Initial Pool Research Articles

Development of a performance standard for physiotherapists delivering exercise and mobilisation to the critically ill: A modified Delphi consensus study

BackgroundThe provision of early mobilisation to critically ill patients has the potential to improve long term outcomes, but, is complex to deliver. There is minimal literature detailing the training and expertise required to deliver these interventions safely and effectively. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine the key elements of a performance standard for assessment of physiotherapists delivering exercise and mobilisation interventions to the critically ill. MethodThis is a modified eDelphi expert consensus study. Fifty-one physiotherapists from Australia and New Zealand with relevant clinical, educational, or research experience were included on the expert panel. Background information and the initial pool of items were developed from review of relevant literature. Five survey rounds were administered across two study phases to determine the elements, performance criteria, and assessment scale of the performance standard. Items were modified, amalgamated, and added based upon panel comments. ResultsConsensus was achieved for 69 mandatory, and two supplementary performance criteria which were arranged under 15 elements encompassing knowledge, assessment, analysis, intervention, and professional behaviours. A 3-point rating scale was selected to assess item achievement and global performance. ConclusionBinational expert consensus was reached to define the assessment criteria for physiotherapists delivering exercise and mobilisation interventions to the critically ill. This standard can be utilised in clinical, educational, and research practice environments to guide training, assessment, and skill recognition in critical care physiotherapy.

Development and Validation of the Academic Persistence Outcome Expectations Scale

Outcome expectations, an integral theoretical component of social cognitive career theory, remains almost completely unexamined in the domain of academic persistence, or the decision a student makes to remain in college. This study sought to develop a theoretically derived scale to measure outcome expectations. An initial item pool was developed and sent to a sample of college students. A second, confirmatory sample of undergraduate students was collected via an online crowdsourcing platform. Results suggested the presence of a two-factor structure was the most parsimonious solution across both samples. The two factors retained across both samples reflected positive and negative outcome expectations that students perceived about remaining in college for the year. Limitations and implications are discussed.

Design and validation of a preparedness evaluation tool of pre-hospital emergency medical services for terrorist attacks: a mixed method study

IntroductionTerrorist attacks are one of the human problems that affect many countries, leaving behind a huge toll of disabilities and deaths. The aim of this study was to use a mixed-method analysis to design and validate an evaluation tool for pre-hospital emergency medical services for terrorist attacks.MethodsThe present study is a mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative) study that was conducted in two phases. In the qualitative phase (item generation), semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 Iranian emergency medical technicians who were selected through a purposive sampling method and a scoping literature review was conducted to generate an item pool for the preparedness evaluation of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in terrorist attacks. In the quantitative phase (item reduction), for validity of tool face, content and construct validity, were performed; for tool reliability, the test and retest and intra-class correlation coefficient were evaluated.ResultsAt the first stage, 7 main categories and 16 subcategories were extracted from the data, the main categories including “Policy and Planning”, “Education and Exercise “,“ Surge Capacity”, “Safety and Security”, “Command, Control and Coordination”, “Information and Communication Management “and “Response Operations Management”. The initial item pool included 160 items that were reduced to 110 after assessment of validity (face, content and construct). intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.71) examination and Pearson correlation test (r = 0.81) indicated that the tool was also reliable.ConclusionThe research findings provide a new perspective to understand the preparedness of pre-hospital emergency medical services for terrorist attacks. The existing 110-item tool can evaluate preparedness of pre-hospital emergency medical services for terrorist attacks through collecting data with appropriate validity and reliability.

Development and Psychometric Properties of Harassment Tendency Scale

The aim of this research was to construct a native scale for harassment tendency and psychometric properties for the assessment of the Harassment tendency scale according to the cultural perspective of the Urdu language used. This indigenous scale can be used by psychologists, psychiatrists and even researchers for the general population to measure the tendency of harassment among males and females as well. Utilizing existent content and information from the literature research, the initial item pool of 150 items were created. Following the pilot research, 12 of the 138 expert-evaluated items were kept, including the eight aspects of harassment. Additionally, data from the sample of (N=340) people who completed this scale's final administration were gathered. Participants from educational institutions and local communities from different areas of Pakistan by using a self-reported questionnaire through convenient sampling. Rotated component matrix analysis shows, factors loading ranges from 0.402 to 0.641 of 97 items. The sample adequacy showed KMO=0.866 on 27 items (N=340) and factor loading loaded 8 factors. CFI value 0.909 with the significant model fit p<0.05 with appropriate model fit indices. HTS also conformed to good test-retest reliability (r=0.954, p=.000) at a 0.01 alpha level which is indicated the scale is a reliable measure for harassment tendency. A scale to measure Harassment tendency in the Urdu language is competently established with 27 questions and eight factors. Statistical Package for the Social Science volume 24 used for EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis). AMOS (Analysis of a Moment structure) version 24 was used for CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis).

Exploring the Factors Associated with Undergraduate Students’ Online Learning Anxiety: Development of the Online Learner Anxiety Scale

The purpose of this research was to explore the factors associated with online learning anxiety by carefully designing, developing, and providing preliminary validity and reliability evidence of a scale to measure undergraduate students’ online learning anxiety. We created a conceptual framework to organize the literature surrounding online learning anxiety and used this framework to develop an initial item pool of 30 items. The researchers recruited N = 297 undergraduate student participants from four public universities in the southeastern United States from whom we collected and analyzed data for descriptive statistics, internal consistency reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and correlational analysis. Following systematic analytic procedures, we arrived at a three-factor model explaining approximately 65% of the variability in these data and retained 24 items in the final model with minimal cross-loadings in the pattern matrix. We labeled the identified factors as (1) online learner feelings of negativity and inadequacy, (2) online learner apprehension towards personal communication, and (3) online learner discomfort with instructor capacity and communication. The final instrument was named the Online Learner Anxiety Scale (OLAS). Scores on the OLAS were correlated with five other measures hypothesized to relate to online learning anxiety thereby providing stronger construct validity evidence. The OLAS was found to produce reliable scores that can be validly inferred as measures of online learning anxiety among undergraduate students in institutions of higher education. These findings are discussed and framed in light of current literature on online learning and possible future research directions.

P12.12: The Impact of Recipient Body Mass Index on Outcomes of Pancreas Transplantation: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Pancreas transplantation remains the gold standard, curative treatment for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. The scarcity of available pancreata and high risks of the procedure necessitate careful and evidence-based patient selection criteria. Recipient selection criteria vary by country and institution, and often includes a body mass index (BMI) cut-off, generally falling between <30kg/m2 and <35kg/m2. The aim of this study is to present a systematic review of the current literature on the impact of preoperative BMI in adult pancreas transplant recipients on the outcomes of pancreas transplantation. Outcomes examined include short- and long-term graft and patient survival, and post-operative and disease related complications. Method: An initial pool of 1025 articles were obtained multi-database search across Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and PubMed, as well as manual searches of the literature. Screening, as well as eligibility and bias assessments were conducted independently by the two first authors with 38 studies included for final analysis. Due to significant heterogeneity in reporting and analysis of BMI, population sizes of study cohorts, and outcome reporting, a meta-analysis of the data was not possible, and results are therefore presented as a narrative review. Results: The impact of BMI on patient survival/death was discussed in 16 of the included 38 studies with 5 supporting its significance and 11 stating it was not significant. 23 of the included studies examined graft survival/loss, with 11 stating that BMI did have a significant impact on outcomes, and 12 stating that it did not. For both patient and graft survival, the groups of studies demonstrating a significant impact of BMI included most studies that were based on a large database, particularly the central OPTN database in the US – although the patient characteristics examined by each of these studies varies. The groups of studies reporting non-significance were predominantly single centre studies or used smaller databases. Average score on risk of bias for each group was similar. After comparing the size and quality of each study, the findings of this review trend towards BMI outside of the normal range having a significant impact on patient and graft survival. The impact of recipient BMI on a wide range of post-operative and diabetes-related outcomes were also examined across the 38 studies, and findings summarised in this review. Conclusions: The results are limited by the heterogeneity of available literature, and there have been insufficient comparable high quality, recent, large population studies on this topic. Further primary studies are required to facilitate meta-analysis that will provide better evidence for the impact of recipient BMI on pancreas transplant outcomes and validate the continued use of BMI in patient selection for pancreas transplantation. Kerry Hitos - advice on statistical analysis.

Parent Financial Socialization Scale: Development and preliminary validation.

A theoretically grounded, validated measure of parent financial socialization is needed. This article describes the development and validation process of three new scales: the Parent Financial Modeling Scale (eight items), the Parent-Child Financial Discussion Scale (nine items), and the Experiential Learning of Finances Scale (three items). These may be treated as subscales of a multidimensional latent construct: the Parent Financial Socialization Scale (20 items). The three scales measure the three primary methods of family financial socialization. The scales are designed to be retrospective, with target participants being U.S. emerging adults (age 18-30). A rigorous development process was undertaken: an initial pool of items was generated, expert assessments were collected, cognitive interviews were conducted, and (following preliminary data collection) preliminary item reduction analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted. Final data were collected from a diverse (51.7% female, 47.6% male; 31.6% White, 22.0% Black, 19.8% Latinx, 14.6% Asian; 50.4% no parent with college degree, 47.4% parent with college degree) sample of 4,182 U.S. emerging adults. During validation, item reduction analysis, CFA, reliability tests, measurement invariance tests, and construct validity tests were conducted. The scales demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity, and invariance was established across sex, race, and parents' education level. These scales are unique in their ability to capture nuance and will allow for comparisons across studies. They will enhance the quality of family financial socialization research, expand the questions that can be answered, and allow for the development of programming that is effective for a wide range of families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Różnice w podejściach do badania zaufania międzyorganizacyjnego w literaturze polskojęzycznej i anglojęzycznej

In recent years both in Polish and international literature, the number of studies devoted to trust in inter-organisational relations has grown at a steady pace. The authors of these studies tend to apply two methodological approaches: variance theory and process theory. The aim of this article is to compare Polish and English language academic literature with regard to the methodological approaches. The article is based on a systematic literature review of inter-organisational trust, with literature collected based on keywords and snowball methodology. The election was based on abstract analysis and the text of selected articles. The methodologies of the selected articles were presented and compared. From the initial pool of 726 positions, 32 articles in Polish and 30 in English were analysed and compared, with the data presented in a comparison table. The findings indicate a research gap in Polish-language literature in the form of an insufficient amount of research on trust at inter-organisational level using a process-based approach. Applying this approach would potentially deepen the understanding of organisations' relationships with each other, especially in the context of Poland.

Evolving strategies in whirlwind mode: The changing face of anatomy education during Covid-19 pandemic.

The Covid‐19 pandemic stipulated adoption of unfamiliar strategies for delivering anatomy education in online mode. The factors which determine education strategies are variable across geographical regions. It was perceived that an overview of education strategies around the globe would be useful for anatomists. Hence this narrative review was undertaken to collate observations from different geographical regions pertaining to education strategies adopted during the pandemic. Data relevant to the topic of study were extracted from 12 articles that were selected from an initial pool of 317 articles based on search criteria set for the review. Subtle differences in core education strategies implied that baseline response from anatomists was similar across regions. It was evident that online digital tools were key elements of education strategies adopted by educators for delivering online anatomy classes across the globe. Interestingly, a considerable gap in terms of number and variety of online tools used for anatomy education (those requiring commercial purchase) was noted between economically developed and developing regions. This may have an impact on learning outcome for students and may even lead to variations in anatomical knowledge by regions. It was observed that offline human dissection sessions were incorporated into online practical classes in one region as positive cases showed a declining trend. This positive development is worth emulating elsewhere based on cautious assessment of prevailing situation. From a broad perspective timely introduction of education strategies ensured delivery of anatomy education during the pandemic and gave an evolved outlook to the fabric of anatomy education.

Measuring a Patient's understanding of their prognosis: An exploratory analysis.

In patients with cancer across the illness trajectory, treatment decisions are often influenced by one's perception of their prognosis (i.e., curability of disease, life expectancy, quality of life). However, research on how patients understand their prognosis (i.e., prognostic understanding) has been limited by simplistic measurement tools that fail to capture the complexity of the construct. This study describes the initial development of a measure of prognostic understanding: the Prognostic Understanding Perceptions Scale (PUPS) for use in patients with advanced cancer. An initial pool of 16 candidate items were developed through semi-structured interviews with 15 experts (oncology, psycho-oncology and palliative care professionals) and 30 advanced cancer patients. We investigated the dimensionality, internal item structure, item difficulty and item discrimination of the item pool using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT) analyses. Convergent and divergent validity were based on correlations between PUPS, terminal illness acknowledgement, and self-report measures of depression, anxiety, hopelessness, and death acceptance. The final measure was comprised of nine items encompassing three factors (perceived curability, illness trajectory, treatment options), yielding strong psychometric properties. These results provide preliminarily support for PUPS as a multifaceted measure of prognostic understanding developed for use in patients with advanced cancer. Preliminary findings also highlight the potential utility of the PUPS for clinical settings, as a means of enhancing communication between patients and physicians.

The reward and punishment responsivity and motivation questionnaire (RPRM-Q): A stimulus-independent self-report measure of reward and punishment sensitivity that differentiates between responsivity and motivation.

Reward and punishment sensitivity seem important traits in understanding behavior in general and psychopathology in particular. Though the definitions used for reward and punishment sensitivity differentiate between responsivity and motivation, the measures thus far used to assess these constructs do not. Further, specificity of the type of reward (e.g., drugs) and punishment (e.g., spiders) in questionnaires might result in measurement bias especially when examining the relationship with psychopathology. Therefore, we developed a stimulus-independent multidimensional questionnaire of reward and punishment sensitivity that differentiates between responsivity and motivation. This study addresses the psychometric qualities of this newly developed reward and punishment responsivity and motivation questionnaire (RPRM-Q). On the basis of exploratory ordinal factor analysis (N = 273) that was used to examine the quality of the initial pool of 39 items, the number of items was reduced to 18. Confirmatory ordinal factor analysis on the remaining items in an independent sample (N = 328) supported a 18-item four-factor model, and showed acceptable to good internal reliability. The relationship between the subscales of the RPRM-Q and often used questionnaires was examined in the combined sample (N = 601), which showed some first support for the ability of the new questionnaire to differentiate between responsivity and motivation to approach/avoid. The findings indicate that the RPRM-Q might be a helpful instrument to further test the relevance of punishment and reward sensitivity in psychopathology.

Attitude, Self-Control, and Prosocial Norm to Predict Intention to Use Social Media Responsibly: From Scale to Model Fit towards a Modified Theory of Planned Behavior

Severe abuse of social media has currently become a threat to social sustainability. Although “responsible use of social media” has recently attracted academics’ attention, few studies have investigated the psychosocial antecedents of individuals’ intention to use social media responsibly (IUSR). Therefore, the current study tested whether attitudes, self-control, and prosocial norms (ASP) can positively and significantly predict social media users’ IUSR. To this end, the theoretical interrelationships among ASP were explored, and an initial pool of items was developed by reviewing the relevant literature. Then, the items were selected based on a panel of experts’ content validity test. An online questionnaire was used to survey university student social media users (n = 226) in Bangladesh. PLSc-SEM and CB-SEM bootstrapping, followed by an artificial neural network (ANN) analysis, were completed to evaluate the measurement and structural models. Current results show that the three elements of ASP strongly correlate with and significantly influence each other, but attitude and prosocial norms partially mediate the relationships between the antecedents and intention. The predictors in the proposed model substantially predict and explain IUSR, which is supported by results of relevant past studies in different disciplines. Thus, the model expresses its applicability as a modified theory of planned behavior (TPB) in researching individuals’ social media behavior. The study has implications for relevant stakeholders to take crucial measures to promote more responsible use of social media. Limitations and avenues for future study are also presented.

Mapping irrigated croplands in China using a synergetic training sample generating method, machine learning classifier, and Google Earth Engine

Agricultural irrigation is an important vehicle for increasing crop yield, but large-scale irrigation has posed great challenges to global and regional water availability and climate change via altering land–atmosphere interactions. The knowledge of irrigation distribution is essential to understand regional water cycles and guide agricultural management decision-making, but such information is scarce in China. We developed a remote sensing-dominated framework to map irrigated croplands in China at 500 m resolution using a synergetic training sample generating method, machine learning classifier, and a cloud computing platform (Google Earth Engine, GEE). To overcome the challenges of lacking nationwide training samples, we first produced two provisional irrigation maps by fusing statistics and MODIS-derived annual peak greenness indices. The two provisional irrigation maps were then spatially filtered with an existing irrigation product (GRIPC) to construct the initial training sample pool. Next, to enhance the robustness and cover more irrigated candidates, we screened and introduced the irrigated croplands in three land use/cover maps (CCI-LC, GLC_FCS, and NLCD) to supplement the training data pool. Afterward, we utilized locally adaptive random forest classifiers and data cubes (MODIS-derived spectral indices, climatic and topographic variables) to generate irrigation maps in each province of China on GEE. The resulting map outperformed other current irrigation maps with an overall accuracy of 79.2% . The map also showed a reasonable consistency with statistical data at the province and prefecture levels, with the determination coefficient (R2) of 0.89 and 0.77, respectively. In total, we identified 87.04 million hectares of irrigated croplands in mainland China in 2015. Using the resulting map and water use statistics, we found a high correlation between irrigation area and agricultural water use in Northwest, Northeast, and South China, and a low correlation in North China Plain. This map is expected to serve national water resource management and assist decision-making in improving agricultural adaption to climate change.

Measuring Resilience in Organizations: The Employee Resilience Scale

Resilience, or the ability to “bounce back” after adversity (King, 2016; Vogus & Sutcliffe, 2007), has become an important and popular topic to organizational researchers and practitioners alike. However, resilience research in the organizational sciences is still nascent, benefitting from questioning its foundations further. Specifically, multiple definitions of resilience have resulted in countless scales, to the detriment of developing a consistent body of research in this increasingly necessary area of study. Addressing these limitations, the current project describes the conceptual and psychometric development of the Employment Resilience Scale (ERS). Subject Matter Experts (N = 21) provided feedback on an initial pool of items, which were then pilot-tested on a subset of working adults (N = 29). In the final stage of this project, to be completed by June 2022, a large sample of working adults (N = 1,000) will be recruited via Prolific to assess and refine the psychometric properties of the scale via EFA (N = 500) and CFA (N=500). Through the improved multidimensional assessment of resilience via the ERS, researchers and practitioners alike will contribute to the AOM theme to “create a better world together” by enhancing employee resilience.

The place of ethics in practice of anatomical sciences: have we left our dark past behind and looking towards a bright future?

Anatomical sciences involve handling of human tissues and, therefore, application of principles of bioethics is central to anatomical practice. For a considerable period of time, anatomy was practiced without ethical norms as concept of ethics developed during second half of twentieth century. Hence, possible glimpse into contrast in ethical standards between anatomy in the past and present was deemed as an intriguing research theme. A literature search was undertaken from indexed databases (Medline and Pubmed, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science and Google Scholar). Relevant data were extracted from 37 articles that were selected from an initial pool of 752 articles based on search criteria set for the study. Prevalent anatomical practices in the past such as dissection of executed criminals, acts of vivisection, illegal procurement of human remains, use of human tissues obtained as part of war crimes and dissection of human fetuses as well as their archival were analyzed through prism of established ethical norms in present day. The observations from past were presented vis-à-vis ethical practices undertaken in present times such as use of donated bodies and/or body parts procured through legal means for dissection, adherence to ethical norms during dissection, archival of human tissues mandating stringent regulation and dignified disposal of human remains. Existing loop holes were identified and future prospects regarding ethical standards in anatomy were highlighted based on rational judgment of existing trends. The article concludes with defense on future prospects of ethics in anatomy based on documented arguments.

The response of wheat and its microbiome to contemporary and historical water stress in a field experiment

In a field experiment, we evaluated the impact of 37 years of contrasting water stress history on the microbial response in various plant compartments at two distinct developmental stages when four wheat genotypes were exposed to contemporary water stress. Seeds were collected and sampled at the end of the experiment to characterize endophytic and epiphytic microbial communities. Amplicon sequencing data revealed that plant development stage and water stress history were the main factors shaping the microbiome of the major plant parts in response to contemporary water limitation. Our results indicate that seeds can become colonized by divergent microbial communities within a single generation based on the initial pool of microbes as determined by historical contingencies, which was modulated by the contemporary environmental conditions and the plant genotype. Such information is essential to incorporate microbial-based strategies into conventional plant breeding to enhance plant resistance to stress.

The Role of Online Support Groups in Helping Individuals Affected by HIV and AIDS: Scoping Review of the Literature.

BackgroundOnline support groups provide opportunities for individuals affected by HIV and AIDS to seek information, advice, and support from peers. However, whether and how engagement with online support groups helps individuals affected by HIV and AIDS remains unclear, as does the nature of the evidence on this topic.ObjectiveThis scoping review sought to explore whether engagement with HIV and AIDS–related online support groups benefits members in terms of psychosocial well-being and illness management, whether members experienced any negative aspects of these groups, and what types of social support are exchanged within HIV and AIDS–related online support groups.MethodsA scoping review of English-language articles (including both qualitative and quantitative studies) was undertaken using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The databases searched included MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, CENTRAL (Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials), and Scopus. Key findings were synthesized using a narrative and thematic approach.ResultsA total of 22 papers met the inclusion criteria from an initial pool of 3332 abstracts. These papers included 23% (5/22) quantitative studies, 9% (2/22) mixed methods studies, and 68% (15/22) qualitative studies published between 2007 and 2019. Cross-sectional evidence suggests that engagement with HIV and AIDS–related online support groups is empowering for members and may lead to a range of psychosocial benefits. Furthermore, qualitative evidence suggests that these groups provide an opportunity to connect with similar people and share experiences. This can help improve self-worth, reduce stigma, facilitate improved illness management, and gain greater confidence when interacting with health professionals. However, online support groups are not without their limitations as qualitative evidence suggests that users may encounter examples of interpersonal conflict between members as well as be exposed to challenging content. Finally, HIV and AIDS–related online support groups are avenues through which individuals can solicit support, most commonly informational or emotional.ConclusionsHIV and AIDS–related online support groups may have some benefits for members, particularly in terms of providing social support. There is a need for a systematic review of this literature that includes an assessment of the methodological quality of the available evidence.

Exploring the Intellectual Structure of “Fear of Missing Out” Scholarship: Current Status and Future Potential

Fear of missing out (FoMO) is a psychological construct that recently emerged in the age of social media. This study aims to provide an overview of the progress on FoMO research and offer a future research agenda based on FoMO-related scientific articles published. We carried out this aim using a two-stage methodological approach, based on an initial pool of 314 peer-reviewed articles in the Scopus database: (1) co-citation analysis, a bibliometric analysis technique, with a subset of 103 articles to show how FoMO research develops intellectually; and (2) a systematic review to discuss clusters that emerged after co-citation analysis. Results of the co-citation analysis uncovered four clusters: (1) social media, (2) negative affectivity, (3) problematic social media use, and (4) problematic smartphone use. We discuss the content of each cluster in the context of central themes, key theoretical influences, and characteristic methodological approaches. We also present a future research agenda based on this discussion. In conclusion, this study provides an up-to-date overview that can assist researchers in understanding and designing future FoMO research and for practitioners to improve the well-being of society or users.

State-level performance measures and database development for inland waterway freight transportation: A US context and a case study

Inland waterway (IW) navigation serves as a cost- and energy-effective means for goods movement. Despite the cost and energy advantages and the large volume of goods carried, performance measurement of IW freight transportation has not been paid much attention to in the US. In this paper, we propose a methodology to develop state-level performance measures (PMs) and the associated database for IW freight transportation with an application to the state of Illinois. The methodology consists of four steps: 1) constructing an initial pool of PMs; 2) identifying available data elements; 3) refining PMs by federal, state, and additional stakeholder relevance; and 4) further refining PMs based on data processing feasibility. Applying the methodology to the Illinois IW freight transportation system demonstrates its practicality for PM and associated database development. At the same time, we also identify several data issues as well as political and institutional challenges. Given the generality of the methodology and the application demonstration, the methodology can not only direct the PM development for Illinois but lend useful insights into similar PM development for other states in the US as well as other regions in the rest of the world for better IW freight transportation.

Influence of Jet on Aerosol Retention by Pool Scrubbing Under Multihole Injector

In severe nuclear power plant accidents, when the containment is in a serious challenging state, the gas mixture in the containment can be injected into the spent fuel pool through the multihole injector by the containment depressurization measure, to reduce the risk of containment overpressure failure and the release of radioactivity to the environment. The pool scrubbing efficiency of aerosol under the jet regime is studied on the small-scale aerosol pool scrubbing facility, focusing on the influence of mass flux, steam fraction, submergence, particle diameter, and pool initial temperature on the aerosol decontamination factor (DF). The results show that under the jet regime, the DF value is significantly greater than that in the bubble regime and the effect of jet flow on the mechanism of steam condensation and aerosol removal of the rising zone is weak under the conditions explored. DF increases with the increase of mass flux owing to the droplet interception and inertial collision aerosol removal mechanisms. Because the high pool temperature weakens the aerosol removal by steam condensation, DF decreases with the increase of initial pool temperature under the conditions explored. Based on the experimental data and the analysis of the removal mechanism under the jet regime, an empirical model of aerosol DF considering mass flux, steam fraction, pool temperature, submergence, and particle size is established and verified by the international experiments. The proposed model can be used to calculate DF in the process of containment overpressure discharge.