Initial Pursuit Research Articles

Oculometric biomarkers of visuomotor deficits in clinically asymptomatic patients with systemic lupus erythematosus undergoing long-term hydroxychloroquine treatment.

This study examines a set of oculomotor measurements, or "oculometric" biomarkers, as potential early indicators of visual and visuomotor deficits due to retinal toxicity in asymptomatic Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment. The aim is to identify subclinical functional impairments that are otherwise undetectable by standard clinical tests and to link them to structural retinal changes. We measured oculomotor responses in a cohort of SLE patients on chronic HCQ therapy using a previously established behavioral task and analysis technique. We also examined the relationship between oculometrics, OCT measures of retinal thickness, and standard clinical perimetry measures of visual function in our patient group using Bivariate Pearson Correlation and a Linear Mixed-Effects Model (LMM). Significant visual and visuomotor deficits were found in 12 asymptomatic SLE patients on long-term HCQ therapy compared to a cohort of 17 age-matched healthy controls. Notably, six oculometrics were significantly different. The median initial pursuit acceleration was 22%, steady-state pursuit gain 16%, proportion smooth 7%, and target speed responsiveness 31% lower, while catch-up saccade amplitude was 46% and fixation error 46% larger. Excluding the two patients with diagnosed mild toxicity, four oculometrics, all but fixation error and proportion smooth, remained significantly impaired compared to controls. Across our population of 12 patients (24 retinae), we found that pursuit latency, initial acceleration, steady-state gain, and fixation error were linearly related to retinal thickness even when age was accounted for, while standard measures of clinical function (Mean Deviation and Pattern Standard Deviation) were not. Our data show that specific oculometrics are sensitive early biomarkers of functional deficits in SLE patients on HCQ that could be harnessed to assist in the early detection of HCQ-induced retinal toxicity and other visual pathologies, potentially providing early diagnostic value beyond standard visual field and OCT evaluations.

Game Tree Search-based Impulsive Orbital Pursuit–Evasion Game with Limited Actions

This paper focuses on the impulsive orbital pursuit–evasion game (OPEG) with limited action sets for the pursuer and evader. Initially, a mathematical model is developed by combining game theory and orbital dynamics, forming a finite-round impulsive OPEG problem. The problem is then formulated as a bilateral optimization problem, employing a minimum-maximum optimization index based on terminal distance. To tackle this problem, an algorithm based on game tree search is designed, enabling the determination of the optimal pursuit–evasion strategy with limited action sets. Additionally, we explore the influence of the initial pursuing orientation on OPEG. The optimal initial pursuit orientation is analytically derived using relative motion dynamics under uncontrolled conditions. Furthermore, considering factors such as the initial status of the pursuit spacecraft, initial relative distance, transfer time, and maneuverability, the impulsive OPEG problem with limited action sets is numerically solved using game tree search. The findings of this study showcase the efficacy of game tree search in addressing impulsive OPEG problems with limited action sets. The study also demonstrates that the initial pursuing orientation selection at the start of the game plays a crucial role in increasing the success rate of pursuit. The research findings of this study have important implications for future practical engineering applications.

Bilateral lesion of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus: Effects on smooth pursuit acceleration and non-reflexive visually-guided saccades.

Background“Central dizziness” due to acute bilateral midline cerebellar disease sparing the posterior vermis has specific oculomotor signs. The oculomotor region of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FOR) crucially controls the accuracy of horizontal visually-guided saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements. Bilateral FOR lesions elicit bilateral saccade hypermetria with preserved pursuit. It is unknown whether the initial acceleration of smooth pursuit is impaired in patients with bilateral FOR lesions.ObjectiveWe studied the effect of a cerebellar lesion affecting the deep cerebellar nuclei on the initial horizontal pursuit acceleration and investigated whether saccade dysmetria also affects other types of volitional saccades, i.e., memory-guided saccades and anti-saccades, which are not performed in immediate response to the visual target.MethodsWe recorded eye movements during a sinusoidal and step-ramp target motion paradigm as well as visually-guided saccades, memory-guided saccades, and anti-saccades in one patient with a circumscribed cerebellar hemorrhage and 18 healthy control subjects using a video-based eye tracker.ResultsThe lesion comprised the FOR bilaterally but spared the posterior vermis. The initial pursuit acceleration was low but not significantly different from the healthy control subjects and sinusoidal pursuit was normal. Bilateral saccade hypermetria was not only seen with visually-guided saccades but also with anti-saccades and memory-guided saccades. The final eye position remained accurate.ConclusionWe provide new insights into the contribution of the bilateral deep cerebellar nuclei on the initial acceleration of human smooth pursuit in midline cerebellar lesions. In line with experimental bilateral FOR lesion data in non-human primates, the initial pursuit acceleration in our patient was not significantly reduced, in contrast to the effects of unilateral experimental FOR lesions. Working memory and neural representation of target locations seem to remain unimpaired. Our data argue against an impaired common command feeding the circuits controlling saccadic and pursuit eye movements and support the hypothesis of independent influences on the neural processes generating both types of eye movements in the deep cerebellar nuclei.

Dynamic interception point guidance algorithm based on particle swarm optimization

The engagement of target-interceptor is an extremely complicated and nonlinear problem. Most literatures of developed guidance algorithms are hard to work in real-time missile guidance systems because of the complicated design of controllers, restriction in specific condition or excess computing loading. In this paper, the proposed guidance algorithm computes the predicted interception point of target-interceptor and applies particle swarm optimization to optimize the lateral acceleration control commands of missile where the definition of fitness function can guide the missile toward the predicted interception point when the computed fitness value is the minimum. According to the results of simulation experiments, the proposed method has the satisfied target-kill performance to the superior aircraft with high agility. The missile can greatly revise the flight route toward the computed collision course at the initial pursuit stage and the course curve of missile is flatter than the other two guidance laws. Besides, the proposed method can reduce the occurrence of big lateral acceleration control commands acting on the missile to avoid unlocking the evasive target at the terminal stage. As a result, the proposed guidance algorithm based on particle swarm optimization is very effective without using the complicated nonlinear control methods and excess storage burden of computer. It is a simple and feasible missile guidance algorithm due to the advantages of simplicity and effectiveness just like the proportional navigation guidance law but the performance of proposed guidance algorithm is better than proportional navigation guidance law and the other guidance algorithm designed by particle swarm optimization.

Generation Z job seekers in Vietnam: CSR-based employer attractiveness and job pursuit intention

ABSTRACT This study aims to advance our understanding of the effects of Generation Z job seekers’ attitudes towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) and initial job pursuit intention (JPI). A survey of 290 senior students in Vietnam shows that two of three aspects of Generation Z job seekers’ attitudes towards CSR (positive CSR assessment and CSR engagement) are positively related to JPI. In addition, the relationship between Generation Z job seekers’ attitudes towards CSR and JPI is mediated by CSR-based employer attractiveness. These findings suggest that including social and environmental issues into corporate strategy is a valuable approach for attracting Generation Z job seekers. We discuss the implications for theory and practice as well as the limitations and directions for future research, of these findings.

Uta Frith’s thoughts on the Theory of Mind and Autistic Deficit: Dialogue between Art and Neuroscience

The contemporary scientist and German developmental psychologist at the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience of University College London, Uta Frith has mainly focused her research on autism spectrum disorder and the related theory-of-mind deficit. To explain the autistic mentalistic deficit, the psychologist has used a specific tool: art, her initial pursuit cultivated at the Universität des Saarlandes, in Germany. Thus, this work seeks to reconstruct the artistic influences on Uta Frith’s scientific efforts, highlighting how the dialogical intersection of two seemingly distant disciplines, like art and neuroscience, can generate surprising new networks of signification and an understanding of the intrapsychic and interpsychic worlds. Art challenges us to develop moments of neuroscientific knowledge. On the other. In contrast, neuroscience offers the opportunity to develop further insights into the role of visual perception in contemplating works of art.

Effects of vitamin D as a regulator of androgen intracrinology in LNCAP prostate cancer cells

Prostate cancer is initially treated via androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), a highly successful treatment in the initial pursuit of tumor regression, but commonly restricted by the eventual emergence of a more lethal ‘castrate resistant’ form of the disease. Intracrine pathways that utilize dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or other circulatory precursor steroids, are thought to generate relevant levels of growth-stimulating androgens such as testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In this study, we explored the capacity of the active vitamin D hormone to interact and elicit changes upon this prostatic intracrine pathway at a metabolic level. We used androgen dependent LNCaP cells cultured under steroid-depleted conditions and assessed the impact of vitamin D-based compounds upon intracrine pathways that convert exogenously added DHEA to relevant metabolites, through Mass Spectrometry (MS). Changes in relevant metabolism-related gene targets were also assessed. Our findings confirm that exposure to vitamin D based compounds, within LNCaP cells, elicits measurable and significant reduction in the intracrine conversion of DHEA to T, DHT and other intermediate metabolites within the androgenic pathway. The aassessment and validation of the biological model and analytical platforms were performed by pharmacological manipulations of the SRD5α and HSD-17β enzymes. The data provides further confirmation for how a vitamin D-based regime may be used to counter intracrine mechanisms contributing to the emergence of castrate-resistant tumors.

Motion direction representation in multivariate electroencephalography activity for smooth pursuit eye movements

Visually-guided smooth pursuit eye movements are composed of initial open-loop and later steady-state periods. Feedforward sensory information dominates the motor behavior during the open-loop pursuit, and a more complex feedback loop regulates the steady-state pursuit. To understand the neural representations of motion direction during open-loop and steady-state smooth pursuits, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) responses from human observers while they tracked random-dot kinematograms as pursuit targets. We estimated population direction tuning curves from multivariate EEG activity using an inverted encoding model. We found significant direction tuning curves as early as about 60 ms from stimulus onset. Direction tuning responses were generalized to later times during the open-loop smooth pursuit, but they became more dynamic during the later steady-state pursuit. The encoding quality of retinal motion direction information estimated from the early direction tuning curves was predictive of trial-by-trial variation in initial pursuit directions. These results suggest that the movement directions of open-loop smooth pursuit are guided by the representation of the retinal motion present in the multivariate EEG activity.

Asymmetric smooth pursuit eye movements and visual motion reaction time.

Smooth pursuit eye movements often show directional asymmetry in pursuit initiation or steady‐state pursuit in both humans and monkeys. It has been demonstrated that the initial part of smooth pursuit is driven by visual motion related signals in cortical areas. Parietal cortex such as middle temporal (MT) and medial superior temporal (MST) areas are known to be involved in visual motion perception as well as pursuit initiation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine whether directional asymmetry in pursuit initiation is associated with visual motion perception. We used a step‐ramp paradigm to induce horizontal smooth pursuit eye movements and then tested visual motion reaction time (RT). Visual motion RT was measured to the visual motion stimuli that moved leftward or rightward, which is an important parameter of our sensory motor processing based on visual motion perception. Nineteen healthy male subjects participated in the study. We found that some of our subjects showed directional asymmetries in initial pursuit acceleration between the leftward and rightward directions, which were consistent with an asymmetric bias in visual motion RT. Therefore, our results suggest that asymmetric pursuit initiation is associated with, at least in part, a bias of visual motion perception. These results could be due to a common neuronal pathway involved in both pursuit initiation and visual motion RT.

Achievement goal pursuit during the transition from middle school to high school: its antecedents and consequences from a self-determination perspective

The purpose of the study was to investigate the longitudinal reciprocal relationship between achievement goals and self-determined motivation of students transitioning from middle school to high school. Participants were 3343 students from 9th to 11th grade. The overall results showed that varying degrees of self-determined motivation from middle school (9th grade) influenced the adoption of achievement goals in the first year of high school (10th grade) and the pursuit of achievement goal in the 10th grade influenced subsequent degrees of self-determined motivation in the 11th grade. One of the notable findings is that while the initial pursuit of mastery-approach goals might begin with various degrees of self-determined motivation, involvement in the pursuit of mastery-approach goals strengthened autonomous motivation while weakening controlled motivation. The current study consolidates the theoretical and practical utility of mastery-approach goals in strengthening intrinsic motivation and internalizing external values.

Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Entering and Competing for Good

Sustainable entrepreneurs look for market entry opportunities that offer the promise of both economic reward and environmental and social enhancement. However, evidence to date has been mixed on the impact of entrepreneurs’ attempts to build on those opportunities. A qualitative, case study methodology is adopted to examine the process of entry and initial pursuit of solutions to environmental market imperfections by four sustainable entrepreneurs in New Zealand. We find that values and ideology strongly impact the business development process, from opportunity recognition to entry and subsequent growth. Moreover, sustainable entrepreneurs frequently wish to encourage the spread of their philosophy and underlying values. Instead of protecting themselves against imitation, we find that sustainable entrepreneurs often encourage imitation in the hope of achieving their wider vision.

Response properties of MST parafoveal neurons during smooth pursuit adaptation.

Visual motion neurons in the posterior parietal cortex play a critical role in the guidance of smooth pursuit eye movements. Initial pursuit (open-loop period) is driven, in part, by visual motion signals from cortical areas, such as the medial superior temporal area (MST). The purpose of this study was to determine whether adaptation of initial pursuit gain arises because of altered visual sensitivity of neurons at the cortical level. It is well known that the visual motion response in MST is suppressed after exposure to a large-field visual motion stimulus, showing visual motion adaptation. One hypothesis is that foveal motion responses in MST are associated with smooth pursuit adaptation using a small target spot. We used a step-ramp tracking task with two steps of target velocity (double-step paradigm), which induces gain-down or gain-up adaptation. We found that after gain-down adaptation 58% of our MST visual neurons showed a significant decrease in firing rate. This was the case even though visual motion input (before the pursuit onset) from target motion was constant. Therefore, repetitive visual stimulation during the gain-down paradigm could lead to adaptive changes in the visual response. However, the time course of adaptation did not show a correlation between the visual response and pursuit behavior. These results indicate that the visual response in MST may not directly contribute to the adaptive change in pursuit initiation.

Song of Songs: Metaphorical Thinking in Watchman Nee's Narrative Theological Reflection

This paper will explore the Biblical book of Song of Songs and interpret Watchman Nee’s explanation of this Biblical text in the context of narrative theological reflection. While it is devotional in character, his use of metaphorical thinking can be transposed from theological interpretation to theological reflection, from textual narrative to gospel story, from gospel story to implicit personal experience. It is a significant work by Nee that uses six different narrative strands (corresponding to the book’s six chapters) to encourage the believer to engage with their own personal experience through re-telling, symbolism and metaphor in a way that makes the process of individual Christian growth meaningful. The process is taken through six narrative stages titled: ‘The Initial Pursuit and Satisfaction; The Call for Deliverance from the Self; The Call for Ascension; The Call of the Cross after Resurrection; The Work of God; and The Groaning of the Flesh.’

Lilium floral fragrance: A biochemical and genetic resource for aroma and flavor

Hybrid Lilium (common name lily) cultivars are among the top produced domestic fresh cut flowers and potted plants in the US today. Many hybrid Lilium cultivars produce large and showy flowers that emit copious amounts of volatile molecules, which can negatively affect a consumer’s appreciation or limit use of the plant product. There are few publications focused on the biochemistry, genetics, and/or molecular regulation of floral volatile biosynthesis for Lilium cultivars. In an initial pursuit to provide breeders with molecular markers for floral volatile biosynthesis, a total of five commercially available oriental and oriental-trumpet hybrid Lilium cultivars were selected for analytical characterization of floral volatile emission. In total, 66 volatile molecules were qualified and quantitated among all cultivars. Chemical classes of identified volatiles include monoterpene hydrocarbons, monoterpene alcohols and aldehydes, phenylpropanoids, benzenoids, fatty-acid-derived, nitrogen-containing, and amino-acid-derived compounds. In general, the floral volatile profiles of the three oriental-trumpet hybrids were dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons, monoterpene alcohols and aldehydes, while the two oriental hybrids were dominated by monoterpene alcohols and aldehydes and phenylpropanoids, respectively. Tepal tissues (two petal whirls) emitted the vast majority of total volatile molecules compared to the reproductive organs of the flowers. Tepal volatile profiles were cultivar specific with a high degree of distinction, which indicates the five cultivars chosen will provide an excellent differential genetic environment for gene discovery through comparative transcriptomics in the future. Cloning and assaying transcript accumulation from four floral volatile biosynthetic candidates provided few immediate or obvious trends with floral volatile emission.

Impaired smooth-pursuit in Parkinson's disease: normal cue-information memory, but dysfunction of extra-retinal mechanisms for pursuit preparation and execution.

While retinal image motion is the primary input for smooth-pursuit, its efficiency depends on cognitive processes including prediction. Reports are conflicting on impaired prediction during pursuit in Parkinson's disease. By separating two major components of prediction (image motion direction memory and movement preparation) using a memory-based pursuit task, and by comparing tracking eye movements with those during a simple ramp-pursuit task that did not require visual memory, we examined smooth-pursuit in 25 patients with Parkinson's disease and compared the results with 14 age-matched controls. In the memory-based pursuit task, cue 1 indicated visual motion direction, whereas cue 2 instructed the subjects to prepare to pursue or not to pursue. Based on the cue-information memory, subjects were asked to pursue the correct spot from two oppositely moving spots or not to pursue. In 24/25 patients, the cue-information memory was normal, but movement preparation and execution were impaired. Specifically, unlike controls, most of the patients (18/24 = 75%) lacked initial pursuit during the memory task and started tracking the correct spot by saccades. Conversely, during simple ramp-pursuit, most patients (83%) exhibited initial pursuit. Popping-out of the correct spot motion during memory-based pursuit was ineffective for enhancing initial pursuit. The results were similar irrespective of levodopa/dopamine agonist medication. Our results indicate that the extra-retinal mechanisms of most patients are dysfunctional in initiating memory-based (not simple ramp) pursuit. A dysfunctional pursuit loop between frontal eye fields (FEF) and basal ganglia may contribute to the impairment of extra-retinal mechanisms, resulting in deficient pursuit commands from the FEF to brainstem.

Normal aging affects movement execution but not visual motion working memory and decision-making delay during cue-dependent memory-based smooth-pursuit.

Aging affects virtually all functions including sensory/motor and cognitive activities. While retinal image motion is the primary input for smooth-pursuit, its efficiency/accuracy depends on cognitive processes. Elderly subjects exhibit gain decrease during initial and steady-state pursuit, but reports on latencies are conflicting. Using a cue-dependent memory-based smooth-pursuit task, we identified important extra-retinal mechanisms for initial pursuit in young adults including cue information priming and extra-retinal drive components (Ito et al. in Exp Brain Res 229:23-35, 2013). We examined aging effects on parameters for smooth-pursuit using the same tasks. Elderly subjects were tested during three task conditions as previously described: memory-based pursuit, simple ramp-pursuit just to follow motion of a single spot, and popping-out of the correct spot during memory-based pursuit to enhance retinal image motion. Simple ramp-pursuit was used as a task that did not require visual motion working memory. To clarify aging effects, we then compared the results with the previous young subject data. During memory-based pursuit, elderly subjects exhibited normal working memory of cue information. Most movement-parameters including pursuit latencies differed significantly between memory-based pursuit and simple ramp-pursuit and also between young and elderly subjects. Popping-out of the correct spot motion was ineffective for enhancing initial pursuit in elderly subjects. However, the latency difference between memory-based pursuit and simple ramp-pursuit in individual subjects, which includes decision-making delay in the memory task, was similar between the two groups. Our results suggest that smooth-pursuit latencies depend on task conditions and that, although the extra-retinal mechanisms were functional for initial pursuit in elderly subjects, they were less effective.

Daisy Gets Lost by Chris Raschka (review)

Reviewed by: Daisy Gets Lost by Chris Raschka Jeannette Hulick Raschka, Chris. Daisy Gets Lost; written and illus. by Chris Raschka. Schwartz & Wade, 2013. 32p Library ed. ISBN 978-0-449-81742-1 $20.99 Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-449-81741-4 $17.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-0-449-81743-8 $10.99 R 3-5 yrs Long-eared dog Daisy (of A Ball for Daisy) is back; this time her ball-chasing leads her to encounter—and subsequently chase—a squirrel. In her enthusiasm to catch the squirrel, Daisy leaves her ball behind and becomes lost in the woods. Her young owner, realizing that Daisy has gone missing, searches for her, and a mournful howl from Daisy eventually leads the girl to her lost dog. The bold ink, watercolor, and gouache illustrations, in rich, saturated colors, carry the spare story; scenes that fill the spreads alternate, very effectively, with scenes broken into a series of panels that show a progression of events. Daisy’s initial pursuit of the bright blue ball, for example, is broken down into four narrow panels, each extending across the width of the spread; the following spread is completely filled as Daisy, ball in her mouth and ears cocked forward, and the squirrel make eye contact, thus slowing the action to focus on the dramatic weight of that moment. The lack of text (“Go get it, Daisy!,” calls for “Daisy!,” and Daisy’s desperate howl are the only words in the book), may make this a bit challenging to share with larger groups, but small groups and lap-sitters will enjoy figuring out the action from the pictures and narrating the events themselves. Young pet owners and animal lovers will especially enjoy the drama—and happy resolution—of this doggy tail, er, tale. Copyright © 2013 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Anxious Settler Belonging: Actualising the Potential for Making Resilient Postcolonial Subjects

When I arrived in Aurukun, west Cape York, it was the heat that struck me first, knocking city pace from my body, replacing it with a languor familiar to my childhood, although hea more northern. Fieldwork brings with it its own delights and anxieties. It is where I feel competent and incompetent, where I am most indebted and thankful for the generosity kindness of strangers. I love the way “no-where” places quickly become somewhere and some to me. Then there are the bodily visitations: a much younger self haunts my body. At time adult self abandons me, leaving me nothing but an awkward adolescent: clumsy, sweaty, too m body, too white, too urban, too disconnected or unable to interpret the social rules. My body in that this is not my home, but home for Wik and Wik Way people. Flailing about unmoored from socio-cultural system that I take for granted, and take comfort from – and I draw sustena Anxiety circles, closes in on me, who grows distant and unsure, fragmented. Misusing Deborah Rose, I’m tempted to say I’m separated from my nourishing terrain. Indeed it can feel like nation (not the country) slipped out from under my feet.

Cue-dependent memory-based smooth-pursuit in normal human subjects: importance of extra-retinal mechanisms for initial pursuit

Using a cue-dependent memory-based smooth-pursuit task previously applied to monkeys, we examined the effects of visual motion-memory on smooth-pursuit eye movements in normal human subjects and compared the results with those of the trained monkeys. These results were also compared with those during simple ramp-pursuit that did not require visual motion-memory. During memory-based pursuit, all subjects exhibited virtually no errors in either pursuit-direction or go/no-go selection. Tracking eye movements of humans and monkeys were similar in the two tasks, but tracking eye movements were different between the two tasks; latencies of the pursuit and corrective saccades were prolonged, initial pursuit eye velocity and acceleration were lower, peak velocities were lower, and time to reach peak velocities lengthened during memory-based pursuit. These characteristics were similar to anticipatory pursuit initiated by extra-retinal components during the initial extinction task of Barnes and Collins (J Neurophysiol 100:1135-1146, 2008b). We suggest that the differences between the two tasks reflect differences between the contribution of extra-retinal and retinal components. This interpretation is supported by two further studies: (1) during popping out of the correct spot to enhance retinal image-motion inputs during memory-based pursuit, pursuit eye velocities approached those during simple ramp-pursuit, and (2) during initial blanking of spot motion during memory-based pursuit, pursuit components appeared in the correct direction. Our results showed the importance of extra-retinal mechanisms for initial pursuit during memory-based pursuit, which include priming effects and extra-retinal drive components. Comparison with monkey studies on neuronal responses and model analysis suggested possible pathways for the extra-retinal mechanisms.

The effects of smooth pursuit adaptation on the gain of visuomotor transmission in monkeys

Smooth pursuit eye movements are supported by visual-motor systems, where visual motion information is transformed into eye movement commands. Adaptation of the visuomotor systems for smooth pursuit is an important factor to maintain pursuit accuracy and high acuity vision. Short-term adaptation of initial pursuit gain can be produced experimentally using by repeated trials of a step-ramp tracking with two different velocities (double-step paradigm) that step-up (10–30°/s) or step-down (20–5°/s). It is also known that visuomotor gain during smooth pursuit is regulated by a dynamic gain control mechanism by showing that eye velocity evoked by a target perturbation during pursuit increases bidirectionally when ongoing pursuit velocity is higher. However, it remains uncertain how smooth pursuit adaptation alters the gain of visuomotor transmission. Therefore, a single cycle of sinusoidal motion (2.5 Hz, ± 10°/s) was introduced during step-ramp tracking pre- and post-adaptation to determine whether smooth pursuit adaptation affects the perturbation response. The results showed that pursuit adaptation had a significant effect on the perturbation response that was specific to the adapted direction. These results indicate that there might be different visuomotor mechanisms between adaptation and dynamic gain control. Furthermore, smooth pursuit adaptation altered not only the gain of the perturbation response, but also the gain slope (regression curve) at different target velocities (5, 10 and 15°/s). Therefore, pursuit adaptation could affect the dynamic regulation of the visuomotor gain at different pursuit velocities.