. The troughs were flooded with water from fish holdings by an aquarium pump. The germination percentage of the jute plant on gravel substrate (84%) and rice husk (72%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to the palm kernel shell (55%). A lower velocity of germination was also recorded in the palm kernel substrate. The rates of growth in height (centimeters per day) of jute plant and fresh shoot biomass yield were significantly lower on palm kernel substrate (P < 0.05). Growth and yield parameters of jute showed comparatively higher agronomic efficiency of gravel and rice husk substrates compared to palm kernel substrates in this research. The results indicated that substrate nature significantly affects the germination and productivity of C. olitorius in aquaponic systems and that rice husk has the potential to serve as a planting substrate in aquaponics. • Response of germination and seedling growth of Jute plant ( Corchorus olitorius L.) on three different substrates in the tilapia aquaponic system. • Influence of substrate types on the germination and productivity of C. olitorius in aquaponic systems. • Potentials of rice husks as planting substrate for Jute in the aquaponic system.

Abundance of Resources and Incentives for Collusion in Fisheries

The aim of this study is to explore theoretically the circumstances in which collusion can emerge between artisanal organizations and external agents. We also analyze theoretically how collusion can alter the sustainability equilibria of marine resources. In situations of incomplete information where external agents are not aware of the initial stock of resources, we observe how those agents decide whether to accept or reject offers of collusion from artisanal organizations. We find that collusion is more likely to occur when the resource is abundant than when resources are scarce, as in the latter case, the external consultant has to be more careful with the established quota so as not to deplete the resource. Further, we find that organizations are more impatient in proposing collusion when the resources are scarce.

Earthworm stocking density regulates microbial community structure and fatty acid profiles during vermicomposting of lignocellulosic waste: Unraveling the microbe-metal and mineralization-humification interactions

Earthworm-induced microbial enrichment is the key to success in vermitechnology, yet the influence of initial earthworm stocking density on microbial community profiles in vermibeds is unknown. Therefore, vermicomposting of lignocellulosic feedstock was performed with different stocking densities of two earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae) compared with composting. Eventually, earthworm growth, microbial (activity and community profiles), and physicochemical dynamics were assessed. The earthworm population significantly increased under low stocking, while denser stocking (15/kg) was stressful. The XRD-based crystallinity assessment revealed that comminuting efficiency of Eisenia and Eudrilus was prudent at 7 and 10 worm/kg stockings, respectively. Moreover, the 5 and 7 worm/kg stockings effectively mobilized microbial activity, promoting NPK-mineralization and C-humification balance. Correlation statistics indicated that earthworm stocking density-driven microbial community shift and fatty acid profiles strongly influenced metal removal in vermibeds. Hence, the findings implied that 5–7 worm/kg stockings of earthworms produced high-quality sanitized vermicompost.

Going public: evidence from stock and bond IPOs in Belgium, 1839–1935

We investigate firms' initial stock and bond issues in public capital markets and explain fluctuations in these IPOs over time. We study Belgium from 1839 to 1935, which provides a setting with poor investor protection, no tax distortions, and changing regulations. We find that economic growth induces stock and bond IPOs and that the issuers time offerings such that they coincide with favorable market conditions. Even though in 1873, regulation was abruptly relaxed, we find no evidence of increases in the number of IPOs. Finally, we show that stock and bond IPOs do not interact when controlling for the determinants of these IPOs.

Multi‐modelling predictions show high uncertainty of required carbon input changes to reach a 4‰ target

AbstractSoils store vast amounts of carbon (C) on land, and increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in already managed soils such as croplands may be one way to remove C from the atmosphere, thereby limiting subsequent warming. The main objective of this study was to estimate the amount of additional C input needed to annually increase SOC stocks by 4‰ at 16 long‐term agricultural experiments in Europe, including exogenous organic matter (EOM) additions. We used an ensemble of six SOC models and ran them under two configurations: (1) with default parametrization and (2) with parameters calibrated site‐by‐site to fit the evolution of SOC stocks in the control treatments (without EOM). We compared model simulations and analysed the factors generating variability across models. The calibrated ensemble was able to reproduce the SOC stock evolution in the unfertilised control treatments. We found that, on average, the experimental sites needed an additional 1.5 ± 1.2 Mg C ha−1 year−1 to increase SOC stocks by 4‰ per year over 30 years, compared to the C input in the control treatments (multi‐model median ± median standard deviation across sites). That is, a 119% increase compared to the control. While mean annual temperature, initial SOC stocks and initial C input had a significant effect on the variability of the predicted C input in the default configuration (i.e., the relative standard deviation of the predicted C input from the mean), only water‐related variables (i.e., mean annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration) explained the divergence between models when calibrated. Our work highlights the challenge of increasing SOC stocks in agriculture and accentuates the need to increasingly lean on multi‐model ensembles when predicting SOC stock trends and related processes. To increase the reliability of SOC models under future climate change, we suggest model developers to better constrain the effect of water‐related variables on SOC decomposition.Highlights The feasibility of the 4‰ target was studied at 16 long‐term agricultural experiments. An ensemble of soil organic carbon models was used to estimate the uncertainty of the predictions. On average across the sites, carbon input had to increase by 119% compared to initial conditions. High uncertainty of the simulations was mainly driven by water‐related variables.

Initial soil organic carbon stocks govern changes in soil carbon: Reality or artifact?

Changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) storage have the potential to affect global climate; hence identifying environments with a high capacity to gain or lose SOC is of broad interest. Many cross-site studies have found that SOC-poor soils tend to gain or retain carbon more readily than SOC-rich soils. While this pattern may partly reflect reality, here we argue that it can also be created by a pair of statistical artifacts. First, soils that appear SOC-poor purely due to random variation will tend to yield more moderate SOC estimates upon resampling and hence will appear to accrue or retain more SOC than SOC-rich soils. This phenomenon is an example of regression to the mean. Second, normalized metrics of SOC change-such as relative rates and response ratios-will by definition show larger changes in SOC at lower initial SOC levels, even when the absolute change in SOC does not depend on initial SOC. These two artifacts create an exaggerated impression that initial SOC stocks are a major control on SOC dynamics. To address this problem, we recommend applying statistical corrections to eliminate the effect of regression to the mean, and avoiding normalized metrics when testing relationships between SOC change and initial SOC. Careful consideration of these issues in future cross-site studies will support clearer scientific inference that can better inform environmental management.

Effects of land clearing for agriculture on soil organic carbon stocks in drylands: A meta-analysis.

Agricultural activities have been expanding globally with the pressure to provide food security to the earth's growing population. These agricultural activities have profoundly impacted soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in global drylands. However, the effects of clearing natural ecosystems for cropland (CNEC) on SOC are uncertain. To improve our understanding of carbon emissions and sequestration under different land uses, it is necessary to characterize the response patterns of SOC stocks to different types of CNEC. We conducted a meta-analysis with mixed-effect model based on 873 paired observations of SOC in croplands and adjacent natural ecosystems from 159 individual studies in global drylands. Our results indicate that CNEC significantly (p < .05) affects SOC stocks, resulting from a combination of natural land clearing, cropland management practices (fertilizer application, crop species, cultivation duration) and the significant negative effects of initial SOC stocks. Increases in SOC stocks (in 1m depth) were found in croplands which previously natural land (deserts and shrublands) had low SOC stocks, and the increases were 278.86% (95% confidence interval, 196.43%-361.29%) and 45.38% (26.53%-62.23%), respectively. In contrast, SOC stocks (in 1m depth) decreased by 24.11% (18.38%-29.85%) and 10.70% (1.80%-19.59%) in clearing forests and grasslands for cropland, respectively. We also established the general response curves of SOC stocks change to increasing cultivation duration, which is crucial for accurately estimating regional carbon dynamics following CNEC. SOC stocks increased significantly (p < .05) with high long-term fertilizer consumption in cleared grasslands with low initial SOC stocks (about 27.2Mg ha-1 ). The results derived from our meta-analysis could be used for refining the estimation of dryland carbon dynamics and developing SOC sequestration strategies to achieve the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere.

Elevation dependent response of soil organic carbon stocks to forest windthrow

Storms represent a major disturbance factor in forest ecosystems, but the effects of windthrows on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are poorly quantified. Here, we assessed the SOC stocks of windthrown forests at 19 sites across Switzerland spanning an elevation gradient from 420 to 1550 m, encompassing a strong climatic gradient. Results show that the effect size of disturbance on SOC stocks increases with the size of the initial SOC stocks. The largest windthrow-induced SOC losses of up to 29 t C ha−1 occurred in high-elevation forests with a harsh climate developing thick organic layers. In contrast, SOC stocks of low-elevation forests with thin organic layers were hardly affected. A mineralization study further revealed high elevation forests to store higher amounts of easily mineralizable C in thick organic layers that got lost following windthrow. These findings are supported by a meta-analysis of available windthrow studies, showing an increase of storm-induced SOC losses with the size of the initial SOC stocks. Modelling simulations further indicate longer-lasting SOC losses and a slower recovery of SOC stocks after windthrow at high compared to low elevations, due to a slower regeneration of mountain forests and associated lower C inputs into soils in a harsh climate. Upscaling the experimental findings/observed patterns by linking them to a data base of Swiss forest soils shows a total SOC loss of ∼0.4 Mt. C for the whole forested area of Switzerland after two major storm events, counteracting the forest net carbon sink of decades. Our study provides strong evidence that the vulnerability of SOC stocks to windthrow is particularly high in forests featuring thick and slowly forming organic layers, such as mountain soils. Thus, the risk of losing SOC to more frequent windthrows in mountain forests strongly limits their potential to mitigate climate change.

Evaluating soil organic carbon changes after 16 years of soil relocation in Chinese Mollisols by optimizing the input data of the RothC model

Long-term intensive cultivation leads to the loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural lands, which inevitably threatens food security and exacerbates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The RothC model (Ver. 26.3win) is generally used to evaluate the changes in SOC and its responses to agricultural practices and climate change. However, previous calibrations of the RothC model emphasize the parameterization of C decomposition and neglect the effect of input data on the model accuracy. In this study, a long-term soil relocation experiment (1 m depth) in Chinese Mollisols was used to determine the effect of input parameters on the performance of the RothC model, and the optimal combination was filtered to evaluate the changes in SOC after 16 years of soil relocation. The results showed that the estimated C input from crop residues ranged from 1.22 to 2.53 t C ha−1 yr−1, and these inputs were insufficient to maintain the equilibrium state of the SOC. We also found a non-linear relationship between the initial SOC and C input, i.e., the largest C input amount was obtained under 3.24 % SOC rather than 6.31 % SOC. The difference in C input derived from estimation algorithms was the main source of model uncertainty. The simulation results indicated that from 2005 to 2020, the loss of SOC in Mollisols ranged from 2.54 to 13.90 t ha−1 when the initial SOC stocks were greater than 60 t ha−1, while the rate of SOC sequestration was 0.15 t ha−1 yr−1 when the SOC stocks was 33.03 t ha−1. Meanwhile, warming accelerated the loss and delayed the recovery of SOC in Mollisols. We suggested the equilibrium point of SOC in Mollisols under current agricultural practices was approximately 45 t ha−1. These results highlighted that Mollisols were an important C source of GHG and that a substantial capacity exists in SOC sequestration under conventional agricultural practices.

Persistent differences in recruitment variability among co-occurring North Atlantic groundfish species

Abstract Knowledge of recruitment and its variability in marine fish populations contributes to sustainable fisheries but a full understanding remains elusive. An earlier study showed that haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) stocks exhibited consistently higher variability and lower reproductive rates compared to cod (Gadus morhua) stocks in the geographic regions where they co-occurred. Thus, cod may have a higher resilience to overexploitation, whereas haddock stocks may be more likely to be rescued by chance strong recruitments events. Since that initial study, the ecosystems and stocks have experienced large structural and functional changes, as well as changes in management practice and ocean warming. Here, we updated the previous earlier analysis with new data and found that despite large changes in the ecosystems explored, the patterns of recruitment variability have persisted. Recruitment variability remains higher in haddock than in cod, and the maximum annual reproduction rate at low spawning stock biomass (SSB) remains higher in cod than in haddock, although the latter difference is now less pronounced. Despite the economic and ecological importance of cod and haddock, and their long history of scientific scrutiny, the persistent difference in their reproductive biology remains unexplained.

Estimation of Initial Stock in Pollution Control Problem

A two-player differential game of pollution control with uncertain initial disturbance stock is considered. In pace with contemporary policy in the resource extraction industry, we initiate our research based on a resource extraction differential model with a rehabilitation process in which the firms are required to compensate the local to rehabilitate the polluted and dilapidated areas. Given the reality that the initial pollution stock plays a critical role in the production, and we cannot rigorously determine its actual value, a simulation of the estimation of the initial stock is alternatively investigated through the Pontryagin maximum principle (PMP). The later analytical results by normalized value of information (NVI) indicate the precious influence brought to the final payoff under various estimations of the initial stock both in the cooperative and non-cooperative cases. With such guidance, the player is capable of making a much more judicious decision when it comes to the determination of the initial stock. Furthermore, a numerical example is additionally presented for better comprehension.

On the inconclusive effect of human capital on growth: A new look at extended specifications

One of the reasons for the weak and inconclusive effect of human capital on growth in existing cross-country studies may be the use of inappropriate specifications that do not account for different channels through which human capital affects economic growth. It has been suggested that both the initial stocks and changes in the human capital stocks have positive growth effects when considered together, while each channel often appears insignificant in isolation. This implies that the effect of human capital is likely to be underestimated in restricted (single-channel) specifications. However, this paper shows that extended (two-channel) specifications might also fail to provide a reasonable explanation for the inconsistent human capital effects in existing growth literature. It seems that the omitted variable bias problem resulting from the ‘incomplete’ specification of human capital in growth regression may not be as pronounced as expected. In addition, we consider some aspects of measurement error and low signal in the changes in human capital.

Effect of Agricultural By-Products as a Carbon Source in a Biofloc-Based System on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Hepatopancreas Histology, and Gut Bacterial Load of Litopenaeus vannamei Post Larvae

The present study evaluated the influence of different commercial agricultural by-products as a carbon source in a bifloc-based (BFT) culture system on growth performance, whole-body proximate composition, digestive enzyme activities, gut microbial abundance, and hepatopancreas histology of Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei post larvae (Pls). Three groups were designed, the first group was the control group, where the shrimp was reared in clear water (without carbon source addition and water exchange rate of 100% two times a week) and fed with a commercial diet, in the second and third groups shrimp were reared in BFT systems using two different carbon sources, sugarcane bagasse (SB) and rice bran (RB) without additional feeding or water exchange. The initial stocking density was 16 Pls/liter with an average individual shrimp weight of 0.01 ± 0.002 g and age (PL20). The experiment lasted 90 days. The water quality parameters were maintained at optimum levels during the experiment. The final body weight and specific growth rate of shrimp were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher in the control group than those reared in both SB and RB-based BFT. Meanwhile, the survival rate was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher in BFT groups than in the control. The protease activity in shrimp stomach did not differ significantly. Meanwhile, protease, lipase, and amylase in the intestine showed a significant increase (p &lt; 0.01) in BFT groups than those obtained in the control group. The total heterotrophic bacteria were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher in BFT groups. Furthermore, the hepatopancreas histological status of shrimp reared in the SB-based BFT group showed an increase in the hepatopancreas tubules in the distal and B-cell zones (blister-like cells) by 16.83 and 34.89%, respectively, compared to the control. This study revealed that BFT could be used as a natural feed without artificial diets, which influenced the gut microbiota of shrimp, increased digestive enzyme activities, as well as improved the histological structure of the hepatopancreas of shrimp. However, the success of this conditions under high stocking density still needs more investigation.

ANALYSIS OF PROFITABILITY AND TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF BROILER PRODUCTION IN NORTH-CENTRAL, NIGERIA.

The study was carried out to determine the profitability and technical efficiency of broiler production in North-central, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was employed in the selection of 156 respondents. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, budget technique and Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production model. The result of the study reveals that the average age of a broiler farmer in the study area was 43 years with a minimum of secondary school education, 10 years of experience in broiler production and an average family size was 7 members. With an average stock of 396 birds, the gross revenue was ₦ 1,766,578, the total cost was ₦1,660,254, and gross margin recorded was ₦106,324. The estimate of the production model revealed that initial stock, feeds, and medication were the significant inputs that influenced the production of broilers. The technical efficiency estimates of the broiler farmers ranged from 78% and 100% with a mean technical efficiency of 92.5%. The high cost of feeds, which constituted 76% of the total variable cost, was identified as the major constraint to broiler production. It is therefore recommended that initiatives that could drastically reduce market price of feeds should be implemented by relevant agencies of governments and NGOs.

Elevational pattern of soil organic carbon release in a Tibetan alpine grassland: Consequence of quality but not quantity of initial soil organic carbon

Soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics along elevational gradients are highly uncertain due to our limited knowledge of the underlying mechanisms that determine SOC release. By combining field investigation and laboratory aerobic incubation with multiple soil analytical approaches, we explored the determinants of SOC release along an elevational gradient (3200–4200 m) in the Tibetan alpine grassland. We illustrated that the SOC quantity (i.e., the initial standing SOC stock) and SOC quality (i.e., chemical recalcitrance, physico-chemical protection and biological recalcitrant fraction) increased gradually with elevation, reaching a maximum value at the middle altitude (∼3600 m), while an opposite unimodal distribution pattern was observed in CO2–C release. Our results also showed that SOC quality explained more variance in CO2–C release than did SOC quantity and soil properties. The proportion of stable SOC fractions in larger initial SOC stocks is higher, especially the recalcitrant SOC pool and mineral-associated OC fractions, which could be the potential mechanism behind high initial SOC stocks leading to lower soil CO2–C release. Collectively, our results provide compelling evidence that SOC quality plays a primary role in the elevational pattern of CO2–C release in Tibetan alpine grassland. Our findings highlight the importance of SOC quality in predicting SOC dynamics in the Tibetan alpine grassland under climate change scenarios.

The Grain-for-Green project offsets warming-induced soil organic carbon loss and increases soil carbon stock in Chinese Loess Plateau.

The dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock is a vital element affecting the climate, and ecological restoration is potentially an effective measure to mitigate climate change by enhancing vegetation and soil carbon stocks and thereby offsetting greenhouse gas emissions. The Grain-for-Green project (GFGP) implemented in Chinese Loess Plateau (LP) since 1999 is one of the largest ecological restoration projects in the world. However, the contributions of ecological restoration and climate change to ecosystem soil carbon sequestration are still unclear. In this study, we improved a soil carbon decomposition framework by optimizing the initial SOC stock based on full spatial simulation of SOC and incorporating the priming effect to investigate the SOC dynamics across the LP GFGP region from 1982 through 2017. Our results indicated that SOC stock in the GFGP region increased by 20.18 Tg C from 1982 through 2017. Most portion (15.83 Tg C) of the SOC increase was accumulated when the GFGP was initiated, with a SOC sink of 16.12 Tg C owing to revegetation restoration and a carbon loss of 0.29 Tg C due to warming during this period. The relationships between SOC and forest canopy height and investigations on the SOC dynamics after afforestation revealed that the accumulation rate of SOC could be as high as 24.68 g C m-2 yr-1 during the 70 years following afforestation, and that SOC could decline thereafter (-8.89 g C m-2 yr-1), which was mainly caused by warming. This study provides a new method for quantifying the contribution of ecological restoration to SOC changes, and also cautions the potential risk of LP SOC loss in the mature forest soil under future warming.

The American put with finite‐time maturity and stochastic interest rate

AbstractIn this paper, we study pricing of American put options on a nondividend‐paying stock in the Black and Scholes market with a stochastic interest rate and finite‐time maturity. We prove that the option value is a C1 function of the initial time, interest rate, and stock price. By means of Itô calculus, we rigorously derive the option value's early exercise premium formula and the associated hedging portfolio. We prove the existence of an optimal exercise boundary splitting the state space into continuation and stopping region. The boundary has a parametrization as a jointly continuous function of time and stock price, and it is the unique solution to an integral equation, which we compute numerically. Our results hold for a large class of interest rate models including CIR and Vasicek models. We show a numerical study of the option price and the optimal exercise boundary for Vasicek model.

IMPLEMENTASI FORECASTING PADA PERENCANAAN SISTEM PEMESANAN BUKU LKS (LEMBAR KERJA SISWA) MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA REGRESI LINEAR. (STUDI KASUS: TOKO BUKU DARUL ULUM, PUNGGUR, LAMPUNG TENGAH

Darul Ulum Bookstore is engaged in distributing LKS books to be sent to schools. The need for worksheets that support learning is one of the most important aspects of availability in the store. so it takes sufficient stock in the order at the beginning of the semester. In this case, the shop owner has difficulty in estimating the number of books to be ordered, so a calculation model is needed to estimate how many books will be ordered at the beginning of the semester. The Multiple Linear Regression method is one of the methods used to predict how many books will be ordered. This method uses the dependent variable and the independent variable as the basis by taking into account the initial stock of books for 2018 and 2019 as the independent variable (x) and the initial stock of 2020 as the dependent variable (y). The results of this study obtained a predictive accuracy value from each printing, namely for CV. Hasan Pratama with MAPE testing of 6.42% with very good indicators. CV. Pratama Mitra Aksara with MAPE testing of 23.52% the results of the indicators are feasible, and CV. Pilar Pustaka with MAPE testing of 6.75% the indicator results are very good. And visualization of predictive data using R-Markdown. Keywords: Linear Regression, Predicting, Interactive Website, R-Markdown