Initial Session Research Articles

Can equine communication via audible exhales improve the welfare of therapy horses? – A pilot practice project

Abstract Background: Human-animal interactions in human services are on the rise, with an increased focus on the welfare of animals involved as well as on client safety. Based on scientifically based training methods, it has been proposed that horses involved in therapy settings could benefit from learning proactive strategies to reduce stress. One possible strategy is audible exhale communication (AEC). Inviting horses to actively use this strategy with humans could enhance the welfare of horses in equine-assisted therapy (EAT), thereby increasing client safety. Methods: A pilot project was conducted to test the feasibility of training 20 therapy horses to use AEC as a veto signal for an activity, while therapists responded to the signals. The number of audible exhales from the horses was compared between the initial and final training sessions. Furthermore, we tested whether age, years of training experience, and therapy experience served as moderating variables for the outcome. Additionally, qualitative observations were made by therapists working with the horses. Results: It has become apparent that training the horses to use AEC was successful. After 6 months of training, the horses showed a significantly higher number of audible exhales than in the initial training session, with a large effect size. Neither age nor years of training or therapy experience was found to be a moderating variable. The horses were eagerly engaged with newly acquired tools. These showed fewer indications of stress, greater sense of relaxation, and more positive emotions. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this pilot study, training horses to use AEC might be a feasible approach to reduce stress in horses working in therapeutic settings, increase client safety, enhance human-animal relationships, and open up new possibilities for improving the therapeutic process. This method is applicable to all horses, regardless of their age, training level, or experience in therapy. For future research, it would be interesting to replicate and extend the approach by addressing the aforementioned limitations and using a randomized controlled design to investigate the introduction and impact of AEC in a therapeutic setting and to gain more comprehensive insights.

Closing the empathy gap in health care: Connection First – before “intake”

ABSTRACT In this article, a communication framework of Connection First is presented to help close the empathy gap in mainstream health care, including palliative and end-of-life care. Expanding beyond biomedicine, Connection First involves rethinking and restructuring business-as-usual in health care. It shifts the typical transactional process during the initial intake session into one that is transformational. Connection First is a structural intervention and skillset comprised of the following elements: disrupting diagnosis, humanizing history, and repairing ruptures. These elements combine to help close the empathy gap in health care during the initial clinical encounter, before intake, and improve outcomes.

Does an Increase in Supraspinatus Tendon Thickness After Swimming Increase the Likelihood of Future Shoulder Pain?

Increase in supraspinatus tendon thickness (STT) resulting from swimming practice has been observed in those with a history of shoulder pain. The magnitude of change in STT after a swimming session and its rate of recovery may be an indicator of future shoulder pain incidence. The supraspinatus tendons that demonstrate a greater increase in thickness as a result of swimming practice will have an increased likelihood of future shoulder pain in a cohort of competitive swimmers over a period of 6 months. Descriptive epidemiology study. Level 2b, individual cohort studies. A cohort of 50 nationally qualified swimmers aged between 14 and 22 years, from 3 open National Swimming Programs in Victoria, Australia, were recruited for this study. Ultrasonographic measurements of swimmers' STT was obtained of both shoulders, before, immediately after, and 6 hours after a single swimming practice session. Data were recorded of any significant interfering shoulder pain at 3 and 6 months after the initial testing session. Stepwise logistic regression models indicated that significant predictors of the likelihood of experiencing significant interfering pain were sex [significant at 6 months; odds ratio (OR) 4.2] and the extent of change in STT immediately (OR 2.3 and 1.3 per mm at 3 and 6 months, respectively) and 6 hours postpractice (OR 1.9 and 1.5 per mm at 3 and 6 months, respectively). The current data suggest larger increases in tendon thickness after training are associated with an increased likelihood of future shoulder pain. These data may be valuable for monitoring training load and identifying athletes who may have an increased likelihood of shoulder pain.

A preliminary investigation of the causal role of social media use in eating disorder symptoms

Background and objectivesResearch has consistently shown that greater social media use is associated with elevated eating disorder (ED) symptoms. Importantly, however, the investigation of this relationship has largely relied upon the use of self-report measures of social media use in the context of correlational designs. Given that correlational studies do not permit inferences regarding causation, and recent findings questioning the validity of self-report social media use, it is critical to corroborate past findings using experimental designs and objective measures. The current study sought to experimentally determine the potential causal impact of social media use in ED symptoms. MethodsParticipants completed an initial testing session to assess objective smartphone social media use and ED symptoms, following which they were randomly assigned to either suspend social media use for one week or use social media as usual. One week later, participants completed a second testing session to again assess social media use and ED symptoms. ResultsResults revealed that the manipulation exerted an impact on ED symptoms, such that participants who successfully reduced social media use exhibited a significant reduction in ED symptoms, and these symptoms were significantly attenuated as compared to participants in the control condition. LimitationsThe current study did not employ an active control condition and almost a quarter of participants were excluded due to dropout or non-compliance. ConclusionFindings are consistent with the causal impact of social media use in ED symptoms and suggest that a brief social media ‘holiday’ may reduce ED symptoms in undergraduate students.

Evaluating a digital hybrid training-of-trainers (TOT) approach for lay first responder trauma education in urban Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic

IntroductionRoad traffic injuries (RTIs) are the largest contributor to the global burden of injury, and in 2016 were among the five leading causes of global disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). In regions with limited emergency medical services (EMS), training lay first responders (LFRs) has been shown to increase availability of prehospital care for RTIs, but sustainable mechanisms to scale these programs remain unstudied. MethodsUsing a training of trainers (TOT) model, a 5.5-h LFR training program was launched in Lagos, Nigeria. The course was taught in a hybrid fashion with primary didactics using videoconferencing software and practical breakout sessions in-person concurrently. Thirty TOTs proceeded to train 350 transportation providers as LFRs over one month. A 23-question, pre- and post-assessment was administered digitally to assess knowledge acquisition. Participants responded to a five-point Likert survey assessing instruction quality and post-course confidence. ResultsTOTs scored a median of 56.5 % (IQR:43.5 %,71.7 %) and 91.3 % (IQR:88.0 %,95.7 %) on the pre- and post-assessments, respectively, with bleeding control scores increasing most (+69.4 %). LFR course trainees scored a median of 34.8 % (IQR: 26.0 %, 43.5 %) and 73.9 % (IQR: 65.2 %, 82.6 %) on the pre- and post-assessments respectively, with airway and breathing increasing the most (+48.6 %). All score increases were statistically significant with p < 0.001. All 30 TOT trainers instructed at least one training session after their initial session. LFR participants’ rated confidence in first aid skills went from 3/5 (IQR 3, 4) pre-course to 5/5 (IQR:5,5) post-course, and in emergency transportation it went from 4/5 (IQR:3, 4) to 5/5 (IQR:5, 5), (p < 0.001). LFR course participants rated the quality of education content and TOT instructors to be 5/5 (IQR:5,5). 144 responders provided emergency care in the six-months following training for a total of 351 interventions. Active responders provided a median of 2 (IQR:1,3) interventions. ConclusionsThis is the first time that a digital hybrid instruction for first responder trainers in low- and middle-income countries has been investigated. Our findings demonstrate negligible attrition, high educational quality ratings, equally effective knowledge acquisition to that of prior in-person courses, and high post-training skill usage. Future work will examine the cost-effectiveness of the training of LFRs and the effect of LFRs on trauma outcomes.

Risk Factors of Throwing Injuries Related to Pitching Mechanics in Young Baseball Players: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Risk factors for throwing injuries related to pitching mechanics are unknown. Insufficient pelvic rotation during pitching may be a risk factor for shoulder and elbow injury. This cohort study aimed to identify biomechanics risk factors for throwing injuries in young baseball players. We hypothesized that excessive mechanical load and motion errors would be risk factors for throwing injuries. Young baseball pitchers (aged 8-9 years) were recruited from regional baseball leagues between December 2016 and December 2019. Pitching measurements were performed before the start of each season and after the end of the last season in December 2019. The trunk tilt angular displacement, pelvic rotation angular displacement, and forearm rotation angle were calculated using a markerless motion capture system. We also measured elbow varus torque using an accelerometer. After the initial test session, each participant was followed-up for 3 years to determine the occurrence of throwing injuries. Players with throwing shoulder and elbow injuries were categorized into the throwing injury group, and those without shoulder and elbow pain for 3 years were categorized into the non-injured group. In this study, 97 baseball pitchers completed a 3-year follow-up. Among those participants, 66 (68.0%) had throwing injuries. A significant difference was observed between the throwing injury and non-injured groups, whereby the injured players had less pelvic rotation angular displacement. Insufficient pelvic rotation during pitching is a newly discovered risk factor related to throwing injuries.

Training equipment for sports games

Growing requirements for the quality of training of specialists in game sports dictate the involvement of new approaches to the construction and organization of the educational and training process. The expediency of using training simulators in game sports is considered, their specific orientation and rationality of use are described. The purpose coverage of training equipment aimed at improving the physical and technical training of higher education students in sports games classes. Results of the research.The analysis of scientific and methodical literature, the Internet information network made it possible to determine that training equipment is a powerful tool in sports games. The review of information sources indicates the positive impact of simulators in the process of physical education and professional training in sports games of students of higher education institutions. It was found that the use of training equipment allows you to significantly shorten the training period, allows you to selectively influence the development of motor skills, take into account the individual level of physical development and physical fitness of each student, improve the quality of technical training, simulate motor actions, and monitor various types of athlete training. Examples of training equipment are given, the purpose of their purpose and the method of their use are described. Conclusions. The quality of performance of a wide range of technical and tactical techniques requires a review of the content, forms and methods of conducting initial training sessions on sports games. The updating of traditional means and the involvement of training equipment will allow to qualitatively increase the effectiveness of the educational process, both in physical education and in the training of future specialists in the field of physical culture and sports.

Assessing changes in range of motion in adolescent patients undergoing myoActivation® for chronic pain related to myofascial dysfunction: a feasibility study

IntroductionmyoActivation® assessment utilizes systemized movement tests to assess for pain and limitations in motion secondary to myofascial dysfunction. myoActivation needling therapy resolves the myofascial components of pain and is associated with immediately observed changes in pain, flexibility, and range of motion. The principal aim of this feasibility study was to objectively characterize the kinematic metrics of upper and lower body motion before and after myoActivation movement tests and therapy.MethodsFive consecutive eligible adolescent participants considered appropriate for myoActivation were consented to receive their myoActivation intervention in a motion laboratory. Clinical motion analysis was used to measure the changes in maximum range of motion (maxROM) and maximum angular speed to maximum ROM (speedROM) of movement tests predicted to change. Metrics were analyzed to assess changes over specified time intervals - i) baseline to after initial myoActivation session, and ii) baseline to after complete myoActivation course. Each participant served as their own control.ResultsWe demonstrated objective evidence of improved maxROM and/or speedROM in 63% of the movement tests predicted to change after just one session of myoActivation and in 77% of movement tests predicted to change over the complete course of treatment. The myoActivation clinician observed positive change in 11/19 of movement tests across all patients, that were predicted to change after the initial myoActivation session; 81% of these positive changes were confirmed by the kinematic data.DiscussionClinical motion analysis provides objective support to clinicians evaluating, treating, and teaching myofascial release. A larger, prospective clinical trial is warranted to explore the impact of myoActivation on movement. Refinement of observation techniques and outcome measures established in this feasibility study will strengthen future clinical motion analysis of the myoActivation process.

Radiological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma that achieved complete response after chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads for liver transplantation planning.

To describe the radiological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesions that achieved a complete response following drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) preceding liver transplantation. This single-center case-control study enrolled patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent neoadjuvant DEB-TACE therapy, were followed up with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography, and were successively evaluated according to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. The HCCs were divided into two groups based on their diameter (Group A: ≤3cm; Group B: 3cm). Viability was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method according to tumor size categories. The relationship between tumor variables was analyzed using bivariate Cox regression. Three-hundred and twenty-eight patients with 667 hepatocellular carcinomas who underwent their first DEB-TACE session were enrolled. A total of 105 hepatocellular carcinomas in 59 patients exhibited complete response after the initial DEB-TACE session and were divided into Group A (92 HCCs) and Group B (13 HCCs). The diameter in Group A decreased significantly compared to the pre-procedure size until the second assessment (p<0.001), with no subsequent reduction in diameter, despite maintaining a complete response. In Group B, the reduction in diameter remained significant compared with the initial value until the sixth imaging evaluation (p=0.014). The average reduction was 45.1% for Group B and a maximum of 14.9% in Group A. HCCs >3cm exhibited a greater reduction in size and a longer time to recurrence. HCCs ≤3cm had a shorter relapse time. The recurrence rates were similar. These findings may aid in planning for liver transplantation.

Impacto del uso de fototerapia ultravioleta B de banda estrecha en la variación de la calidad de vida evaluada con la escala Skindex-29 en pacientes adultos

BackgroundThe assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is progressively gaining importance in the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions in dermatology. The Skindex-29 is an instrument adapted and validated for Colombia that allows the assessment of HRQoL by measuring the dimensions of emotions, symptoms and functioning, in addition to providing a global concept. Narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy (UVB-BE) is a therapeutic tool in which there is little research in our context. Material and methodsA quasi-experimental before-after study was carried out in adults who started treatment in the UVB-BE phototherapy unit, evaluating HRQoL using Skindex-29 in the first session and subsequently in session 48 and/or 4 months after the initial session. ResultsForty-nine patients participated. 39% were men and 61% women. The mean age was 52 years and 91% belonged to the contributory health system. The most frequent phototype was III (30.6%) and the 2 most prevalent diseases were vitiligo and psoriasis (65%). A statistically significant decrease in scores was observed in all dimensions assessed using the Skindex-29 scale. ConclusionsIn the context of the Colombian health system UVB-BE phototherapy represents an effective complementary intervention to decrease the impact on HRQoL in some dermatological diseases.

Liminality, Leisure, and Lego®: Using a Leisure-Based Creative Methodology to Support Children and Young People

This paper demonstrates how liminality provides a core framework for understanding the processes and practices through which Lego® Serious Play® can positively influence the student experience and wellbeing of children and young people (CYP). The study adopts a creative multi-sensory methodology whereby the focus is upon the Lego® and not the child. Using a play-based learning approach within an educational setting, data was collected in a UK junior school, involving sixty-four children, ranging from seven to eleven years of age. An initial group session was repeated two weeks later to monitor and observe changes. The results highlight that the Lego® Serious Play® methodology uses liminality to further the debate about the use of play as a leisure-based activity in educational settings. This study contributes to knowledge by utilizing Lego® Serious Play® (LSP) through a playful lens as a creative methodology and highlights the unique interaction between leisure, liminality and Lego®.

Nature-Based Interventions in the UK: A Mixed Methods Study Exploring Green Prescribing for Promoting the Mental Wellbeing of Young Pregnant Women.

Green prescribing is gaining in popularity internationally for the promotion of mental wellbeing. However, the evidence base is limited, particularly in young pregnant women, a population with known risk factors for anxiety and depression. The aim of this mixed-methods study was to provide insights into the availability, processes, and suitability of nature-based interventions for young pregnant women. First, an online mapping survey of nature-based activities in the East Midlands region of the United Kingdom (UK) was undertaken. Second, focus groups (n = 6) were conducted with nature activity providers and young mothers (n = 11). This study found there were many diverse nature-based activities available to promote mental wellbeing. The organisational challenges highlighted include a lack of sufficient funding for service provision and disappointing experiences with some green prescribing programmes. The young women felt that nature-based activities helped to promote their mental wellbeing, and also offered an opportunity for social support. The facilitators, such as having detailed information and being accompanied to initial sessions to ease anxieties, were found to maximise the women's engagement with nature-based interventions. This study provides new perspectives on nature-based interventions from service providers and young women. Findings on the organisational barriers and facilitators to delivering interventions will inform the design of much needed future experimental research.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy: Role of bevacizumab in decreasing the occurrence of vitreous hemorrhage after panretinal photocoagulation

To investigate the beneficial effect of bevacizumab injection one week prior to panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) on the occurrence of vitreous hemorrhage (VH) following PRP in high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). This was a case-control pilot study conducted on two groups: an anti-VEGF treatment group, treated with bevacizumab injection one week prior to the first PRP session, and a control group of treatment-naive PDR patients who underwent PRP treatment and were not given an intravitreal bevacizumab injection, consecutively recruited. In both groups, a complete ophthalmological examination was conducted prior to PRP and at 4, 9, and 16 weeks following treatment. The primary endpoint studied was the occurrence of VH. The control group included 69 patients (mean age 63±12.3 years) with high-risk PDR who received PRP treatment only, and the anti-VEGF treatment group included 67 patients (mean age 63.13±10.3 years). None of the demographic variables or comorbidities showed any significant difference between the two groups. The number of PRP sessions was not significantly correlated to the occurrence of VH in either of the groups (P=0.167). Vitreous hemorrhage within 16 weeks following laser treatment occurred in 10 patients (14.5%) in the control group and in only 3 patients (4.5%) in the anti-VEGF group (P=0.047). Our case-control pilot study demonstrates that a bevacizumab injection preceding the initial PRP session might be beneficial in reducing the occurrence of VH in the first 16 weeks following PRP.

Brain plasticity underlying sleep-dependent motor consolidation after motor imagery.

Motor imagery can, similarly to physical practice, improve motor performance through experience-based plasticity. Using magnetoencephalography, we investigated changes in brain activity associated with offline consolidation of motor sequence learning through physical practice or motor imagery. After an initial training session with either physical practice or motor imagery, participants underwent overnight consolidation. As control condition, participants underwent wake-related consolidation after training with motor imagery. Behavioral analyses revealed that overnight consolidation of motor learning through motor imagery outperformed wake-related consolidation (95% CI [0.02, 0.07], P < 0.001, RP2 = 0.05). As regions of interest, we selected the generators of event-related synchronization/desynchronization of alpha (8-12Hz) and beta (15-30Hz) oscillations, which predicted the level of performance on the motor sequence. This yielded a primary sensorimotor-premotor network for alpha oscillations and a cortico-cerebellar network for beta oscillations. The alpha network exhibited increased neural desynchronization after overnight consolidation compared to wake-related consolidation. By contrast, the beta network exhibited an increase in neural synchronization after wake-related consolidation compared to overnight consolidation. We provide the first evidence of parallel brain plasticity underlying behavioral changes associated with sleep-dependent consolidation of motor skill learning through motor imagery and physical practice.

PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STAD PADA MATA PELAJARAN PEMELIHARAAN KELISTRIKAN SEPEDA MOTOR DI SMK RISTEK JAYA JAKARTA

The purpose of this study is to develop a STAD-type cooperative learning model on the subject matter of the motorcycle filling system in the subject of motorcycle electrical maintenance in Motorcycle Business Engineering students at the Ristek Jaya Vocational High School. This research uses research and development (R&amp;D) procedures, with the Plomp model which has the initial investigation session stage, design stage, realization stage, assessment stage and implementation stage. The STAD-type cooperative learning model was validated by two expert lecturers and one expert teacher consisting of material experts, learning model experts and lesson plan design experts, instead the feasibility trial questionnaire by 20 students. The results of material validation by material expert lecturers are in the very feasible category (85.45%), validation by learning model expert lecturers lies in the feasible category (74.28%), and the validation of lesson plan design expert teachers lies in the very feasible category (93.52%). After further validation was tried, the learning model was tested on students with a total of 20 respondents and obtained feasibility results (79.43%) which means that the model is listed in the feasible category and can be used as a learning model in the teaching and learning process.

UPAYA PROMOTIF DAN PREVENTIF PENCEGAHAN KECELAKAAN KERJA TOKO KERUPUK CAMILAN HASIL LAUT

The work accident rate in Indonesia is still relatively high and tends to increase every year, supported by data from international and national institutions showing an increase. The implementation of regulations regarding Occupational Health and Safety is expected to be able to reduce or prevent accidents that result in injury, however, there are still many workplaces that have not implemented the K3 concept properly and correctly, either from superiors who do not provide enough information or employees who are reluctant to use it. The aim of this community service is to provide education to the community in implementing K3 in the seafood shop environment. Community service is carried out directly in 2 stages, the first is conducting an assessment. This assessment can be concluded that the seafood snack shop has not implemented occupational health and safety in its shop environment. The second stage was carried out by providing education to shop owners regarding the use of basic PPE when working. In the initial discussion session, a question and answer process was carried out first regarding obtaining information about K3 knowledge, then providing material related to the concept of K3, personal protective equipment that can be used, the purpose and function of K3 tools, after education is carried out, it is followed by a practical session on installing PPE which can be used to prevent work accidents. After providing education, there was an increase in the shop owner's response and showed an excited attitude as evidenced by the many questions asked by the shop owner. This activity can increase shop owners' understanding regarding the importance of using PPE, so that its use can be continued.

The effects of sleep restriction during abstinence on oxycodone seeking: Sex-dependent moderating effects of behavioral and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-related phenotypes

During opioid use and abstinence, sleep disturbances are common and are thought to exacerbate drug craving. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that sleep restriction during abstinence from oxycodone self-administration would increase drug seeking during extinction and footshock reinstatement tests. We also performed behavioral phenotyping to determine if individual variation in responses to stressors and/or pain are associated with oxycodone seeking during abstinence, as stress, pain and sleep disturbance are often co-occurring phenomena. Sleep restriction during abstinence did not have selective effects on oxycodone seeking for either sex in extinction and footshock reinstatement tests. Some phenotypes were associated with drug seeking; these associations differed by sex and type of drug seeking assessment. In female rats, pain-related phenotypes were related to high levels of drug seeking during the initial extinction session. In male rats, lower anxiety-like behavior in the open field was associated with greater drug seeking, although this effect was lost when correcting for oxycodone intake. Adrenal sensitivity prior to oxycodone exposure was positively associated with footshock reinstatement in females. This work identifies sex-dependent relationships between HPA axis function and opioid seeking, indicating that HPA axis function could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of opioid use disorder, with tailored approaches based on sex. Sleep disturbance during abstinence did not appear to be a major contributing factor to opioid seeking.

Safety and Efficacy of Powered Non-Thermal Endoscopic Resection Device for Removal of Colonic Polyps: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Endoscopic mucosal resection is a frequently employed method for removing colonic polyps. Nonetheless, the recurrence of these polyps over a healed submucosal base can complicate the extraction of leftover lesions through standard procedures. EndoRotor®, a non-thermal device specifically designed for endoscopic mucosal resection, has recently been assessed for its utility in removing colonic polyps, non-dysplastic Barrett's esophagus, and pancreatic necrosis. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to ascertain the safety and efficacy of EndoRotor® in resecting scared or recurrence colonic polyps. We conducted an exhaustive review of existing literature using databases such as Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library until January 2023. Our aim was to find all studies that assessed the safety of non-thermal endoscopic resection devices in removing colonic polyps. The primary outcome we focused on was the rate of technical success. Secondary outcomes that we considered included the frequency of remaining lesions and instances of adverse events. To analyze these data, we used comprehensive meta-analysis software. Our analysis incorporated three studies comprising 54 patients who underwent resection of 60 lesions. The combined technical success rate was 93.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 77.7-98.6%, I2 = 25.5%). In patients who had another endoscopic examination, 20 were found to have a residual lesion. After the initial session, the combined rate of remaining lesions was 39.8% (95% CI: 15.3-70.8%, I2 = 74.5%). There were eight occurrences of intraoperative bleeding and four instances of bleeding post-procedure. The combined rate of intraoperative bleeding was 13.2% (95% CI: 6.7-24.3%, I2 = 0%), and post-procedure bleeding stood at 8.5% (95% CI: 3.4-19.8%, I2 = 0%). Only one major bleeding event was recorded, and no cases of perforation were reported. Our research indicates that the EndoRotor® effectively removes scarred colonic polyps, though the rate of remaining lesions is significant, potentially necessitating several sessions for a thorough removal. There is a need for broader prospective studies, mainly randomized controlled trials, to further assess EndoRotor®'s efficiency and safety in eliminating colonic polyps.

Can an online scenario-based learning intervention influence preservice teachers’ self-efficacy, career intentions, and perceived fit with the profession?

The purpose of this article is to explore how a brief, scalable, online scenario-based learning (SBL) intervention influences preservice teachers’ self-efficacy, career intentions, and perceived fit with the profession. A sample of 1,513 preservice teachers from a large undergraduate teacher education programme in Australia was recruited over two years to complete three SBL sessions (with four measurement points) over the course of three weeks. We conducted a series of latent change analyses to explore the patterns of change over time, with covariates including year in ITE programme, prospective teaching level, and sex. Results showed that self-efficacy, teaching commitment, and perceived fit with the profession increased after the initial SBL session, and the effect was maintained for self-efficacy and perceived fit, but not for teaching commitment. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.

A Know-Brainer: The Power of Cadaver-Based Instruction to Teach Clinical Neuroanatomy.

Learning experiences that incorporate cadaver prosection or dissection of the brain have shown to enhance the acquisition and retention of neuroanatomy and improve standardized examination scores when included within medical curriculum. However, the role of cadaver-based instruction within allied health fields, and particularly in the field of communication sciences and disorders (CSD), remains limited and less understood. The effectiveness of a cadaver-based lab compared to lecture to teach neuroanatomy within an undergraduate/postbaccalaureate clinical neuroscience course for CSD majors was explored within a crossover design. Fifty-four participants were stratified by class rank between two initial training sessions: lab-first versus lecture-first. Neuroanatomical knowledge was tested via labeling tasks at baseline, after the first allocated training, and at 1-week follow-up after crossover training had been completed. Both cohorts demonstrated significant gains in neuroanatomical knowledge following training, yet after the initial training session, students that received cadaver-based instruction produced a significantly greater number (p < .001) and more accurate (p < .001) anatomical labels than students that received lecture. After completion of the crossover design, students receiving cadaver-based instruction prior to lecture continued to demonstrate superior labeling accuracy at follow-up testing (p = .022). Cadaver-based instruction was more effective in improving students' ability to identify neuroanatomy compared to lecture for CSD students. Interestingly, cadaver-based demonstrations were also most effective in bolstering students' retention of structural knowledge when conducted before, instead of after, a lecture. Clinical training programs, specifically student learning outcomes, benefit from cadaver-based instruction that provides both three-dimensional orientation and a deep appreciation of the human elements of clinical anatomy. Furthermore, both the acquisition and retention of anatomical concepts may be enhanced through strategic instructional design, particularly in regard to the order of lecture and lab experiences.