Initial Raw Material Research Articles

Production of Long-Fiber Pulp from Enset Plant Residues by Soda Pulping.

This paper evaluates the modification of fiber morphology and the strength property development of paper from Enset fiber as a function of soda pulping conditions and refining energy. Soda pulping was conducted at pulping temperatures between 160 and 180 °C. The NaOH charge was 16, 20, and 24% based on the initial raw material. The beating of pulp was conducted using a Jokro mill. The refining of pulp was conducted in a laboratory refiner at different refining intensities. The mild Jokro mill beating was not effective on Enset fiber pulp. On the other hand, the laboratory refiner effectively refined the pulp. The fiber morphology was altered in the way of improving the paper formation and strength. The beating degree of the pulp was increased to about 49 °SR. The tensile index was enhanced to around 80 Nm/g using a refining energy input of 250 kwh/t. From the results, it can be concluded that Enset fiber pulp is suitable for packaging papers due to its high strength level. On the other hand, Enset fiber can be a potential raw material for specialty papers like filter paper and tea bags because of its high porosity.

Closed-loop recyclable wood-plastic composite as a sustainable alternative to wood: A solution for utilizing wood waste and promoting carbon sequestration

Utilizing wood waste to construct high-performance materials and partially replace natural wood applications is a feasible solution to address the overconsumption of forest resources and enhance carbon sequestration. A closed-loop recyclable wood-plastic composite (WPC) with high wood waste flour (WF) content (70 wt%) was developed using poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) as the polymer component. The two components in WF/PPDO WPC form an interesting symbiotic relationship owing to their strong interactions. PPDO serves as “binder” for WF and integrates them as a whole, whilst WF protects PPDO from hydrolysis, therefore substantially prolonging service life. The comprehensive performance of the WF/PPDO WPC (such as WF content, mechanical properties, hardness, and water absorption) is comparable or better than natural wood or commercial WPC. Moreover, WF/PPDO can be closed-loop recycled almost 100 % to its initial raw materials. The relatively low carbon footprint of WF/PPDO (1.06 kg CO2e/kg of materials) was confirmed by life-cycle assessment (LCA). In addition, the facile preparation of WF/PPDO is scalable and widely applicable to other cellulose-containing waste.

Determining the efficient mass ratio of the extractant and the object of extraction and the equilibrium concentrations of the target components in them

The caviar and lecithin complex of freshwater fish can be widely used for the production of various food products, including those of functional orientation. The main technological operations in lecithin technology should include the processes of extraction of the initial caviar raw material and raffinate obtained after the first stage of selective extraction. The purpose of the study is to identify the rational mass ratio of extractant and raw material (module), on which the extraction efficiency depends, as well as the final concentration of extracted substances in the extract to determine its current value in the process of mass transfer to study the kinetics of extraction. The object of the study is the caviar-anchovy complex of fathead carp, carp, pikeperch and catfish, as well as the extract and raffinate from it. Summarizing the experimental data on revealing the rational module, as well as the final concentration of extracted substances in the extracts obtained, we can conclude that for caviar of the fish species under study, the rational hydromodule for its extraction with acetone is the ratio of dry caviar : extractant 1 : 4, and for its extraction with ethyl alcohol is the ratio of dry caviar : extractant 1 : 8. If the mass ratio refers to the fresh caviar of the studied fish species, then its rational indicator at its extraction with acetone is the ratio of fresh caviar : extractant 1 : 1.5, and at its extraction with ethyl alcohol is the ratio of fresh caviar : extractant 1 : 3. The average final concentration of extracted substances from dry caviar of the studied fish species in the extracts obtained, if acetone was used as a solvent under rational conditions of mass transfer, corresponds to the value of 1.3 %, and if ethyl alcohol was used as a solvent under rational conditions of mass transfer, corresponds to the value of 1.0 %.

Enhancement of strength and thermal shock resistance of MgO‐MgAl2O4 ceramic filters with microporous MgO powder: Effect of α‐Al2O3 micro‐powder content

AbstractIn this work, MgO‐MgAl2O4 ceramic filters were fabricated from microporous MgO powder and α‐Al2O3 micro‐powder, in which microporous MgO powder was prepared using Mg(OH)2 as initial raw material. With the α‐Al2O3 micro‐powder content increased from 0 to 15 wt%, the tight packing and reaction sintering between MgO microparticles and Al2O3 microparticles promoted the formation and growth of magnesium aluminate spinel necks, reduced the apparent porosity of ceramic filter skeletons, decreased the pore size, and improved the strength of the filters. When the α‐Al2O3 micro‐powder content further raised to 20 wt%, the thermal mismatch between MgO microparticles and spinel microparticles caused a small amount of crack generation, which lowered the strength of the filter. Besides, after introducing the α‐Al2O3 micro‐powder, more spinel necks were produced due to a small amount of MgO solid dissolved in the spinel lattice during the thermal shock test, which enhanced the thermal shock resistance of the filters. When the α‐Al2O3 micro‐powder content was 15 wt%, the filter had excellent comprehensive performance, the bulk density and apparent porosity of the filter skeleton were 3.09 g/cm3 and 10.7%, and the compressive strength before and after thermal shock test was 3.48 and 3.70 MPa, respectively.

Mathematical Modeling of Sorptive Extraction of Lithium Chloride from Lithium-containing Brine of the Aral Sea Region

Introduction The article presents the results of chemical and physicochemical analysis of initial lithium-containing hydromineral raw materials and sorbent based on bentonite clay with titanium oxide addition. Methods It is established that the mineral is montmorillonite group and kaolinite according to the results of the analysis of the microstructure and elemental composition of bentonitic clay of the Darbazinsky deposit. Brine is characterized by the change of lithium chloride content in the range of 403- 1001 mg/l. Physical and mechanical characteristics of the obtained sorbents based on bentonite clay and titanium oxide additive are characterized by a high mechanical strength of 5.31 MPa, density of up to 2,6 g/cm3, and specific surface area of 1572 cm2/g. The technological parameters of sorption extraction of lithium chloride from lithium-containing hydromineral raw materials were optimized using the system analysis “STATISTICA” developed by StatSoft company. It is established that to increase the rate of lithium chloride extraction from brine, it is necessary to maintain the rate of brine flow within 8 l/min at maximum humidity of solution output up to 43g/m3 on the basis of the obtained volumetric graphical dependencies. Results The microstructure of the used sorbents with titanium oxide addition up to 20% is characterized by the predominance of lithium chlorides, which are represented by heap-shaped, prismatic crystals. Conclusion The maximum amount of lithium chloride in the form of clusters of light-white crystals of tabular shape on the surface of the sorbent is observed at increasing the content of titanium oxide up to 40%.

Novel bio-based propylene-derived phthalonitrile compounds: Synthesis, curing behavior and thermal properties

Bio-based bisphenol compounds were prepared using eugenol from biomass as the initial raw material. A reaction of nucleophilic substitution takes place with 4-nitrophthalonitrile in an environmentally friendly solvent to produce bio-based propenyl-derived phthalonitrile monomers. The effective preparation of compounds was proven using hydrogen and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). By employing the process of free radical catalysis, it is possible to directly cure the novel phthalonitrile monomers without the need for a specific small molecule curing agent. The cured resin was reported to have high glass transition temperature, good thermal stability, and processing properties by FT-IR, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyzer, dynamic mechanical analyzer, and rheometer techniques. The flexural test and scanning electron microscopy results show that both resins have a consistent, flawless structure and improved mechanical properties. Eugenol is derived from sustainable biomass, offering an environmentally friendly approach to utilizing biological monophenols effectively. It provides the benefits of carbon reduction and renewability, making it a valuable and eco-conscious resource.

Studies of the phase composition and ultrafine structure of the initial domestic raw materials of proppants

The results of the study of intracrystalline electric and magnetic fields in samples on 57Fe nuclei by the ultrafine method of the Mossbauer effect are considered. The source of gamma radiation was 57Co in the chromium matrix. The spectra of the samples were measured on 57Fe nuclei using the MS1104Em spectrometer in the mode of constant accelerations at room temperature for absorption. The crystal structure, phase composition, and electronic states of individual components of the proppants are given. The measurements were carried out on the d8 Advance universal complex (Bruker, Germany). The data of parameters recorded on detectors of secondary energy characteristics of X-rays corresponding to K, L, M, N and O levels of electronic transitions using computer processing of elemental compositions and their ratios in samples are analyzed. The data of X-ray studies of the composition of fly ash are presented, determining its potential application in various industries, including the production of proppants. The results of the analysis of the chemical composition of bauxite samples obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis are presented. The silicon modulus (µSi) has been determined, which is the ratio of Al2O3 to SiO2 to characterize the quality of bauxite. The main components of bauxite were Al2O3 (aluminum oxide) and SiO2 (silicon dioxide). A significant content of Fe2O3 (iron oxide) was also noted, which is 24-33 wt. % for bauxite.

Spark plasma sintering of cenosphere-derived Cs/Sr-aluminosilicates for 137Cs and 90Sr immobilization in mineral-like ceramics

In this study, a promising method of spark plasma sintering (SPS) was investigated for the fabrication of ceramic matrices designed for the reliable immobilization of highly radioactive radionuclides 137Cs and 90Sr. The ceramic matrices were derived from a mixed composition of two aluminosilicate mineral-like phases – pollucite (Cs,Na)AlSi2O6 and gehlenite Sr2Al2SiO7. The originality of the developed approach lies in the utilization of hydrothermal synthesis for obtaining granulated precursor material. Hollow aluminosilicate microspheres (cenospheres) from coal fly ash served as the initial raw material, which were treated with alkaline solutions containing Cs+ and Sr2+ ions as simulants for the corresponding radionuclides. This method facilitated the achievement of high efficiency in cation removal from solutions exceeding 98 %. For a comprehensive examination of the composition and morphology of cenosphere-derived precursor particles, and the influence of sintering temperature on phase and structure formation of ceramic matrices under non-equilibrium conditions of spark plasma heating, various analytical techniques were employed. These included thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), powdered X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), as well as the method of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption for determining the specific surface area. The obtained ceramic samples exhibited high values of specific density (2.688–2.915 g/cm³), compressive strength (666–808 MPa), and Vickers microhardness (1.8–2.5 GPa), attesting to their high quality and stability. The results of the hydrolytic stability assessment revealed that the leaching rates of Cs+ and Sr2+ ions from the ceramics are extremely low, within the range of 10−5–10−6 g/cm²·day. These values fully satisfy the requirements of GOST R 50926–96 and the international standard ISO 6961:1982 for solidified forms of high-level waste.

Study on the Changes and Correlation of Microorganisms and Flavor in Different Processing Stages of Mianning Ham.

(1) Background: Mianning ham is a dry-cured ham from Southwest China, known for its distinct regional characteristics and delicious taste. It is particularly favored by consumers due to its safety, as no artificial nitrites are added during processing. The microbial changes during its different processing stages significantly influence the final product's flavor. This study aims to investigate the changes in microbial communities and flavor compounds across the nine stages of Mianning ham production, from raw material preparation to salting, drying, fermentation, and maturation, using 16S and ITS sequencing, as well as solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). The goal is to explore the correlation between these changes and provide a basis for process improvement from the initial raw material preparation. (2) Results: The microbiota of Mianning ham across different processing stages mainly consisted of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Ascomycota. A total of 324 volatile compounds were identified, of which 27 were key contributors to the ham's flavor. Aldehydes contributed the most to flavor, with octanal, trans-2-nonenal, and trans, trans-2,4-decadienal being the most significant contributors at various stages. Mature Mianning ham, fermented for 1-3 years, exhibited fresh grass and earthy aromas, buttery and fatty flavors, and a distinctive roasted potato note. Correlation analysis revealed that Cobetia was the primary bacterial contributor to the main flavor compounds, especially prominent in the second year of fermentation. Among fungi, Yamadazyma and Aspergillus positively influenced several key aldehyde flavor compounds throughout the processing stages, significantly contributing to the flavor profile of Mianning ham. (3) Conclusions: Correlation analysis showed that the Mianning ham that matured for two years had the richest and most characteristic flavor. The positive and consistent impact of fungi on the ham's flavor suggests that they may warrant further research and application in Mianning ham production. This provides a theoretical basis for improving the flavor quality and enhancing the market competitiveness of Mianning ham. One of the key features of Mianning ham is its substantial accumulation of hydrocarbons, which surpasses that of hams from other regions in China. A notable characteristic of Mianning ham processing is the absence of artificially added nitrites as antioxidants and color fixatives. Whether this absence is a contributing factor to the significant accumulation of hydrocarbons warrants further investigation.

Study of the influence of aromatic hydrocarbons on the process of tar oxidation

Abstract This study examines the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the oxidation of petroleum tar. An aromatic hydrocarbon concentrates isolated from extracts of selective oil purification using the polar industrial solvent N-methylpyrrolidone was employed as an additive to tar. The relationship between the softening temperature of oxidized bitumen and both the duration of oxidation and the properties of the initial raw material mixture was investigated. It has been established that the introduction of 10 wt.% aromatic additive will increase the oxidation rate by 6 °C/h. The conditions for producing road bitumen from the proposed raw material compositions were identified. The influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrate on the qualitative characteristics of bitumen during the tar oxidation process was determined. Aromatic additive is similar to a plasticizer, and reduces the softening temperature of bitumen by 9 °C. But the combined oxidation of tar with an aromatic additive and a catalyst makes it possible to obtain bitumen with a softening point of 44 °C and a penetration of 80 x0.1 mm, which corresponds to the grade of bitumen 70/100. Analysis of the group composition of oxidized bitumen revealed that the aromatic additive facilitates the intensification of the tar oxidation process.

Analysis of Waste Utilization of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Into Briquettes for Steam Power Electric Generation

Waste in Indonesia reaches 65.2 million tons/year, dominated by organic and inorganic waste. Around 36% of the total waste has not been managed properly, including 4K1P waste (paper, wood, cloth, rubber, and plastic), which is flammable and can be made into RDF briquettes using the pyrolysis method and paraffin adhesive which will used three variations of raw materials, namely from organic, inorganic and mixed waste. The quality of the three briquettes was compared based on calorific value, ash content, water content, and PLTU fuel requirements if used as fuel for a 7.5 MW capacity PLTU. The weight of the initial raw material for briquettes is 2 kg which produces 875 grams of paper carbon charcoal, 648 grams of wood, 1.09 kg of plastic, 856 grams of cloth, and 1.16 kg of rubber, resulting in 10 pieces of organic, inorganic and mixed briquettes each. The test results show that inorganic briquettes have the best quality with a calorific value of 8,075.92 cal/g, water content of 1.75%, and ash content of 10.84%, where the calorific value and water content meet SNI-01-6235-2000. The minimum fuel requirement for a PLTU using RDF briquettes is inorganic briquettes, namely 3.05 tonnes/hour with an annual requirement of 26,205.6 tonnes/year. It can be concluded that inorganic briquettes have the best quality and require the least amount of fuel to be used in PLTU.

The results of the study of mass ceramics from the excavations at the medieval fortifi ed settlement of Ken-Bulun in 2022 (Chui Valley, Kyrgyzstan)

The article presents the results of a thorough study of ceramic finds from the Ken-Bulun settlement of the Chuy region of Kyrgyzstan, obtained during the 2022 field season. Knowledge about the initial plastic raw materials has been extended: in addition to clay raw materials, there are indictors of the use of clay-like raw materials, such as loess. Two traditions of clay preparation were also recorded: wet and dry. Three traditions were revealed in the composition of the molding masses: one mixed and two unmixed. In addition, the information on the design of vessels has been clarified and supplemented: some of the products have signs of using mold-models. The study of the ornamentation was incomplete due to the fragmentary nature of the finds, so, the article provides data on the first level of technical and technological analysis – a description of the elements of the ornament and the definition of the type of tool used to create the ornament. The set of ceramic forms is quite extensive and includes cookingware, tableware, transport ceramics, as well as household items. The ornament and shapes of Ken-Bulun pottery bring them closer to the pottery assemblages from other settlements of the Chuy Valley, as well as Southern Kazakhstan.

Study and mechanism of formation of phosphorus production waste in Kazakhstan

Abstract This article contains information about the accumulated industrial waste from phosphorus production and methods for its recycling and disposal to produce marketable products. Monitoring of cottrel dust’s impact on the environment, namely, ground and surface water, soil, and atmosphere was carried out. The mechanism of formation of cottrel dust was studied. The dispersed, chemical, and phase compositions of the dust in furnace gases during the electrothermal smelting of phosphorites were determined. The sequence of chemical reactions during the formation of cottrel dust was elucidated. The ratios of initial components entering the chemical reaction and the thermodynamic parameters (Gibbs energy) were determined using the Chemistry HSC-6 software package. IR spectral and elemental analyses were carried out for determining cottrel dust’s functional groups and elemental composition. Based on modern instrumental studies, it was found that the total content of phosphorus(v) oxide in cottrel dust was 30.7%. This content of phosphorus(v) oxide is sufficient to use cottrel dust as an initial raw material for producing phosphorus-containing fertilizers. This method was proposed for processing cottrel dust to produce monocalcium phosphate on a production scale. The chemical composition of the resulting monocalcium phosphate was determined and confirmed by analytical methods. The proposed technology for producing monocalcium phosphate from cottrel dust is recommended for use in the agro-industrial complex.

Development of technology for manufacturing apple chips based on the results of assessment of technological and consumer properties of raw apples

Modern trends in people's nutrition are determined primarily by changed living conditions, in which the desire to reduce the time spent on solving everyday issues, including cooking, has led to the creation of a new range of food products, among which fruit snacks are especially distinguished. In non-CIS countries, apple chips are the most popular and have become in demand among consumers of almost all age categories. Apple chips from imported manufacturers have already appeared on shelves in Kazakhstan, which has presented domestic scientists with the urgent task of establishing their own production from apples growing in our country, since the raw material base of the southern regions can already provide industrial-scale production of various varieties of apples. Apple chips differ from traditional dried fruits in their organoleptic characteristics - their taste is richer, retaining the shape of the plates and crispy crust, and the vitamin and microelement composition is close to the composition of fresh apples. The goal of our research is to develop a technology for the production of apple chips from apple varieties grown on an industrial scale by farms in the Turkestan region using technological methods of blanching sliced apple slices with a special solution and convection drying them. As a research methodology, experimental research methods were used, including the selection of initial apple raw materials, the composition of the blanched solution, the regime parameters for processing apple plates in solution and their drying, and the use of expert methods for determining the consumer characteristics of finished apple chips. The article presents the results of research on the development of technology for the production of apple chips based on an assessment of the technological and consumer characteristics of the Jonagold, Golden, Granny, and Jeramin apple varieties. It has been established that to process them into apple chips it is necessary to select varieties of winter and late winter ripening. The selected ingredient composition of the blanched solution is 30 wt. % sucrose, 1.5 wt. % ascorbic acid, 0.5 wt. % citric acid. The cutting thickness of apple slices should be in the range of 1.5-2.5 mm. Regime parameters for processing apple plates in solution: t = 45-50 0C, processing time 3-5 minutes. The drying parameters for blanched apple plates have been set: t=100-110 0C, drying time 12-14 hours. The moisture content of the finished apple chips was 15%.

CONCEPT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL GRAPH OF FEED AND FOOD PRODUCTION

Compound feeds are favorable environments for microorganisms, namely bacteria and fungi. Both groups contain nonpathogenic, opportunistic and pathogenic members. Bacteria can cause infections, and fungi can cause mycotoxicoses, so controlling microbial contamination of feed is of great importance. Sources of microbial contamination of compound feed include both raw materials and the production environment: air, surfaces, equipment, and the hands and clothing of employees. As raw materials and pre-products move through production lines, they undergo certain processes that can either reduce or increase microbial contamination. The reducing processes include grain dehulling and high-temperature processing (moisture and heat treatment, conditioning, extrusion, expansion, drying of minerals, granulation), while the increasing processes include making preliminary mixtures, grinding, dosing and mixing, and the production of grits. In dosing and mixing, the contribution of each component is determined by its dose and has a two-way effect: the component contributes its microbiota, but its mass dilutes the mixture. The sequence of these processes represents a certain dynamics of microbial burden, which will result in the contamination level of the finished product lower or higher than in the initial raw material. This sequence can be represented as a microbiological graph, the vertices of which are the positive or negative contributions of the processes to the microbiological burden of the material. And the system of such vertices can be represented as a simple mathematical equation. Creating microbiological graphs for individual production lines or for the manufacture as a whole can help to understand the microbiological dynamics in a material or product and apply appropriate corrective measures to prevent microbiological hazards in the final product. This paper proposes a method of making a microbiological graph with two types of vertex designations for the IV generation compound feed production, as well as a mathematical apparatus for calculating the vertices of the graph.

Preliminary exploration of acceptance and emotional responses to the key floral volatile compounds of Pu'er crude tea

AbstractPu'er crude tea (PCT), the initial raw material for making Pu'er tea, is favored because of unique flavor and health effects. Emotional response is helpful to explain consumers’ choice of different flavors of tea. This study aims to clarify the key floral volatiles of PCT and their emotional impact on people. Twenty‐nine compounds were identified as the key volatiles from 237 volatiles, which formed the flowery aroma of PCT. Linalool, geraniol, nonanal, and methyl salicylate were more abundant in the PCT, they evoked the top five emotions (mild, wild, aggressive, tame, bored). Methyl salicylate contributed most to the wild emotion in the two mixed samples (B10 and B14), and it may contribute positively to the health effects of tea, such as refreshing and anti‐inflammatory. This study provided a preliminary research idea for exploring the relationship between tea aroma and human emotions and its potential role in human health.

Advancing self-cleaning performance in metakaolin-based geopolymers through in-situ zeolite formation and TiO2 integration

The deterioration of self-cleaning properties of cementitious materials upon hydration was addressed by in-situ zeolite formation within metakaolin-based geopolymers. Pastes with varied in-situ zeolite content were formulated by adjusting the Si/Al ratio of initial raw materials and curing temperatures. The impact of in-situ zeolite formation on self-cleaning performance was systematically investigated through phase composition, optical property and microstructure analyses. Zeolite A formation notably enhances self-cleaning performance, despite contributing to higher band energy and lower Urbach energy. The increases in crystalline zeolite amount and matrix porosity enhances mass transfer capacity. The open pore structure of zeolite facilitates the formation of connective channels during particle growth, mitigating the “sheltering” effect of the surrounding media for photocatalysts and ensuring improved self-cleaning performance upon hydration. This study summarizes the synthesis conditions for zeolite A, providing mechanistic insights into in-situ zeolite formation in metakaolin-based geopolymers and emphasizes its promising potential for optimizing self-cleaning properties in cementitious materials.

Production of Bioethanol Based on Eichhornia crassipes Combined with the Pulp of the Ripe Fruit of Azadirachta indica

The management of invasive plants such as Eichhornia crassipes and the fruits of Azadirachta indica on the banks of the waters of Lake Chad in the Far North of Cameroon remains a challenge to overcome. On the other hand, given the urgency of finding other sources of energy following the scarcity of fossil fuels, it becomes appropriate to turn to renewable energies obtained from lignocellulosic biomasses which constitute an opportunity to be seized as cooking energy. The objective of this study is to determine the ethanoic potential of the biomass of Eichhornia crassipes associated with the pulp of Azadirachta indica. Thus, the production of bioethanol from the biomass of Eichhornia crassipes associated with the pulp of Azadirachta indica was done by biochemical route which results in: physical pretreatment of the raw material, thermo-mechanical pre-hydrolysis chemical, alcoholic fermentation with Lactobacillus fermentum yeast in batch mode and distillation. Measuring the pH and volatile fatty acid (VFA) content in different fermented samples made it possible to determine the optimal conditions for better fermentation. During 135 hours of fermentation, with 1281.25±1.09 ml of initial raw material fermented, it was possible to obtain on average 675.47±1.02 ml/g of hydrated ethanol and 640.62 ±5.07 ml/g of CO2 with an average weight yield of 52.72±3.57%. Thanks to a yeast contribution of 2.5% relative to the dry matter and an L/S ratio = 20, the dosage of the distillate obtained after distillation of the fermented must by the chronometric method made it possible to determine the ethanoic concentration of the solutions studied which is on average 0.94±0.01%V/V of distillate per fermented biomass.

Perancangan Tata Letak Proses Produksi Kursi Furnitur Menggunakan Metode Activity Relationship Chart (ARC) di PT. Rama Teknik

Rama Teknik Company, a manufacturing company in Indonesia founded in 2015, offers innovative business solutions based on research and development. The production process faces layout irregularities which result in disruptions in the production flow. The impact is that the material handling frequency becomes longer and causes material handling costs to become high. Apart from that, the company also experienced failure to achieve production targets. Decision making regarding layout and location is very important in determining a company's long-term operational efficiency. The aim of the research is to redesign the optimal factory layout. To improve the layout of workstations, the research department uses the Activity Relationship Chart (ARC) method which is implemented through FlexSim simulation software. The initial and proposed layouts were simulated using FlexSim software. The stages start from designing the initial layout, then looking for problem gaps. After that, redesign the new layout. The results of the initial layout show 309 finished products, representing a 100% output rate for Queue4 semi-finished goods, 5 warehouses, and 0 finished products in PL. After retesting with the proposed layout, the initial raw materials were 334.49, Queue1 had 285 items, and there was a 38% increase in finished products, a total of 427 seats.

Sokolny VII – a New Site of the Early Neolite of the Republic of Mari El

The article presents the results of a study of the Sokolny XVII camp-site (Republic of Mari El). The physical and geographical characteristics of the location of the site are given and a brief history of the study is given. Information about the stratigraphy and planographic distribution of finds is presented. The authors publish data on palynological analysis. A ceramic complex consisting of 52 vessels is characterized. A study of ceramics manufacturing technology was carried out based on a historical and cultural approach. An analysis of the elements and motifs of the ornament is carried out. The ceramic and flint complex of the Sokolny XVII site typologically and technologically finds the closest analogies in the materials of the Early Neolithic of the Mari Volga region. At the same time, the collection contains some local features. In ancient times, at the site of the site there were mixed broadleaved and coniferous forests with a predominance of pine; linden and oak also played an important role in the composition of the forests. Data on the technical and technological analysis of ceramics indicate the existence of several types of initial plastic raw materials with uniformity in the formulation of the molding mass. The obtained radiocarbon dates, as well as existing analogies, help determine the time of existence of the monument in the second half of the 6th millennium BC.