Initial Preparation Research Articles

Creating Confident Preservice Teachers for EL Students in the Changing World

English Learners (ELs) represent the most diverse group of students and a student population that has increased significantly in the United States. These students demand well-equipped teachers who have adequate preparation and pedagogical tools to meet their diverse needs. This research examined preservice teachers’ (N=77) perceptions of preparedness and efficacy beliefs from three different educator preparation programs using a mixed-method study that collected data from a 30-item survey as well as candidates’ narrative responses about preparation experiences for working with ELs. Findings included statistical differences in teachers’ perceptions of preparedness based on the preparation program they were enrolled in (e.g., bachelor’s or master’s) and whether teachers were receiving an ESL/ESOL certification as part of their initial preparation. Moreover, preservice teachers reported that ESL coursework, specific workshops that honed into ESL pedagogies, and field-placement opportunities to interact with EL students were influential in improving their abilities and confidence in the classroom. These findings suggest the continual need for teacher education programs to embed related ESL coursework as well as placing preservice teachers in clinical settings with EL students to influence effective pedagogies for the success of EL students in the classroom and beyond.

Protocols for sample preparation and compound-specific stable-isotope analyses (δ2H, δ13C) of fatty acids in biological and environmental samples

Compound-specific stable-isotope analysis (CSIA) of fatty acids is a powerful tool to better understand the trophic transfer of fatty acids and their biochemical fate in and across ecosystems, including tracing animal migration and understanding physiological processes. The non-exchangeable nature of CH bonds in acyl chains, hydrogen (δ2H) and carbon (δ13C) stable-isotope values of fatty acids (FA) provide independent information about the origins of fatty acids. Several technical obstacles must be overcome to ensure accurate and reproducible measurements of FA-CSIA can be made. This protocol describes the sample preparation process for successful stable-isotope analyses of fatty acids obtained from environmental and biological samples. Numerous techniques for the preanalytical processing of fatty acid samples are available, and these often have minimal impact on δ values. Here, we provide an in-depth guide detailing our well-established laboratory protocols, ranging from the initial sample preparation, lipid extraction, and transmethylation to the instrumental arrangement, data collection, and analysis.•Protocol from obtaining a sample to standardized fatty acid specific δ2H and δ13C values.•Separate GC analysis procedures for C and H are recommended for optimal performance.

Effectiveness of chlorhexidine diacetate and povidone-iodine in antiseptic preparation of the canine external ear canal prior to total ear canal ablation with bulla osteotomy procedure: A preliminary study.

This article is a preliminary study to compare the ability of 0.05% chlorhexidine diacetate (CD) and 1% povidone-iodine (PI) solutions to reduce bacterial contamination on the canine external ear canal during initial patient preparation and comparison of the incidence of immediate tissue reactions. The study is a multi-institutional, randomised, clinical prospective study. Dogs (n = 19) undergoing total ear canal ablation with bulla osteotomy (TECABO). The external ear of each dog was cleaned with the assigned antiseptic solution. Culture of the ear was performed by standard techniques to semi-quantitatively evaluate bacterial growth and to identify bacterial organisms pre- and post-antiseptic use. Both antiseptic groups showed a significant reduction in bacterial growth score (BGS) between pre- and post-antiseptic use (CD p = 0.009, PI p = 0.005). There was no difference in the reduction of BGS between CD and PI solutions (p = 0.53). Minor adverse skin reactions occurred in 25% of cases. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of adverse skin reactions between antiseptics (p = 0.63). CD and PI were similarly able to decrease the number of bacteria on the external ear following initial preparation. No difference in the incidence of adverse tissue reactions was found. Properly diluted aqueous formulations of either antiseptic may be used for safe preparation limited to the external ear canal of dogs. Additional studies evaluating outcomes such as duration of bacterial inhibition and incidence of surgical site infections are needed to fully elucidate differences between CD and PI antiseptics prior to TECABO.

Visualization of the interaction dynamics between a two-level atom and a graphene sheet covered by a laser field

This study investigates the detection of two discrete quantum phenomena arising from the interaction between a single two-level atom, SU(1,1)quantum systems, and a graphene membrane in the presence of a laser field. We employ quantum skew information and second-order Rényi entropy as measures to discern non-classicality and entropy, respectively. Two distinct scenarios are considered addressing the system: first, when atomic frequency significantly surpasses laser coupling; second, when the atomic frequency is considerably lower than classical laser coupling. In the former case, both phenomena hinge upon initial preparation conditions for the SU(1,1)coherent cavity, whereas, in the second scenario, the non-classicality and entropy are influenced by the coherent graphene. Notably, we find that the detuning parameter enhances the information of the composite system when the intensities of the coherent cavity and graphene membrane are substantial.

Socialization and Providing Motivation on Health Professionals at National and International Levels: Challenges and Strategies for Students of State Vocational High School 3 Medan

Community service activities in the form of socializing and providing motivation regarding professional health workers at the national and international levels have been carried out at the Vocational High School (SMK) Negeri 3 Medan. This activity aims to provide participants with an understanding of the challenges of becoming professional health workers and strategies for becoming professional health workers at both the national and international levels, especially students of SMK Negeri 3 who have just graduated. This community service activity includes initial preparation, socialization related to health workers and the importance of becoming professional health workers, providing motivation related to challenges and strategies in becoming professional health workers both at national and international levels to activity participants, as well as distributing flyers related to information on private universities that affiliated with many health fields and successfully sending graduates abroad every year. This activity was attended by final-year students of SMK Negeri 3 Medan and teachers in the SMK Negeri 3 Medan environment. This activity has succeeded in providing information related to professional health workers and motivating them to become professional health workers at the national and international levels SMK students who are about to finish their education (graduate) and are interested in continuing to higher education, which is marked by the enthusiasm of the activity participants asked about tips on becoming professional health workers at the national and international levels.

Counseling and Providing Motivation for Students of State Vocational High School 3 Medan About Professional Health Workers With Global Competitiveness

Tri Dharma is three obligations at the Lubuk Pakam Medistra Health Institute (Inkes MLP) which include education, research, and community service. Every lecturer at Inkes MLP is responsible for realizing and implementing the Tri Dharma of Higher Education, one of which is community service (PKM). The PKM activities carried out by MLP Inkes lecturers aim to motivate Medan 3 Vocational High School students about professional health workers who are globally competitive at the national and international levels. This activity was attended by teachers and student participants at SMKN 3 Medan, especially grade 12 students who had completed their education. This PKM activity includes initial preparation, delivery of material, counseling and motivating students of SMKN 3 Medan about professional health workers who are globally competitive at the national and international levels. In delivering the material, the PKM team explained that MLP Inkes organizes a quality teaching and learning process so that it has produced many professional health workers and places their graduates to work in health institutions, both in hospitals, health centers, and other health industries and sends graduates to work in abroad, such as in Japan, Germany, Saudi Arabia, and so on. This PKM activity succeeded in providing direct information regarding the profession of professional health workers who are globally competitive at the national and international levels to students of SMKN 3 Medan who will complete their education (graduates) and are interested in continuing to higher education as shown by the enthusiasm of the activity participants in asking several questions to MLP Inkes lecturer.

Olahan Singkong Di Desa Raba Wawo Menjadi Kripik SIDEWA (Kripik Singkong Desa Wawo)

Agricultural produce in the form of cassava which is abundant in Raba village has not been able to increase the income of farmers, so far cassava yields have only been used as additional food ingredients, and some traditional preparations for sale. This condition is due to the lack of understanding and skills of residents in processing cassava which has a higher selling value. This condition became aware that community service activities (PKM) were carried out with the aim of empowering the Raba village community in processing cassava as the basic ingredient for making cassava chips. This activity The method in this activity begins with initial preparation, implementation and final evaluation. The results of empowerment activities include 1) increasing partners' understanding of cassava processing, 2) forming partner skills, 3) products in the form of ready-to-sell packaged cassava chips, and 4) forming new business units in household-based cassava management and processing. Activities still need continuous assistance so that partners can truly be independent in the management and processing of cassava into flour products that are hygienic and have a halal certificate.

Kinetic and Kinematic Analysis of Gait Termination: A Comparison between Planned and Unplanned Conditions

Purpose: Gait termination (GT) is the transition from steady-state walking to a complete stop, occurring under planned gait termination (PGT) or unplanned gait termination (UGT) conditions. This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical differences between PGT and UGT, which could help develop therapeutic interventions for individuals experiencing difficulty with GT. Methods: Twenty healthy adults performed three walking trials, followed by PGT and UGT trials. Gait termination was analyzed in three phases as follows: Phase 1 (pre-stopping), Phase 2 (initial stopping phase), and Phase 3 (terminal stopping phase). Spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic data during each phase were compared between conditions. Results: The GT time and GT step length were significantly different between the PGT and UGT trials. Ankle range of motion (ROM) demonstrated significant differences in Phase 1, with the PGT having a slightly lower ankle ROM than the UGT. In Phase 2, the hip, knee, and ankle ROM exhibited significant differences between the conditions. Finally, in Phase 3, UGT showed reduced hip ROM but increased knee ROM and kinetic parameters compared to PGT. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the ankle joint primarily contributes to deceleration during the initial preparation for generating braking force during PGT. Conversely, UGT reveals disrupted kinesthetic control due to instability, leading to a preference for a hip and knee strategy to absorb force and control the center of mass for a safe and rapid GT in response to unexpected stimuli. These findings provide valuable insights into the biomechanical mechanisms underlying body stability during GT and may contribute to the development of effective rehabilitation strategies for individuals with gait impairment.

Edukasi robotika untuk mingkatkan kemampuan motorik halus di SD Baiturrahman

Current formal education does not only focus on developing scientific and theoretical knowledge, but also pays attention to thought processes and behavior. Extracurricular activities are a means that can be optimized to improve thinking skills or behavior. Of the various kinds of extracurricular activities that exist, robotics is one of the new extracurricular activities, but is very much liked by students. Limited human resources who understand robotics and school support is one of the challenges in introducing robotics technology, especially for elementary school (SD) students. The solution to addressing this problem is that in this community service activity socialization and workshops on assembling robots for elementary school students are carried out. There are three main stages carried out in service activities: initial preparation, implementation, evaluation and reporting. Activities during the implementation of activities, begins with the introduction of robot components to be assembled. Participants in the activity totaling 37 students were divided into 6 groups. Each group was guided to follow the steps of assembling the robot, which consisted of: assembling several robot components and tightening the screws using a screwdriver, uploading the previously made computer program to the chip installed on the robot, activating the robot and controlling it via a smartphone. Partners filled out the questionnaire after the main activities were carried out. Partner responses to 6 statements related to the implementation of community service activities, on average giving a value in the category S = Agree, this means that partners agree and support this community service activity.

Child-Centered Approach through Slow Education Principles: A View to Child Personality Development in Early Childhood

We are preoccupied with early childhood education policies at the international level in general, but in particular with early childhood education in Romania. Therefore, the research direction of our study focuses on how early education teachers can integrate the principles of slow education into the development of child-centered competence. The formation and development of the child’s early ontogeny personality occur at the natural pace of development and learning rather than in an accelerated manner. While preparing for the research, we reviewed relevant articles circumscribed to the same topic: slow, child-centered education, deep learning, constructivism, and the enthusiasm of children and teachers. Most of them conclude that the use of child-centered competence in early childhood significantly contributes to slow education principles and characteristics. At the same time, the research aims to provide quantitatively and qualitatively validated arguments for verifying the incidence of child-centered competence from the perspective of sustainable education, in connection with the constructivist orientation of the teachers. Our research included a group of 376 teachers selected from early childhood education institutions in the North-West of Romania, all of them with initial preparation in the field. Using the focus group method, we identified differences in the perception of the two paradigms (child-centeredness and slow pedagogy), the link between these two, and the connection with the constructivist orientation. At the same time, we intended to identify the degree of continuous professional development training according to these paradigms that are not studied and practiced together in early education in Romania, because only the child-centeredness principle is mentioned in the initial teacher training. Therefore, in-service training activities were conducted and they were focused on facilitating and raising awareness of the value of using child-centered competence and the principles of slow education among training participants. At the end of the program, through the quantitative method—the survey—we concluded that the activities included in the training program led to a significant increase in the teachers’ capacity to appreciate the natural pace of development and learning of children to such an extent that the participants themselves adopted the promotion of sustainable slow education in a dynamic society. The methods used helped us deduce that all teachers with a constructivist orientation improved their child-centered competence, and teachers who gave children the freedom to choose activities from the proposed educational offers, according to their needs, interests, and potential, identified the development of the ability to consider children’s natural pace of development and learning as a result of the training. In conclusion, our research complements the literature, proposing a new and useful perspective to approach early childhood education practices by respecting the child’s natural pace of development and learning, which provides a suitable context for promoting international sustainable educational policies. We encourage teachers around the world to reflect on an important issue in the holistic development of the child—if faster means better—in the race to performance.

Factors influencing the use of ICT to support students' self‐regulated learning in digital environment: The role of teachers in lower secondary education of Shanghai, China

AbstractCurrently, Shanghai, China is facing a contradictory situation in process of digitalization in education. Supply and allocation of information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure are relatively adequate and equitable, but the share of teacher‐supported classroom ICT use for student learning in digital environment is much lower than the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development average. This study mainly analyzed the roles of school factors with focus on infrastructure and school climate for innovation as well as teacher factors on their professional preparation and development related to ICT, professional practices, and attitudes toward ICT use. The data from Shanghai sample in the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), which consists of 3976 teachers from 198 lower secondary schools which refer to middle school in China, were used to build multilevel logistic regression models for the investigation. The principal results indicate that teachers' self‐efficacy on ICT use, initial preparation, and professional development related to ICT use and implementation of teaching practice as prompt for ICT use are powerful predictors. Relatively, at the school level, ICT infrastructure and team innovativeness are not significant in attributing to teacher‐supported classroom ICT use. Based on findings, implications, and recommendations are presented to direct Shanghai education policy toward digital transition in education.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for treatment of sepsis.

The pathogenesis of sepsis is an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. At the onset of sepsis, the lungs are severely affected, and the injury progresses to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with a mortality rate of up to 40%. Currently, there is no effective treatment for sepsis. Cellular therapies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been initiated in clinical trials for both ARDS and sepsis based on a wealth of pre-clinical data. However, there remains concern that MSCs may pose a tumor risk when administered to patients. Recent pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) for the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI) and sepsis. After recovery of initial surgical preparation, pneumonia/sepsis was induced in 14 adult female sheep by the instillation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (~1.0×1011 CFU) into the lungs by bronchoscope under anesthesia and analgesia. After the injury, sheep were mechanically ventilated and continuously monitored for 24h in a conscious state in an ICU setting. After the injury, sheep were randomly allocated into two groups: Control, septic sheep treated with vehicle, n=7; and Treatment, septic sheep treated with MSC-EVs, n=7. MSC-EVs infusions (4ml) were given intravenously one hour after the injury. The infusion of MSCs-EVs was well tolerated without adverse events. PaO2/FiO2 ratio in the treatment group tended to be higher than the control from 6 to 21h after the lung injury, with no significant differences between the groups. No significant differences were found between the two groups in other pulmonary functions. Although vasopressor requirement in the treatment group tended to be lower than in the control, the net fluid balance was similarly increased in both groups as the severity of sepsis progressed. The variables reflecting microvascular hyperpermeability were comparable in both groups. We have previously demonstrated the beneficial effects of bone marrow-derived MSCs (10×106 cells/kg) in the same model of sepsis. However, despite some improvement in pulmonary gas exchange, the present study demonstrated that EVs isolated from the same amount of bone marrow-derived MSCs failed to attenuate the severity of multiorgan dysfunctions.

Silicon from sand is a promising technology for producing silicon of semiconductor quality

An analysis of the methods for obtaining silicon of semiconductor quality determined the relevance of the issues of compliance of modern technologies with environmental requirements of today, as well as the possibilities of raw materials and energy supply for a potential increase in production volumes. The development of production requires a search for compromises between the needs of society and the consequences expressed in the environmental impact on nature, the growth in the consumption of raw materials and energy. The proposal to use quartz sand instead of quartzite is promising due to the solution of the problems of raw material supply for the production of silicon of semiconductor quality for many years to come. The technology of chlorination of quartz sands proposed for implementation has been tested in industrial conditions and, in addition to the problems of raw material supply, to a large extent solves the problems of environmental and energy supply.Within the framework of the set environmental task, the problems of decarbonization of production are first of all solved by eliminating the energy-consuming high-temperature process of carbothermal reduction of silicon. The proposed technological solution provides a compromise between environmental friendliness and energy efficiency by involving silicon-containing materials, technogenic wastes, as “energy donors” in physical and chemical processes. Chlorination of the prepared raw materials is carried out in the solid phase, which is an energy-efficient solution, as it eliminates the cost of energy to compensate for the latent energy of melting. The initial preparation of raw materials involves the procedure of mechanoactivation - energy-efficient activation of the raw material by destroying intercrystalline bonds. The use of “energy donors” in blending ensures that the chlorination process is carried out in the autothermal mode, reducing the specific consumption of chlorine for the process. The problems of high energy intensity in the production of silicon of semiconductor quality are also solved by adjusting the technological scheme with the exclusion of energy-consuming low-temperature processes.The implementation of the proposed technological solutions is focused on the maximum use of known technological equipment, which minimizes the costs of design and production development of the technology. Based on the practical data obtained, system solutions for integrating the new technology into the schemes of existing enterprises are proposed - providing variability of adaptation in terms of raw material supply and the range of produced polycrystalline silicon of both “electronic” and “solar” quality. Based on the practical data obtained, system solutions were proposed for integrating the new technology into the schemes of existing enterprises - providing variability of adaptation in terms of raw material supply and the range of produced polycrystalline silicon of both “electronic” and “solar” quality.

11 C-Cyanation of Aryl Fluorides via Nickel and Lithium Chloride-Mediated C-F Bond Activation.

Aryl fluorides are expected to be useful as radiolabeling precursors due to their chemical stability and ready availability. However, direct radiolabeling via carbon-fluorine (C-F) bond cleavage is a challenging issue due to its significant inertness. Herein, we report a two-phase radiosynthetic method for the ipso-11 C-cyanation of aryl fluorides to obtain [11 C]aryl nitriles via nickel-mediated C-F bond activation. We also established a practical protocol that avoids the use of a glovebox, except for the initial preparation of a nickel/phosphine mixture, rendering the method applicable for general PET centers. This method enabled the efficient synthesis of diverse [11 C]aryl nitriles from the corresponding aryl fluorides, including pharmaceutical drugs. Stoichiometric reactions and theoretical studies indicated a significant promotion effect of lithium chloride on the oxidative addition, affording an aryl(chloro)nickel(II) complex, which serves as a precursor for rapid 11 C-cyanation.

11C‐Cyanation of Aryl Fluorides via Nickel and Lithium Chloride‐Mediated C−F Bond Activation

AbstractAryl fluorides are expected to be useful as radiolabeling precursors due to their chemical stability and ready availability. However, direct radiolabeling via carbon‐fluorine (C−F) bond cleavage is a challenging issue due to its significant inertness. Herein, we report a two‐phase radiosynthetic method for the ipso‐11C‐cyanation of aryl fluorides to obtain [11C]aryl nitriles via nickel‐mediated C−F bond activation. We also established a practical protocol that avoids the use of a glovebox, except for the initial preparation of a nickel/phosphine mixture, rendering the method applicable for general PET centers. This method enabled the efficient synthesis of diverse [11C]aryl nitriles from the corresponding aryl fluorides, including pharmaceutical drugs. Stoichiometric reactions and theoretical studies indicated a significant promotion effect of lithium chloride on the oxidative addition, affording an aryl(chloro)nickel(II) complex, which serves as a precursor for rapid 11C‐cyanation.

Testing of Ion Exchange Solid Phase Extraction Media for Extraterrestrial In Situ Sample Preparation on Liquid Samples

The search for life on other bodies in our solar system is currently focused on Ocean Worlds, those bodies known to contain liquid water, as water is one of the requirements for life as we understand it. In the search for organic biosignatures that would indicate the presence of past or current life, liquid samples from these bodies would utilize an initial sample preparation step in which interfering substances such as salts can be removed before analysis. Previous work on potential sample preparation techniques for these samples evaluated solid phase extraction (SPE) on cation exchange media, but only explored amino acid analytes at low salt to analyte ratios and used high concentration eluents. This work utilized mixed-mode ion exchange solid phases, developing methods for elutions in low concentration solutions and evaluating polar analytes with a range of functionalities. Method development revealed the need for a pre-elution step in the process to decrease the elution volume required. Both anion and cation exchange media were evaluated for the capture of analytes from solutions that simulated Earth’s oceans. The Oasis MCX and Strata X-C cation exchange media provided the best results, with >90% retention of all analytes including amino acids, organic amines, nucleotides, peptides, and an oligonucleotide. These cation exchange media retained even anionic components, including glutamic acid and organic acids, with >90% efficiency. These analytes were released in the wash step, but salt ion removal was completed before release, allowing this technique to be used for desalting of these analytes. Extraction of a 14 component mixed analyte solution also showed retention of all analytes, with testing of analyte concentrations down to 100 nM in 35 g/L simulated ocean solution. Oasis MAX and Strata X-A anion exchange media did not retain glutamic acid, fumaric acid, or dipicolinic acid when the salt concentration was high; these anionic analytes were easily extracted from low salt solutions. The anion exchange media showed a range of functionality for extracting other analytes from the simulated ocean water, capturing >90% of tryptophan and phenylalanine, but retaining <50% of the valine and >20% of the glycine. Irradiation exposure, as a model for the solar irradiation expected during deployment to extraterrestrial locations, did not affect the performance of any ion exchange media tested. A reversed-phase SPE column was directly coupled to a cation exchange column, to investigate removal of nonpolar compounds that might bind to and block the mixed-mode ion exchange media.

The International Continence Society (ICS) survey on intermittent catheterization and global practices with regard to the reuse of catheters

Objective:To survey members of the International Continence Society (ICS) for exploring global differences in practices with regard to intermittent catheterization (IC) and reuse of catheters in the neuro-urological patient. A project of the Neuro-Urology Promotion Committee (NUPC) of the ICS. Methods:Cross-sectional survey of ICS members using the SurveyMonkey platform. Initial survey preparation, revisions, pilot, and finalization were performed within the NUPC. Opt-in survey emailed to all members by the ICS office. Foundation questions ascertained type of clinical practice, health care system, and country of residence which was stratified by World Bank criteria as ‘high-income group, HIG’ or ‘not high-income group, non-HIG’ for analysis. Several questions addressed the reuse of catheters and related practices. Survey results were analyzed using R (version 3.1.3) statistical analysis (p-value <0.05 significant, two-way testing). Results:244 out of 1107 members (22.0%) responded. Respondents were from 57 countries including 89 (36.5%) from non-HIG countries. 61.1% respondents were urologists and 62.7% were working at public teaching hospitals. Single-use catheters were prescribed by 113 (46.7%), reuse by 51 (21.1%), and both techniques by 78 (32.2%). Reuse was reported by 38.3% and 76.4% of respondents from HIG and non-HIG countries, respectively. There was marked variation with regard to the frequency of IC, method of cleaning of hands and genitalia, and the method of cleaning and storing catheters. Instruction in IC was most commonly provided by nurses in HIG countries (93.6%) but by urologists in non-HIG countries (66.3%). Reuse was recommended between 2–5 times, 6–10 times, 11–30 times, 31–50​ times, 51–90 times, >90 times, and till visible deterioration in 25.0%, 25.8%, 15.8%, 7.5%, 5.0%, 5.0%, and 15.8%, respectively. Conclusion:Reuse of catheters by patients on IC was not restricted to less affluent countries. There were wide variations in every aspect of the IC protocol. These issues are critical to patients, communities, and the environment and urgently require research.

Motivation of Students for Teaching Career

The contemporary European context foreshadows many challenges for young people who want to pursue a teaching career. Our study is of interest in the initial preparation for the teaching career of students who have experienced online school and who are required to reconfigure their training in the direction of solid skills, especially digital. Opinion polls reveal a demotivation of students towards school learning, a fact amplified by the Coronavirus pandemic that fundamentally changed the development of the educational process. University departments that train teachers have struggled to provide high-quality training due to the limitations of the pandemic. In the perspective of similar challenges, the initial training of teachers is much more intensely calibrated to the technological needs of education. Requests to increase the quality of education that depend on the quality of teachers are imperative. This study is conducted to find out the opinion of future teachers about the training requirements for the teaching profession. The aim of the study is to survey among young people preparing for teaching careers their motivation for learning in the context and in the perspective of professional teaching standards. The methodology includes recruitment, sampling and application of tools. We used opinion questionnaires to identify the reasons for choosing the initial training in the educational field and the awareness of the difficulties and standards required by this profession. The conclusions of the article indicate that the reasons for choosing a teaching career are diverse, associated with individual options and a superficial knowledge of a teacher's skills.

A dynamic process model for continued integration between ECE and EI/ECSE teacher preparation programs

ABSTRACT Early childhood and early childhood special education programs have predominantly been separate teacher preparation programs that prepare novice teachers for general or special education settings. However, with a growing shift toward inclusion, as well as a shortage of educators with training to teach all children, there is a need for teacher preparation programs to prepare all early childhood educators to support all children and engage all families. This article describes one institute of higher education’s integrated program and the program’s process to align coursework with both the Professional Standards and Competencies for Early Childhood Educators and Initial Practice-Based Professional Preparation Standards for Early Interventionists/Early Childhood Special Educators. We do this by discussing (a) the landscape of teacher education and integrated programs, (b) one IHE’s integrated program history, (c) our process for embedding standards, and (d) next steps.

PROFISSIONALIZAÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL: IMPLEMENTANDO UM SISTEMA INTEGRADO EM TEMPO DE REFORMAS NA ITÁLIA

ABSTRACT In Italy, the issue of initial preparation and continuing professional development (CPD) of early childhood education and care (ECEC) workforce has become a particularly contentious issue in the light of the recent reform on the institution of the integrated ECEC system from birth up to six years. The article will critically review the historical evolution of the two different university degrees for the professional preparation of early childhood educators and pre-school teachers and will reflect on its implications for ensuring pedagogical continuity across the 0-6 sector.