Initial Section Research Articles

(Digital Presentation) Synthesis of Carbon Materials on Aluminum Foil from a Vapor-Gas Environment

Due to its excellent electrical conductive properties and large specific surface area, one of the allotropic modifications of carbon, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), grown on a metal substrate, have great potential for use in supercapacitor electrodes. After all, growing layers of nanotubes directly on the surface of electrodes. can make it possible to achieve the best adhesion and electrical contact of CNTs with the current collector [1]. The large surface area and exceptional electronic conductivity of CNTs make them prime candidates for high-performance and high-speed electrochemical applications [2].The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of synthesis conditions on the structure and properties of a carbon layer grown on the surface of aluminum foil.We used technical aluminum foil with a thickness of 16 microns. Aluminum foil was previously degreased with acetone, kept in an aqueous 1 M NaOH solution for 3 minutes and 30 minutes in a 20% aqueous solution of nickel nitrate at 90 °C. The synthesis of carbon materials on the surface of aluminum foil was carried out by pyrolysis of ethanol vapor in argon at 550 and 600 °C.Analysis of SEM picture (fig. a) and Raman spectrum (dig. b) allows to conclude that the synthesized carbon materials are nanotubes or nanofibers.It has been established that pre-treatment of aluminum foil with acetone does not affect the properties and uniformity of distribution of the carbon layer. On aluminum foil, without pretreatment and kept in acetone, after the synthesis of carbon materials from the vapor-gas phase, initial sections of aluminum foil without a carbon layer are observed. Preliminary exposure of aluminum foil in an alkali solution contributed to the uniform distribution of the synthesized carbon; the entire foil was evenly covered with carbon.When pyrolysis of ethanol vapor is carried out in argon at 550 °C, the carbon layer is heterogeneous (fig. c) and volumetric growths are observed on the foil. When synthesizing carbon materials at 600°C, the carbon layer is dense without bulky formations (fig. d).This work was performed as part of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation[Government Order Theme No. 121111900148-3]. References Redkin, A. N., Mitina, A. A., & Yakimov, E. E. (2021). Simple technique of multiwalled carbon nanotubes growth on aluminum foil for supercapacitors. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 272, 115342. DOI:10.1016/j.mseb.2021.115342;Moyer-Vanderburgh, K., Ma M. C., Park, S.J., Jue, N.L., Buchsbaum, S.F., Wu K.J., Wood, M., Ye, J. Fornasiero, F., Growth and Performance of High-Quality SWCNT Forests on Inconel Foils as Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 49, 54981–54991. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18396 Figure 1

Incidence and Factors Associated With Burnout Among Cardiac Anesthesiologists in India

ObjectiveMany previous survey have demonstrated high incidence of burnout among anesthesiologists. This survey was aimed to estimate the incidence and to understand factors associated with burnout among cardiac anaesthesiologists in India. DesignMembers of the Indian Association of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Anaesthesiologists (IACTA) were invited. The survey consisted of 2 sections: the initial section collected demographic data, work patterns, and factors associated with burnout perception. The second part assessed Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP), and Low Personal Accomplishment (LPA) using the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS). SettingWeb-Based Survey ParticipantsMembers of IACTA InterventionsNone Measurement and ResultsA high score on EE (≥27 and/or ≥ DP 10) identified those at high risk for burnout. High risk of burnout in addition to LPA ≤33 was defined as burnout syndrome.Of the 2,262 IACTA members surveyed, 325 (14.35%) responded. Among them, 162 (49.8%) were classified as at high risk of burnout, and 91 (28%) met the criteria for burnout syndrome.Logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with a high risk of burnout were <5 years of experience (OR-3.53), insufficient external support (OR-2.87), limited personal time availability (OR-1.96), and considering leaving cardiac anesthesia (OR-3.61). Factors contributing to burnout syndrome were <5 years of experience (OR-3.83), inadequate workplace colleague support (OR-1.84), and considering leaving cardiac anesthesia (OR-2.43). ConclusionsThe burden of burnout syndrome is high among Indian anesthesiologists. Risk factors included younger age, inadequate workplace and external support, limited personal time, and contemplation of leaving cardiac anesthesia. There is a need for sensitization of various stakeholders and institute necessary measures to reduce the burden and impact of burnout.

THE REPRESENTATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) IN AMERICAN BANK SLOGANS

This paper presents an analysis of a sizable collection of American bank slogans in light of Dahlsrud’s five dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), aiming to assess the degree to which these slogans align with the CSR model. The study is motivated by the observation that while banks frequently emphasize their CSR initiatives on their websites, many customers’ interactions with financial institutions are confined to basic transactions, often leaving them unaware of these corporate responsibilities. Given that slogans serve as a primary means of communication between banks and the public, conveying positive messages about their operations, we investigate their potential to reflect CSR dimensions. The focus of this analysis is on the United States of America, leveraging an online index encompassing nearly five thousand banks, from which a database of about sixteen hundred slogans was compiled. The methodology, detailed in the initial section of the study, employs empirical research and content analysis. The findings indicate that the nature of banks’ core activities, which primarily occur behind the scenes, restricts the portrayal of CSR dimensions in slogans to primarily economic, social, and stakeholder concerns. Conversely, environmental and voluntariness dimensions are notably underrepresented in these communications.

RESEARCH ON CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF LARGE-DIAMETER SHIELD TUNNEL IN SHALLOW COVER SECTION OF RED STRATA GEOLOGY

This paper is based on the construction of the Haizhuwan Tunnel in Guangzhou, which passes through predominantly mudstone and sandstone red strata geology. Excavation is carried out using a slurry balance shield tunneling machine with both atmospheric pressure and pressurized cutterheads, and real-time excavation parameters recorded by the shield equipment are collected and statistically analyzed. Discovery: In the initial shallow-buried excavation section, the total thrust of the shield machine increased as the tunneling distance increased. By continuously adjusting the excavation parameters during construction, the shield machine gradually tended towards a stable operating state, leading to a gradual reduction in the range of thrust fluctuations. East Line: After excavating the reinforcement area, the increase in cutterhead torque is significant, leading to a more pronounced adaptation process for the shield machine. The cutterhead torque fluctuates more on rings 20 to 65 on the East Line, showing greater variability. This situation is related to the wear of the cutterhead and the condition of the shield machine equipment on the East Line. West Line: After excavating the reinforcement area, the cutterhead torque is initially reduced, with a slow and continuous increase in torque from rings 20 to 65, eventually stabilizing at around 12 MN·m. Throughout the excavation process, the shield machine on the East Line maintained a relatively high excavation speed within the reinforced soil at the face, with an average of 7.76 mm/min. As the machine excavated beyond the reinforcement area, the overall excavation speed of the shield machine slowed down. The excavation speed from ring 21 to ring 65 was primarily controlled between 2 to 6 mm/min, with an average of 4.49 mm/min, showing a relatively stable overall change.

The narcissistic celebrity leader: Berlusconi’s communication style and its impact on Italian leadership

ABSTRACT Among the many facets of Silvio Berlusconi’s extensive political career, his communication strategies and techniques stand out as particularly significant. This prominence is largely due to his dual role as a media tycoon and a flamboyant, narcissistic figure, both of which heavily influenced his public communication style. This article delves into Berlusconi’s communication approach as a critical element of his leadership. It examines how Berlusconi shaped his leadership image over the decades, focusing on his personality, storytelling, and the media and political marketing tools he employed to project his persona. Furthermore, in its concluding part, it investigates whether recent Italian leaders, particularly those who emerged in the 2010s after Berlusconi’s tenure, exhibit traits traceable to Berlusconi’s innovations. The article’s initial sections explore Berlusconi’s personality profile, his narrative techniques, and the media and political marketing strategies he used. The penultimate section highlights the interplay of these elements, showing how they created a distinctive, innovative leadership style linked to various facets of celebrity politics, sometimes in extreme forms. This section also addresses the legacy of Berlusconi’s leadership style, proposing that it served as a model for later Italian leaders, influencing their communication and image-building strategies. The article concludes by noting how, as a consequence, Berlusconi’s leadership model has been a transformative factor in Italian politics.

Finding Missing Calcifications.

Mammographic identification of microcalcifications may result in biopsy because many calcifications serve as markers for breast pathology. Absence of these calcifications in histologic sections may indicate that an area of concern has not been adequately sampled. To determine the optimal cutting protocols to identify mammary calcifications. Our standard protocol for breast biopsies with suspected mircocalcifications is to cut 2 levels separated by 30 µm and if no microcalcifications are detected, an additional 10 levels are obtained. An electronic search of surgical pathology records was performed for cases with microcalcifications identified between January 1, 2022, and March 30, 2023. For each case, slides designated by the radiologist as containing microcalcifications were retrieved. The level at which microcalcifications were first detected was recorded. The search revealed 431 specimens meeting the search criteria, of which 415 contained microcalcifications. Probability of finding microcalcifications in the initial level was 0.629 and the probability of detecting microcalcifications in the first 4 levels was 0.905. Four hundred three of 415 microcalcifications documented by mammographic imaging (97%) were detected histologically in the first 6 levels. A 6-level approach appears optimal for the detection of microcalcifications. This study may have implications for other specimen types where a strong suspicion exists for a pathologic lesion, but examination reveals no lesions in the initial sections. Protocols using 6-level-deep cuts may represent optimal sampling.

Enhancing problem-solving skills through physical education learning: a comprehensive analysis

Physical education (PE) has long been recognized as an important component of holistic education, contributing not only to physical fitness but also to cognitive, social, and emotional development. This research is to find out whether physical education can improve problem solving skills. The type of research used in this research is associative (relationship) research. This research was conducted on high school students in Padang, West Sumatra with a sample size of 50 people (23 men and 27 women) using a purposive sampling technique. The Problem Solving Inventory (PSI) was the tool used in this research. This instrument consists of (1) problem solving beliefs (r =.85), (2) approach-avoidance style (r =.88), (3) personal control (r -.83). The research results that can be seen in the anti-image matrix table determine the level of suitability of the variables studied. In this case, the three variables in the Problem Solving Inventory all have values ​​&gt; 0.50 with the following details: 1) Problem solving confidence 0.643; 2) Approach avoidance style 0.501 and 3) Personal control 0.501. Furthermore, the Total Variance explained above in the Initial Eigenvalues ​​section only has 1 factor which is formed from the 3 variables used. Because the requirement to become a factor is that the Initial Eigen Value &gt; 1 is able to explain 43.273%, while the Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings value is 1.298 or &gt; 1 and is able to explain 43.273% of the variation. And has a cumulative variation of 43.273%. Based on the research results above, it can be concluded that the problem-based learning model can improve the learning outcomes of high school students in Padang. Problem solving is an important component in life, therefore problem-solving skills must be included in every lesson. Keywords: physical education, problem solving, problem-based learning, school students

Machine Learning for Threat Detection in Softwares

The paper examines the application of machine learning (ML) techniques in the field of cybersecurity with the aim of enhancing threat detection and response capabilities. The initial section of the article provides a comprehensive examination of cybersecurity, highlighting the increasing significance of proactive defensive strategies in response to evolving cyber threats. Subsequently, a comprehensive overview of prevalentonline hazards is presented, emphasizing the imperative for the development of more sophisticated methodologies to detect and mitigate such risks. The primary emphasis of this work is to the practical use of machine learning in the identification and detection of potential dangers inside real-world contexts. This study examines three distinct cases: the detection of malware, attempts to breach security, and anomalous behavior shown by software. Each case study provides a detailed breakdown of the machine learning algorithms and approaches employed, demonstrating their effectiveness in identifying and mitigating risks. The paper further discusses the advantages and disadvantages associated with employing machine learning techniques for threat detection. One advantage of this approach is its ability to facilitatethe examination of extensive datasets, identification of intricate patterns, and prompt decision-making. However, discussions also revolve around difficulties like as erroneous discoveries, adversarial attacks, and concerns over privacy.

Methods for calculating the moisture discharge characteristics of insulators

This paper presents a detailed analysis and comparison of methods for calculating the moisture discharge voltage of insulators. The initial section provides a brief overview of the principles underlying air discharge along the surface of insulators, which is crucial for understanding moisture discharge processes. Two primary calculation methods for moisture discharge voltage are considered. The first method is based on Tepler's formula, which requires specific input data that can only be obtained experimentally. Although this approach is classical, it complicates practical application due to the difficulty of acquiring the necessary parameters under real-world conditions. The second method, described in the literature, relies on readily available data, significantly simplifying the calculation process. Based on this method, an automated tool for calculating the moisture discharge characteristics of insulators has been developed. The use of this tool reduces dependency on experimental data, providing accurate results with minimal time and resource expenditure. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed tool, a moisture discharge characteristic calculation was performed for the insulator type LK 70-110. According to the analysis results, the moisture discharge voltage for this insulator is 549 kV, with a stress of 2.1 kV per centimeter of leakage current path length. These figures align with the average values obtained using the first method, confirming the reliability and accuracy of the new approach. The conclusions indicate that the second calculation method is fully satisfactory for standard insulator calculations. It can also be applied in specific conditions, such as under-chemo-substations, where precision and efficiency are critically important. Thus, the proposed calculation method can become an effective tool for engineers and researchers involved in the design and analysis of insulation systems. This work significantly contributes to the development and improvement of methods for assessing the moisture discharge characteristics of insulators, representing an essential step towards enhancing the reliability and safety of electrical networks and their operation.

Applying a Fuzzy Ordering Approach in Transportation Problems with Decagonal Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers

In this study, the paper delves into precision challenges within traditional transportation problem solutions, which rigidly define cost, supply, and demand. Acknowledging the inherent vagueness in real world contexts, the research explores the efficacy of intuitive fuzzy sets as a potent tool. Organized into four distinct sections, this work utilizes decagonal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers for managing supply and demand, while upholding conventional approaches for cost considerations. Employing a fuzzy ordering method, optimal solutions are derived by adjusting the configuration of decagonal intuitive fuzzy numbers across each segment. Through a comparative analysis, the Study identifies the most effective solution, with initial sections addressing balanced geometric intuitionistic fuzzy transportation problems and the final part focusing on unbalanced scenarios, specifically emphasizing supply and demand complexities.

Optimal design of low frequency rubber vibration isolator

Abstract Low frequency vibration isolator is a common structure vibration control device, widely used in transportation and machinery manufacturing fields. This paper is centered around enhancing the optimization design of rubber isolators operating at low frequencies. In the initial section, the paper introduces the structural framework and operational principles of rubber isolators. Furthermore, it delves into the analysis of their significance and potential applications within engineering contexts. Subsequently, the paper narrows its focus to address the design challenges concerning rubber isolators with low-frequency capabilities. A comprehensive three-dimensional model is constructed using ANSYS software, employing finite element analysis techniques. The paper employs a multi-objective optimization algorithm through a direct optimization module to facilitate the optimization design process. Within this study, the NSGA-II algorithm was employed to drive the optimization of design, with the objective of achieving a 10 Hz frequency for a series of dual rubber isolators, while simultaneously constraining static deformation to within 8 mm. The outcomes of this investigation emphasize the successful attainment of optimization goals by meticulously fine-tuning the structural dimensions of the isolators.

Study of the inverse continuous Bernoulli distribution

The continuous Bernoulli distribution, a one-parameter probability distribution defined over the interval [0, 1], has recently garnered increased attention in the realm of applied statistics. Numerous studies have underscored both its merits and limitations, alongside proposing extended variants. In this article, we introduce an innovative modification of the continuous Bernoulli distribution through an inverse transformation, thereby introducing the inverse continuous Bernoulli distribution. The main characteristic of this distribution lies in its transposition of the continuous distribution’s properties onto the interval \( [1, +\infty)\), without necessitating any additional parameters. The initial section of this article elucidates the mathematical properties of this novel inverse distribution, encompassing essential probability functions and quantiles. Inference for the associated model is carried out via the widely employed maximum likelihood estimation method. To evaluate the efficacy of the estimated model, a comprehensive simulation study is conducted. Subsequently, the model’s performance is assessed in a practical context, using data sets from a diverse array of sources. Notably, our findings demonstrate its superior performance in comparison to a broad spectrum of analogous models defined over the support interval \( [1, +\infty)\), even surpassing the established Pareto model.

Effects of selenomethionine on the growth, oxidative potential, digestive enzyme activity, and immune status of juvenile sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus)

Abstract In a 56-day experiment, the effects of selenium-enriched yeast (SeY) on the growth, enzymatic activity of the gastrointestinal tract, oxidative stress parameters, and selected immunological parameters of sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus (L.), were analyzed. The concentration of selenomethionine (SeMet) from SeY in the feed was 0 mg kg−1 (C), 0.7 mg kg−1 feed (S1), 1.4 mg kg−1 feed (S2), and 2.1 mg kg−1 feed (S3). Statistically significant differences were found in the final fish body weight between the control and groups S1 and S3. A significant increase in lipase activity was found in the initial section of the small intestine of fish from group S3. The highest activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase was recorded in the liver of fish from group S2. Analyses of non-specific humoral response parameters showed an increase in ceruloplasmin activity in group S1. The lowest active dose of SeMet derived from yeast tested in this study that stimulated humoral immunity and fish growth was 0.7 mg kg−1 feed (S1).

Application of semiempirical correlations for multidimensional heat transfer in rocket engine cooling channels

Heat transfer in cooling channels of liquid rocket engine thrust chambers is an intrinsically multidimensional problem due to the geometry of the channels, often rectangular in section, and the asymmetric distribution of heat input from the hot combustion gas. In this study, the possibility of addressing this problem with semiempirical correlations for the coolant heat transfer and multidimensional numerical simulations for the heat conduction in the wall is investigated. Using experimental data from a test campaign of a cooling channel representative of liquid rocket engine conditions, semiempirical correlations are derived. Both cases of constant and variable heat transfer coefficient along the perimeter of the channel section are considered. The resulting correlations are then used to evaluate their reliability in reproducing the experimental wall temperature data from the same test campaign. For comparison, a correlation taken from the open literature and obtained with experimental data of circular heated tubes is also considered. The results demonstrate that correlations based on a constant heat transfer coefficient fail to reproduce with sufficient accuracy the test cases characterized by higher wall temperatures, while correlations based on a variable heat transfer coefficient overestimate the wall temperature in the initial sections of the channel.

Tactics for Treating Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms using Hybrid and Endovascular Techniques in Patients with Concomitant Coronary Heart Disease

The presence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in patients with aortic dissection increases the risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications during aortic repair. Researches on the effect of IHD on the treatment outcomes of patients with type B aortic dissection have not been carried out often. Only single publications based on relatively small statistical material are devoted to this problem in the literature. The cohort of patients with aortic dissection and IHD is extremely complex, and surgical correction of this comorbid condition is still a controversial topic. The aim. To analyze the impact of IHD with prior correction of coronary artery lesions on the results of hybrid and endovascular treatment of patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms. Materials and methods. From 2017 to 2023, on the basis of the National Amosov Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 245 patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm were treated using hybrid and endovascular techniques. Of these, 14 (5.7%) patients with coronary malperfusion underwent previous cor-rection of IHD either alone or in combination with prosthetics of the aortic valve, ascending aorta and arch of the aorta, initial section of the descending aorta (elephant trunk) with a good outcome. The comparison group included 30 (12.2%) patients who underwent endovascular or hybrid correction of the descending thoracic aorta without coronary pathology. Results. In the experimental group, 5 complications (42.9%) were detected (3 in the intraoperative period and 2 in the postoperative period). The frequency of complications of a similar nature in patients without concomitant IHD (com-parison group) was 13.3%. Endoleak type 1 was also dominant in this group. In most cases, it was eliminated by balloon dilatation of the stent graft. Only in 1 case, Endoleak type 1b was the reason for re-intervention with placement of an additional stent after 6 months. Conclusions. Studies show that the presence of even corrected IHD complicates the course of endovascular and hy-brid surgical treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms, as evidenced by significantly higher rates of postoperative compli-cations, longer length of stay in the intensive care unit, as well as time on mechanical ventilation. Preliminary myocardial revascularization in patients with IHD should be one of the main conditions for the endovas-cular treatment of aortic aneurysms, taking into account the specifics of performing such operations and the possibility of fatal complications with hemodynamically significant narrowing of the coronary arteries.

Formulation and Evaluation of Tablets Using the Solvent Evaporation Method to Increase the Solubility of Lansoprazole

The inability to determine sufficient and repeatable bioavailability and/or desirable pharmacokinetic features in humans is one of the biggest obstacles to the oral administration of new medicines. The solubility and absorption of a medicine determine its bioavailability, which in turn determines its therapeutic efficacy. Achieving the target drug concentration in the systemic circulation and ensuring drug biological activity in humans are both affected by solubility. A stomach ulcer has the potential to rip through the stomach lining, the initial section of the small intestine, and possibly even the lower esophagus. Distinct ulcers form in different parts of the intestines; one forms in the duodenum and one in the stomach. Duodenal ulcers are most commonly characterized by upper abdominal pain at night that subsides after eating. Eating might exacerbate the discomfort from a stomach ulcer. Preparing and assessing the pills will yield optimal outcomes. The active component content is 99.90%, as is the active ingredient release rate. Compared to other formulations, solid dispersion tablets performed better in in-vitro tests (98.85%). The optimized formulation (lansoprazole solid dispersion tablets) outperformed the labeled formulation (conventional lansoprazole tablet) in terms of drug-releasing capacity within 6 hours, outperforming both formulations.

Dynamics of some compact structures and moment of inertia in f(ℛ,𝒯 ) gravity

The primary objective of this study is to conduct a thorough examination of relativistic structures within the framework of [Formula: see text] gravity, where [Formula: see text] is the Ricci scalar and [Formula: see text] is the trace of the energy–momentum tensor. We investigate the emerging characteristics of compact stars, focusing on the [Formula: see text] model, where [Formula: see text] is the coupling constant. In the initial sections of the paper, we concentrate on the examination of exact interior solutions involving perfect fluid. With this aim, we introduce the metric coefficient [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are arbitrary constants to be computed from the matching conditions and [Formula: see text] is a positive odd integer. It is worth noticing that we select a group of 10 significant compact stars from recent studies, namely, Vela [Formula: see text], EXO [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], SMC[Formula: see text], Her[Formula: see text], PSR [Formula: see text], PSR[Formula: see text], Cen[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and LMC[Formula: see text]. To investigate the viability of our model, we conduct various checks, including the analysis of energy density and pressure components, equilibrium, and energy conditions, stability analysis and the adiabatic index. An important part of this work provides the slowly rotating property of stars, accompanied by the derivation of the moment of inertia. The relationship of mass, energy density, radius and moment of inertia for stellar objects are observed. Our findings demonstrate that obtained results are physically acceptable and consistent with our considered model.

Study of aerodynamic damping of a crosswind-excited circular cylinder and its application to full-scale flexible structures

The accurate assessment of aerodynamic damping is essential when estimating the impact of aero-elastic effects on crosswind-excited line-like structures. This study aims to determine the crosswind aerodynamic damping of a circular cylinder by curve-fitting to the response probability density function. The generalized Van der Pol oscillator model is employed to depict the nonlinearity associated with amplitude-dependent aerodynamic damping. The initial section of this study presents the theoretical foundation of the identified approach used in this research. Subsequently, the efficacy of the identification methodology is validated by means of a stochastic simulation of the crosswind response of a circular cylinder. Moreover, identification of nonlinear aerodynamic damping is further accomplished by the utilization of an aero-elastic model wind tunnel test. The identified nonlinear aerodynamic damping is then utilized to determine the response statistical quantities for a total of 16 chimneys. The determined aerodynamic damping provides a satisfactory assessment of the peak response, which is crucial for design considerations.

Noble Metal Plasmon-Molecular Catalyst Hybrids for Renewable Energy Relevant Small Molecule Activation.

Significant endeavors have been dedicated to the advancement of materials for artificial photosynthesis, aimed at efficiently harvesting light and catalyzing reactions such as hydrogen production and CO2 conversion. The application of plasmonic nanomaterials emerges as a promising option for this purpose, owing to their excellent light absorption properties and ability to confine solar energy at the nanoscale. In this regard, coupling plasmonic particles with molecular catalysts offers a pathway to create high-performance hybrid catalysts. In this review, we discuss the plasmonic-molecular complex hybrid catalysts where the plasmonic nanoparticles serve as the light-harvesting unit and promote interfacial charge transfer in tandem with the molecular catalyst which drives chemical transformation. In the initial section, we provide a concise overview of plasmonic nanomaterials and their photophysical properties. We then explore recent breakthroughs, highlighting examples from literature reports involving plasmonic-molecular complex hybrids in various catalytic processes. The utilization of plasmonic materials in conjunction with molecular catalysts represents a relatively unexplored area with substantial potential yet to be realized. This review sets a strong basis and motivation to explore the plasmon-induced hot-electron mediated photelectrochemical small molecule activation reactions. Utilizing in situ spectroscopic investigations and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, it presents a comprehensive template for scalable and sustainable antenna-reactor systems.

Molecular Markers for Marker-Assisted Breeding for Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Melon (Cucumis melo L.): A Review.

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a globally grown crop renowned for its juice and flavor. Despite growth in production, the melon industry faces several challenges owing to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses throughout the growth and development of melon. The aim of the review article is to consolidate current knowledge on the genetic mechanism of both biotic and abiotic stress in melon, facilitating the development of robust, disease-resistant melon varieties. A comprehensive literature review was performed, focusing on recent genetic and molecular advancements related to biotic and abiotic stress responses in melons. The review emphasizes the identification and analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), functional genes, and molecular markers in two sections. The initial section provides a comprehensive summary of the QTLs and major and minor functional genes, and the establishment of molecular markers associated with biotic (viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens, and nematodes) and abiotic stress (cold/chilling, drought, salt, and toxic compounds). The latter section briefly outlines the molecular markers employed to facilitate marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) and identify cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic stressors, emphasizing their relevance in strategic marker-assisted melon breeding. These insights could guide the incorporation of specific traits, culminating in developing novel varieties, equipped to withstand diseases and environmental stresses by targeted breeding, that meet both consumer preferences and the needs of melon breeders.