Initial Reference Model Research Articles

Reduction of Numerical Model in Some Geotechnical Problems

Abstract The concept of equivalence of the realistic, initial reference model and the simplified, reduced model is proposed. In reduced models, the action of the soil on the structure is replaced by the action of a layer with prescribed properties, defined by a set of parameters. The main difficulty here is to find the parameter values required by the simplified theory. The subject of this work is to find the dependence of the parameters of the reduced model on the parameters of the full model, including realistic soil behavior, in order to ensure the equivalence of both models. We show the potential of the method by presenting two examples: Winkler and Pasternak's model of a plate on the ground. We assume that both models are equivalent if they give identical results (displacements) at a finite number of observation points. An artificial neural network (ANN) is built in order to approximate and record the dependence of the parameters of the reduced model (at the network output) from the parameters of the full model (given at the network input). The complex network acts as a formula that assigns the parameters of the reduced model to a realistic description of the soil structure that is used for finite element method (FEM) modeling. The formalism we propose is quite general and can be applied to many engineering problems. The presented procedure is entirely numerical; it allows to calculate the parameters of the reduced model without resorting to symbolic calculations or additional theoretical considerations.

An active learning approach to train a deep learning algorithm for tumor segmentation from brain MR images

PurposeThis study focuses on assessing the performance of active learning techniques to train a brain MRI glioma segmentation model.MethodsThe publicly available training dataset provided for the 2021 RSNA-ASNR-MICCAI Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS) Challenge was used in this study, consisting of 1251 multi-institutional, multi-parametric MR images. Post-contrast T1, T2, and T2 FLAIR images as well as ground truth manual segmentation were used as input for the model. The data were split into a training set of 1151 cases and testing set of 100 cases, with the testing set remaining constant throughout. Deep convolutional neural network segmentation models were trained using the NiftyNet platform. To test the viability of active learning in training a segmentation model, an initial reference model was trained using all 1151 training cases followed by two additional models using only 575 cases and 100 cases. The resulting predicted segmentations of these two additional models on the remaining training cases were then addended to the training dataset for additional training.ResultsIt was demonstrated that an active learning approach for manual segmentation can lead to comparable model performance for segmentation of brain gliomas (0.906 reference Dice score vs 0.868 active learning Dice score) while only requiring manual annotation for 28.6% of the data.ConclusionThe active learning approach when applied to model training can drastically reduce the time and labor spent on preparation of ground truth training data.Critical relevance statementActive learning concepts were applied to a deep learning-assisted segmentation of brain gliomas from MR images to assess their viability in reducing the required amount of manually annotated ground truth data in model training.Key points• This study focuses on assessing the performance of active learning techniques to train a brain MRI glioma segmentation model.• The active learning approach for manual segmentation can lead to comparable model performance for segmentation of brain gliomas.• Active learning when applied to model training can drastically reduce the time and labor spent on preparation of ground truth training data.Graphical

Sensitivity Analysis of FWI Applied to OVSP Synthetic Data for Fault Detection and Characterization in Crystalline Rocks

We have performed several sensitivity studies to assess the ability of the Full Wave Inversion method to detect, delineate and characterize faults in a crystalline geothermal reservoir from OVSP data. The distant goal is to apply the method to the Soultz-sous-Forêts site (France). Our approach consists of performing synthetic Full Wave 2D Inversion experiments using offset vertical seismic and comparing the estimated fields provided by the inversion, i.e., the estimated underground images, to the initial reference model including the fault target. We first tuned the inversion algorithmic parameters in order to adapt the FWI software, originally dedicated to a sedimentary context, to a crystalline context. In a second step, we studied the sensitivity of the FWI fault imaging results as a function of the acquisition geometry parameters, namely, the number of shots, the intershot distance, the maximum offset and also the antenna length and well deviation. From this study, we suggest rules to design the acquisition geometry in order to improve the fault detection, delineation and characterization. In a third step, we studied the sensitivity of the FWI fault imaging results as a function of the fault or the fault zone characteristics, namely, the fault dip, thickness and the contrast of physical parameters between the fault materials and the surrounding fresh rocks. We have shown that a fault with high dip, between 60 and 90° as thin as 10 m (i.e. lower than a tenth of the seismic wavelength of 120 m for Vp and 70 m for Vs) can be imaged by FWI, even in the presence of additive gaussian noise. In summary, for a crystalline geological context, and dealing with acceptable S/N ratio data, the FWI show a high potential for accurately detecting, delineating and characterizing the fault zones.

Design and Optimization of Lightweight and HSD Excavator Bucket with Uncertain Load

Excavators are used primarily to excavate below the natural surface of the ground on which the machine rests and load it into trucks or tractor. Due to severe working conditions, excavator parts are subjected to high loads. The excavator mechanism must work reliably under unpredictable working conditions. Thus, it is very much necessary for the designers to provide not only a equipment of maximum reliability but also of minimum weight and cost, keeping design. safe under all loading conditions weight and cost, keeping design safe under all loading conditions. It can be concluded that, force analysis and strength analysis is an important step in the design of excavator parts. This paper presents a methodology for lightweight and high-strength design of an excavator bucket under uncertain loading. Uncertain loads are obtained by using the Monte Carlo simulation based on the existing soil-bucket interaction model in which the soil parameters are variable. And the well-known 3-sigma methodology is used for the quantification of the uncertain loads. Excavator bucket modelling is finished by using ANSYS Parameter Design Language (APDL). A multi-objective optimization model aiming to decrease the maximum von Mises stress and to reduce the weight of the bucket is established on the foundations of the uncertain load and the parametric geometry model. The structural shape and topology of the bucket are then designed by using the mixed variable genetic algorithm to solve the established optimization problem. The results show that the presented method can be effectively and efficiently applied for the optimization design of the excavator bucket and that the optimized bucket signifies obvious decreases in the weight and the stress compared with the initial reference model. The proposed methodology for structure optimization design considering uncertain loads not only provides the technical means for the design and development of high-performance bucket but also lays a preliminary theoretical foundation for the optimization design integrated machine-environment interaction.

Seismic Inversion for the Calculation of Velocities Using the Generalized Inverse Linear Matrix, the Wave Equation, and a Non-Reflective-Boundaries Condition

Objective: this work presents the results obtained in the development of a seismic velocity inversion mo­del. The reference times recorded on the surface are taken and using the inversion model to obtain the initial reference model (hypocenters and velocities), starting from an unknown model.
 Methodology: A hypothetical reference model is pro­posed containing 64 blocks with interval velocity, 16 recording stations on the surface, and 64 earth­quakes in the center of each block. With this model, the reference arrival times are generated for each ear­thquake registered in each station. The inversion mo­del is made up of two parts: the direct model, which allows calculating the arrival times of the signal regis­tered on the surface according to the hypo-central lo­cation of the earthquake and the velocity of the P and S wave of the medium; and the inverse model, which estimates a model of the velocity of the environment and hypo-central locations of the earthquakes that are the input variables of the direct model. The direct model was developed with the wave equation, while the inverse model was developed by modifying the generalized inverse matrix by introducing a factor called “damping.”
 Results: The discretization model is based on the finite difference method.. When estimating the values of velocity and hypo-central location with the inverse algorithm, the propagation of the wave is simulated with the direct model, and they are compared with the data of reference times measured on the surface. Depending on the value of the mean square error, we proceed to modify the mean velocities and hypo­centers of the earthquakes. This process is repeated iteratively until the calculated error is less than a to­lerance of 2x10-3s2.
 Conclusions: It was found that the estimated values of velocity and hypo central locations coincide well for regions closer to the surface, while for deep regions the error is greater compared to the hypothetical re­ference model.

Design of Compact High-Isolation MIMO Antenna With Multiobjective Mixed Optimization Algorithm

Integrating particle swarm optimization (PSO) and binary PSO into multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D) by group operator in parallel, an improved mixed optimization algorithm MOEA/D-M is proposed as an automation design scheme for compact high-isolation multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna design. When the algorithm runs, each particle has several neighboring particles and all the particles are subdivided into a few groups. Both groups and neighborhoods provide helpful or potential information to their members. Then, under predefined constraints, MIMO antenna with anticipated performance can be generated intelligently and targetedly. The effectiveness of this design scheme is demonstrated by a single-band and a dual-band compact high-isolation MIMO antenna design for wireless local area network (WLAN)/world interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications sharing the same initial reference model. The design degree of freedom of MIMO antennas may be increased greatly with the proposed design technique.

Current approaches for automated model building into cryo-EM maps using Buccaneer with CCP-EM.

This work focuses on the use of the existing protein-model-building software Buccaneer to provide structural interpretation of electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) maps. Originally developed for application to X-ray crystallography, the necessary steps to optimise the usage of Buccaneer with cryo-EM maps are shown. This approach has been applied to the data sets of 208 cryo-EM maps with resolutions of better than 4 Å. The results obtained also show an evident improvement in the sequencing step when the initial reference map and model used for crystallographic cases are replaced by a cryo-EM reference. All other necessary changes to settings in Buccaneer are implemented in the model-building pipeline from within the CCP-EM interface (as of version 1.4.0).

Lightweight and High‐Strength Design of an Excavator Bucket under Uncertain Loading

This paper presents a methodology for lightweight and high‐strength design of an excavator bucket under uncertain loading. Uncertain loads are obtained by using the Monte Carlo simulation based on the existing soil‐bucket interaction model in which the soil parameters are variable. And the well‐known 3‐sigma methodology is used for the quantification of the uncertain loads. Excavator bucket modelling is finished by using ANSYS Parameter Design Language (APDL). A multiobjective optimization model aiming to decrease the maximum von Mises stress and to reduce the weight of the bucket is established on the foundations of the uncertain load and the parametric geometry model. The structural shape and topology of the bucket are then designed by using the mixed variable genetic algorithm to solve the established optimization problem. The results show that the presented method can be effectively and efficiently applied for the optimization design of the excavator bucket and that the optimized bucket signifies obvious decreases in the weight and the stress compared with the initial reference model. The proposed methodology for structure optimization design considering uncertain loads not only provides the technical means for the design and development of high‐performance bucket but also lays a preliminary theoretical foundation for the optimization design integrated machine‐environment interaction.

상향식 도시 에너지 수요 예측을 위한 건물 에너지 모델 개발에 관한 연구

The bottom-up approach in city energy simulation is one of the key issues for planning sustainable cities. Other than some existing models, developments of sufficiently accurate and rapid building models are mandatory for use in urban energy analysis. From a common building model, a new simplified building model is deduced that has the same level of detail than the initial model. As the balanced realization reduction technique, the main simplification method, is applicable only to the linear and time-invariant systems, the initial reference model are modified in a way that all the non-linear characteristics inherent in the model are linearized with some simplification methods proposed in this paper. Results show that the obtained simplified model is capable of reproducing thermal dynamics as the reference model has. Particularly, the hourly peak load estimation with the proposed model is well matched with the initial reference model. Calculation time required for the annual energy simulation of a single building was less than 1 second using the proposed model.

The use of artificial structure as an initial reference model for projection-matching three dimensional reconstruction: visualization of macromolecular structure using cryo-electron microscopy

Projection-matching single particle three dimensional reconstruction following to electron microscopy is the one of common methods to visualize three dimensional structures of target macromolecules or protein-protein interaction at medium or near-atomic resolution. In this report, we demonstrated the potentiality of using artificial structure as an initial reference model for its computational processing by describing an example experiment in which we obtained ~ 2000 single particle images from cryo-electron microscopy. The reconstruction using the model provided correct matching parameters of single particle experimental images with projection images of the model, ultimately resulting in generating informative three dimensional volume. Comparative analysis confirmed that the resultant volume has a remarkably similar structure to the proposed atomic model. These results provided suggestive evidence for using this technical approach as a useful analytical tool for determining macromolecular structure in the model independence way. In addition, the finding goal can be used for evaluating high resolution structure processed from the reference model of atomic structure since it is an ideal method to eliminate any possibilities of model-bias.

An Adaptable Connectionist Text-Retrieval System With Relevance Feedback

This paper introduces a new connectionist network for certain domain-specific text-retrieval and search applications with expert end users. A new model reference adaptive system is proposed that involves three learning phases. Initial model-reference learning is first performed based upon an ensemble set of input-output of an initial reference model. Model-reference following is needed in dynamic environments where documents are added, deleted, or updated. Relevance feedback learning from multiple expert users then optimally maps the original query using either a score-based or a click-through selection process. The learning can be implemented, in regression or classification modes, using a three-layer network. The first layer is an adaptable layer that performs mapping from query domain to document space. The second and third layers perform document-to-term mapping, search/retrieval, and scoring tasks. The learning algorithms are thoroughly tested on a domain-specific text database that encompasses a wide range of Hewlett Packard (HP) products and for a large number of most commonly used single- and multiterm queries.

Predicting The Mechanical Behaviour Of LargeComposite Rocket Motor Cases

A method to develop finite element models of the rocket motor cases of a strategic missile is presented. Based on the use of multivariate analyses, this approach is made necessary given the impossibility to control all input data: difficult characterization of filament wound materials, influence of manufacturing and qualification processes, unknown fabrication parameters, etc. An initial reference model is built up using preliminary data and theoretical winding laws. Having compared the models predictions and available structural test results, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to discuss the individual influence of the input data on the accuracy of the predictions. The multivariate analysis finally enables a global assessment of the parametric analysis results.

Calibration of Alligator Fatigue Cracking Model for 2002 Design Guide

In AASHTO's 2002 design guide, the classic fatigue cracking mechanism, which normally initiates at the bottom of the asphalt layer and propagates to the surface (bottom-up cracking), was studied. The prediction of bottom-up alligator fatigue cracking was based on a mechanistic approach to calculate stress and strain. An empirical approach then related these strains to fatigue damage in pavement caused by traffic loads. To provide credibility to the new design procedure, the theoretically predicted distress models must be calibrated to “real-world” performance. In fact, calibration of these distress models is considered to be the most important activity to facilitate implementation, acceptance, and adoption of the design procedure and to establish confidence in the entire procedure. The procedure followed for the national calibration of the alligator fatigue–cracking model used in the AASHTO 2002 design guide is discussed. This calibration study used data from all over the United States, with different environments, material, and traffic. A total of 82 pavement sections from 24 different states were used in the calibration. Tensile strain at the bottom of each asphalt layer was calculated using a linear layer elastic analysis procedure. The initial (base) reference model used in the calibration was the Asphalt Institute MS-1 model. This model was used to compute the damage caused by traffic loads and pavement structure. Predicted damage was then correlated to the measured fatigue cracking in the field, and a transfer function was obtained for the alligator fatigue–cracking distress.

Part 2: Flexible Pavements: Calibration of Alligator Fatigue Cracking Model for 2002 Design Guide

In AASHTO's 2002 design guide, the classic fatigue cracking mechanism, which normally initiates at the bottom of the asphalt layer and propagates to the surface (bottom-up cracking), was studied. The prediction of bottom-up alligator fatigue cracking was based on a mechanistic approach to calculate stress and strain. An empirical approach then related these strains to fatigue damage in pavement caused by traffic loads. To provide credibility to the new design procedure, the theoretically predicted distress models must be calibrated to “real-world” performance. In fact, calibration of these distress models is considered to be the most important activity to facilitate implementation, acceptance, and adoption of the design procedure and to establish confidence in the entire procedure. The procedure followed for the national calibration of the alligator fatigue–cracking model used in the AASHTO 2002 design guide is discussed. This calibration study used data from all over the United States, with different environments, material, and traffic. A total of 82 pavement sections from 24 different states were used in the calibration. Tensile strain at the bottom of each asphalt layer was calculated using a linear layer elastic analysis procedure. The initial (base) reference model used in the calibration was the Asphalt Institute MS-1 model. This model was used to compute the damage caused by traffic loads and pavement structure. Predicted damage was then correlated to the measured fatigue cracking in the field, and a transfer function was obtained for the alligator fatigue–cracking distress.

Direct inversion of velocity interfaces

Seismic tomography traditionally inverts for velocity field on a regularly spaced and fixed‐in‐space model grid. Such an approach is not able to adequately describe pinchouts or wedge‐shaped velocities as commonly seen at basin boundaries, faulted rock beds, and back‐arc mantle wedges. A regularly spaced model grid also requires the use of a large number of model variables. This paper shows a different approach called deformable layer tomography (DLT) to directly invert for velocity interfaces. The use of thickness‐varying layers allows a much smaller number of model variables for the DLT than the regularly spaced model grid. In the DLT the geologic framework and known velocity range are adopted into the initial reference model, and the best‐data‐fitting geometry of the velocity interfaces is determined, as illustrated by synthetic and field data examples.

Modeling the Accretion Stream in Polars

I present a summary of my dissertation research into a method of modeling the accretion stream in magnetic cataclysmic variables known as polars. Polars are interacting binary stars in which the primary star is a magnetic white dwarf with a surface field strength 10 MG. Material is accreted from a low-mass main-sequence secondary star and funneled by the magnetic field onto the white dwarf surface. The standard, simple picture of the accretion stream has two regions: the ballistic path where the magnetic forces are negligible and the magnetically controlled path where the material is forced to flow along the magnetic field lines onto the white dwarf surface. The “coupling” point is located where the gas stream transitions from the ballistic path to the magnetically controlled path. The stream is assumed to be a thin tube with a cylindrically symmetric density distribution. This simple picture, however, is unable to explain the complex features often seen in polar observations. In order to develop a better understanding of the complex accretion streams, a more detailed model is needed. My models solve for the three-dimensional stream geometry and provide the density distribution and gas velocity throughout the stream from the L1 point to the white dwarf surface. In order to solve for the detailed stream structure without resorting to simplified geometries, we must employ computationally intensive algorithms such as smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). SPH treats a continuous gas as a superposition of extended segments of the gas, referred to as particles. The hydrodynamic equations can then be approximated by summations over the particles. In my SPH models, the gas particles are released from the L1 boundary and then allowed to flow under the influence of the gravitational, rotational, and thermodynamic forces. These initial models use the common assumption that the magnetic pressure is negligible as long as the ram pressure of the gas is higher. Once the magnetic pressure on a particle exceeds the ram pressure, the particle “couples” and is forced to flow along the magnetic field lines. The SPH method has been applied to a “reference system” that has system parameters typical of what is found in known polars. The reference system results are in general agreement with the standard, simplified model of the accretion stream but show considerably more detail. Interesting features include the coupling region and the impact region on the white dwarf surface. The coupling region is significantly extended, approximately 11 white dwarf radii long. The low-density edges of the stream couple to the field lines first, while the higher density core of the stream is able to penetrate farther into the magnetosphere of the white dwarf. In addition, because of the orientation of the magnetic dipole axis to the stream, the edge of the stream closest to the dipole will begin to couple before the far edge. The resulting shape is an asymmetric cone. The basic structure in the coupling region is projected down to the white dwarf surface at the impact region. Material from the stream impacts the surface in an arc shape offset from the dipole axis. One end of the arc, corresponding to the material that coupled from the core of the stream, has a much higher density than material impacting along the remainder of the arc. The arc is more accurately described as a V shape with two wings extending out from the high-density core region. The impacting density drops off along these wings, which are also asymmetric. In addition to the stream geometry described above, the reference SPH model reveals another feature not seen in the standard simple accretion-stream model. While the vast majority of the gas in the stream flows away from the L1 point along the ballistic stream, a small fraction of the material is predicted to be controlled by the magnetic field immediately and couple to the lines directly at the L1 point. This small amount of material would flow along a distinct path and impact the white dwarf away from the main arc-shaped impact region. The initial reference model work was supplemented with additional SPH models that explore the effects of various system parameters on the accretion stream. In particular, the magnetic field strength, mass-transfer rate, dipole orientation, and stream temperature were varied. As expected, the coupling position depends upon the mass-transfer rate and magnetic field strength. The stream temperature, which is assumed to be isothermal, does not significantly affect the coupling position but does affect the width of the accretion stream. The dipole orientation naturally affects the geometry of the magnetically confined path and impact location on the white dwarf but shows

Upper mantle structure beneath the Alpine orogen from high‐resolution teleseismic tomography

To understand the evolution of the Alpine orogen, knowledge of the actual structure of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere system is important. We perform high‐resolution teleseismic tomography with manually picked P wave arrival times from seismograms recorded in the greater Alpine region. The resulting data set consists of 4199 relative P wave arrivals and 499 absolute P wave arrivals from 76 teleseismic events, corrected for the contribution of the Alpine crust to the travel times. The three‐dimensional (3‐D) crustal model established from controlled‐source seismology data for that purpose represents the large‐scale Alpine crustal structure. Absolute P wave arrival times are used to compute an initial reference model for the inversion. Tests with synthetic data document that the combination of nonlinear inversion, high‐quality teleseismic data, and usage of an a priori 3‐D crustal model allows a reliable resolution of cells at 50 km × 50 km × 30 km. Hence structures as small as two cells can be resolved in the upper mantle. Our tomographic images illuminate the structure of the uppermost mantle to depth of 400 km. Along strike of the Alps, the inversion reveals a high‐velocity structure that dips toward the SE beneath the Adriatic microplate in the western and central Alps. In the eastern Alps we observe a northeastward dipping feature, subducting beneath the European plate. We interpret this feature in the western and central Alps as subducted, mainly continental European lower lithosphere. For the east, we propose that parts of the Vardar oceanic basin were subducted toward the NE, forcing continental Adriatic lower lithosphere to subduct northeastward beneath the European plate.

CIM extensions to electrical distribution and CIM XML for the IEEE radial test feeders

The electric power utility is an extremely large enterprise and has many computer systems and applications to complete both business and engineering functions. An efficient information exchanging and sharing infrastructure is key to the success of an electric utility. To facilitate the integration, a common data model is needed as a common language by which systems and applications can talk with each other. This research focuses on creating a common data model for the electrical distribution. It extends the CIM to electrical distribution for the data requirements by the distribution power flow and proposes modified models for distribution lines, distribution loads, and some specific distribution devices. It converts the IEEE radial test feeders to distribution CIM-based XML documents and provides an initial reference model for the electric distribution data in CIM XML format. These CIM XML documents have been tested and reviewed by industrial contacts. More tests are encouraged to check the interoperability of the proposed model and created CIM XML documents of the IEEE radial test feeders.

Illumination‐based normalization for wave‐equation depth migration

Illumination problems caused by finite‐recording aperture and lateral velocity lensing can bias amplitudes in migration results. In this paper, I develop a normalization scheme appropriate for wave‐equation migration algorithms that compensates for irregular illumination. I generate synthetic seismic data over a reference reflectivity model, using the adjoint of wave‐equation shot‐profile migration as the forward modeling operator. I then migrate the synthetic data with the same shot‐profile algorithm. The ratio between the synthetic migration result and the initial reference model is a measure of seismic illumination. Dividing the true data migration result by this illumination function mitigates the illumination problems. The methodology can take into account reflector dip as well as both shot and receiver geometries, and, because it is based on wave‐equation migration, it naturally models the finite‐frequency effects of wave propagation. The reference model should be as close to the true model as possible; good choices include the migrated image, or a synthetic image with a single known dip that corresponds to the expected dip of a reflector of interest. Computational shortcuts allow the illumination functions to be computed at about the cost of a single migration. Results indicate that normalization can significantly reduce amplitude distortions due to irregular subsurface illumination.

Probabilistic earthquake location in complex three‐dimensional velocity models: Application to Switzerland

We present a new approach to determine precise and reliable hypocenter locations in the tectonically complex region of Switzerland. A three‐dimensional (3‐D) P wave velocity model to be used for earthquake relocation is obtained by simultaneously inverting arrival times of local earthquakes for hypocenter locations and 3‐D P wave velocity structure. A 3‐D P wave velocity model derived from controlled source seismology (CSS) is used as an initial reference model. The final 3‐D model thus combines all available information from both CSS and local earthquake data. The probabilistic, nonlinear formulation of the earthquake location problem includes a complete description of location uncertainties and can be used with any kind of velocity model. In particular, the combination of nonlinear, global search algorithms, such as the Oct‐Tree Importance Sampling, with probabilistic earthquake location provides a fast and reliable tool for earthquake location. The comparison of hypocenter locations obtained routinely by the Swiss Seismological Service (SED) to those relocated in the new 3‐D velocity model using a probabilistic approach reveals no systematic shifts but does exhibit large individual shifts in some epicenter locations and focal depths. We can attribute these large shifts in part to large uncertainties in the hypocenter location. Events with a low number of observations (<8) and no observation within the critical focal depth distance typically show large location uncertainties. Improved hypocentral locations, particularly for mine blasts and earthquakes whose routine hypocenter locations had been questionable, confirm that improved velocity model and probabilistic earthquake location yield more precise and reliable hypocenter locations and associated location uncertainties for Switzerland.