Initial Pitch Research Articles

A Perceptual-Acoustic Study of the Pragmatic Marker You Know in Egyptian English Spoken Discourse

This paper examines the prosodic features of the Pragmatic Marker (PM) you know in English spoken discourse produced by Egyptian speakers. The prosodic features examined in this study include initial and final pitch, duration and the type of tone associated with the PM you know. These features are identified by applying auditory perception and acoustic measurements to the PM you know in an English discourse produced by male and female Egyptian speakers and one native speaker as an example of the typical native use. For the auditory measurement, a jury of five English language experts are consulted. For the acoustic measurement, you know is analyzed each time it occurs using a computer-aided method (PRAAT). The results show that the PM you know is used to serve such pragmatic functions as signaling repairs, marking content, and providing common grounds between interlocutors. The results also prove that the PM you know is used with a level tone (about 10 times) by the Egyptian speakers. The female Egyptian speakers tend to have higher pitched PM you know at final position than their male counterparts. The PM you know tends to have the same duration in the cases of both male and female speakers.

MARS-F modeling of post-disruption runaway beam loss by magnetohydrodynamic instabilities in DIII-D

A drift orbit model for relativistic test electrons has been incorporated into the MARS-F code (Liu et al 2000 Phys. Plasmas 7 3681), in order to study the runaway electron (RE) behavior in the presence of magneto-hydrodynamic perturbations computed by MARS-F. By implementing the model directly into the MARS-F curve-linear magnetic coordinates, maximal accuracy in representing the full field perturbation is preserved. The updated code is utilized to study the high current RE beam loss in a post-disruption DIII-D plasma, revealing that a fast growing, n = 1 (n is the toroidal mode number) resistive kink instability, at ∼100 Gauss level, can induce significant fraction of RE loss, largely by perturbing drift orbits of REs. A ∼1000 Gauss perturbation fully terminates the RE beam, as found in both experiment and modeling. The 3D field induced loss increases with the perturbation amplitude but decreases with the particle energy. The loss fraction is generally not sensitive to the initial particle pitch angle. The particle velocity change, due to electric field acceleration/deceleration, small pitch angle scattering, synchrotron radiation and Bremsstrahlung, further perturbs the RE trajectory but plays a minor role in prompt RE loss within microseconds time scale. Therefore, the dominant dependencies are simply the RE energy and instability strength. For comparison, a resonant magnetic perturbation field, generated by 4 kAt n = 3 even parity I-coil currents in DIII-D and with the plasma response field included, is found to induce almost no loss for the same RE beam.

An intonational model of Shanghai Wu: A pitch-accent analysis

This paper presents an intonational model of Shanghai Wu in the Autosegmental-Metrical framework. Shanghai’s peculiar phrasal tonal system, which spreads lexical tones over sandhi domains, is well-discussed in the literature; however, there is no account of the language's contrastive intonational elements and their phonetic realization. Grounded in phonetic data collected from 14 Shanghainese speakers born between 1945 and 1963, the paper analyzes the language as a pitch-accent system rather than a tonal one, with three distinctive accents: L* + H, H* + L, and L*. These pitch accents pair with one of two accentual phrase-like boundary tones, La and LHa with specific tonotactic requirements. Additionally, I will describe the prosodic hierarchy, as determined by the intonation, as having two levels above the accentual phrase, the intonational phrase (marked via initial pitch range expansion and one of three boundary tones: L%, %, and H%) as well as the major phrase. Together with a labelling system, this analysis allows for easy annotation of Shanghainese tonal events, similar to the ToBI-type models for languages such as Japanese and Serbo-Croatian.This paper presents an intonational model of Shanghai Wu in the Autosegmental-Metrical framework. Shanghai’s peculiar phrasal tonal system, which spreads lexical tones over sandhi domains, is well-discussed in the literature; however, there is no account of the language's contrastive intonational elements and their phonetic realization. Grounded in phonetic data collected from 14 Shanghainese speakers born between 1945 and 1963, the paper analyzes the language as a pitch-accent system rather than a tonal one, with three distinctive accents: L* + H, H* + L, and L*. These pitch accents pair with one of two accentual phrase-like boundary tones, La and LHa with specific tonotactic requirements. Additionally, I will describe the prosodic hierarchy, as determined by the intonation, as having two levels above the accentual phrase, the intonational phrase (marked via initial pitch range expansion and one of three boundary tones: L%, %, and H%) as well as the major phrase. Together with a labelling system, this an...

Preboundary lengthening in Japanese: To what extent do lexical pitch accent and moraic structure matter?

In this acoustic study, preboundary lengthening (PBL) in Japanese is investigated in relation to the prosodic structure in disyllabic words with different moraic and pitch accent distributions. Results showed gradient progressive PBL effects largely independent of the mora count. The domain of PBL is better explained by the syllable structure than the moraic structure. PBL, however, is attracted toward a non-final moraic nasal, showing some role of the mora. The initial pitch accent does not attract PBL directly, but it suppresses PBL of the final rime as a way of maintaining the relative prominence, showing a language-specific PBL modulation.

Pitch Matching Adapts Even for Bilateral Cochlear Implant Users with Relatively Small Initial Pitch Differences Across the Ears.

There is often a mismatch for bilateral cochlear implant (CI) users between the electrodes in the two ears that receive the same frequency allocation and the electrodes that, when stimulated, yield the same pitch. Studies with CI users who have extreme mismatches between the two ears show that adaptation occurs in terms of pitch matching, reducing the difference between which electrodes receive the same frequency allocation and which ones produce the same pitch. The considerable adaptation that occurs for these extreme cases suggests that adaptation should be sufficient to overcome the relatively minor mismatches seen with typical bilateral CI users. However, even those with many years of bilateral CI use continue to demonstrate a mismatch. This may indicate that adaptation only occurs when there are large mismatches. Alternatively, it may indicate that adaptation occurs regardless of the magnitude of the mismatch, but that adaptation is proportional to the magnitude of the mismatch, and thus never fully counters the original mismatch. To investigate this, six bilateral CI users with initial pitch-matching mismatches of less than 3mm completed a pitch-matching task near the time of activation, 6months after activation, and 1year after activation. Despite relatively small initial mismatches, the results indicated that adaptation still occurred.

On the Polarized Nonthermal Emission from AR Scorpii

We study linear polarization of optical emission from white dwarf (WD) binary system AR~Scorpii. The optical emission from this binary is modulating with the beat frequency of the system, and it is highly polarized, with the degree of the polarization reaching $\sim 40$\%. The angle of the polarization monotonically increases with the spin phase, and the total swing angle can reach $360^{\circ}$ over one spin phase. It is also observed that the morphology of the pulse profile and the degree of linear polarization evolve with the orbital phase. These polarization properties can constrain the scenario for nonthermal emission from AR Scorpii. In this paper, we study the polarization properties predicted by the emission model, in which (i) the pulsed optical emission is produced by the synchrotron emission from relativistic electrons trapped by magnetic field lines of the WD and (ii) the emission is mainly produced at magnetic mirror points of the electron motion. We find that this model can reproduce the large swing of the polarization angle, provided that the distribution of the initial pitch angle of the electrons that are leaving the M-type star is biased to a smaller angle rather than a uniform distribution. The observed direction of the swing suggests that the Earth viewing angle is less than $90^{\circ}$ measured from the WD spin axis. The current model prefers an Earth viewing angle of $50^{\circ}-60^{\circ}$ and a magnetic inclination angle of $50^{\circ}-60^{\circ}$ (or $120^{\circ}-130^{\circ}$). We discuss that the different contribution of the emission from M-type star to total emission causes a large variation in the pulsed fraction and the degree of the linear polarization along the orbital phase.

Horizontal Backward Launch Dynamics Modeling and Analysis

Fighters’ air strikes play a vital role in modern warfare. But, with the development of fighters, the amount of bombs will inevitably become a major disadvantage due to the limitations of the invisible design and other functions, so a combination of the old model bombers and the advanced fifth-generation fighters has been proposed. This paper takes the aircraft missile horizontal backward launch system as the research object; firstly, the finite element model of the missile’s off-track is established, and the simulation calculation under the fixed platform is tested to verify the correctness of the finite element model. Meanwhile, the simulation parameters of the initial trajectory are obtained. Then, by establishing the separation model of the machine under the open state of the aircraft’s rear launcher, the variation of the flow field during the separation process of the missile is analyzed, and the variation of the force and the attitude of the missile is studied. It is found that the pitching motion of the missile is greatly affected by the initial pitch angle, it is always in the heading state during the whole separation process, and the yaw motion is not obvious.

Simulations of Electron Energization and Injection by BBFs Using High‐Resolution LFM MHD Fields

AbstractWe study electron injection and energization by bursty bulk flows (BBFs), by tracing electron trajectories using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) field output from the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) code. The LFM MHD simulations were performed using idealized solar wind conditions to produce BBFs. We show that BBFs can inject energetic electrons of few to 100 keV from the magnetotatail beyond −24 RE to inward of geosynchronous, while accelerating them in the process. We also show the dependence of energization and injection on the initial relative position of the electrons to the magnetic field structure of the BBF, the initial pitch angle, and the initial energy. In addition, we have shown that the process can be nonadiabatic with violation of the first adiabatic invariant (μ). Further, we discuss the mechanism of energization and injection in order to give generalized insight into the process.

Stochastic Store Trajectory of Ice Models from a Cavity into Supersonic Flow

Store separation of prolate spheroid ice models with fins from a length-to-depth cavity into freestream was conducted experimentally to statistically investigate the existence of a bifurcation in trajectory during passage through the shear layer. A force-ejection mechanism provided consistent initial velocity larger than gravity drop at several different initial pitch angles. Trajectories were observed in pitch and yaw planes with two high-speed cameras. Results reveal a mean neutral trajectory from a initial pitch angle with mean reversal for smaller and mean divergent for larger initial angle. The standard deviation of center of gravity (c.g.) displacement and pitch angle increased for all cases after passage through the shear layer with a slight bifurcation for the case. In addition, the distribution of c.g. displacement of cases showed bimodal and modal switching when the store passed through the shear layer. The statistical results revealed a bifurcation and the distribution of trajectories cannot be described as symmetric Gaussian distribution for evaluating the store trajectory.

Large-eddy simulation of temporally developing double helical vortices

This paper investigates the transient regime and turbulent wake characteristics of temporally developing double helical vortices via high-fidelity large-eddy simulation (LES) for circulation Reynolds numbers in the range $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}}=7000{-}70\,000$, vortex-core radii between $r_{c}=0.06R$ and $0.2R$ and helical pitches in the range $h=0.36R{-}0.61R$, where $R$ is the initial helix radius. The present study achieves three objectives: (i) assess the influence of $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}}$, $r_{c}$ and $h$ on the growth rates of the helical vortex instability driven by mutual inductance; (ii) characterize the type of vortex reconnection events that appear during transition; (iii) study the characteristics of turbulence in the far wake, and in particular quantify the anisotropy in the flow. The initial transient dynamics is conveniently described in terms of the non-dimensional time $t^{\star }=t\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}/h^{2}$, yielding the dimensionless growth rate of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{\ast }\sim 20$ and collapsing of all the LES data for a given $r_{c}/h$ ratio. The vortex-core displacement growth rate is found to be Reynolds-number independent, and decreases for larger $r_{c}/h$ ratios. Several vortex reconnection events are identified during the transition, mostly initiated by the leap frogging of helical vortices. This phenomenon causes the entanglement of orthogonal vortex filaments, leading to their separation, followed by the creation of elongated threads in the axial direction. The turbulent wake generated by the breakdown of the helical vortices is found to be highly anisotropic with the axial fluctuations being dominant compared to the radial and azimuthal fluctuations (near one-dimensional turbulence). The study of integral length scales shows the presence of a strong large-scale anisotropy, retaining the memory of the initial helical pitch $h$, in particular for the integral scale in the axial direction. The large-scale anisotropy is propagated through the inertial and dissipative ranges, determined from the computation of the moments of velocity gradients in the three directions.

Theoretical studies of oscillations of the cleaning working bodies spiral potato separator

Purpose. Increase of efficiency of potato tubers cleaning process from impurities of new construction of spiral separator taking into account and activation of vibrating process of its cleaning spiral springs. Methods. The research was carried out with the use of higher mathematics, theoretical mechanics, elasticity theory and methods of programming and numerical calculations with the help of PC. Results. For the developed construction of the spiral separator of potato heap, which consists of cantilever mounted cleaning spiral springs, the mathematical model of free ends of spiral oscillations under the influence of external load is developed. An equivalent bending scheme of the cantilever spiral under the action of uniformly distributed load, selected corresponding axes of coordinates and parameters characterizing the vibrational process of the spiral end are determined. For such an equivalent scheme, a differential equation of cleaning spiral oscillations in partial derivatives is made for the first time. After the corresponding transformations, the differential equation was numerically solved according to the program, by means of a PC. This made it possible to find the dependence of the change in the winding pitch of the cleaning spiral spring as a result of its deformation, in particular, the simultaneous longitudinal stretching and transverse deflection, on its length. Also new analytical dependences of the reduced moment of inertia of the section of the cantilever spring are received, on the basis of which graphic dependences of change of its value on length of a spiral spring at the set diameter, pitch of skills, angle of rise of a coil and angular speed of rotation have been received on the PC. Conclusions 1.The calculated mathematical model of vibrations of the working bodies of the spiral separator of potato heap is constructed, as a result the differential equation of transverse bending vibrations of its console cleaning spiral spring is made. 2.On the basis of the differential equation solution of transverse bending oscillations of the cleaning spiral spring the analytical expressions describing the law of vibrational process and deflection of the spiral spring at any moment of time for any point of its longitudinal axis are received. 3.Analytical dependencies are obtained to determine the variable pitch of a curved coil spring at any given time and for any inter-turn lumen during this oscillatory process. 4.At the angular velocity of the spiral spring, which is equal to ω = 30 rad∙s-1, the density of the material of which the spring is made, = 7700 kg∙m-3, modulus of elasticity Е = 2∙1011 Pa, the radius of the bar = 8.5 mm, uniformly distributed spiral spring load by potato heap intensity 1000 Н∙m-1 the total spring deflection along its length varies from 0 to 0.25 m. 5.The obtained analytical expressions of restriction on the maximum change of the cleaning spiral spring pitch at its fluctuations from the condition that potato tubers do not fall into the spring inter-turn space taking into account structural and kinematic parameters of the cleaning spiral spring, the material from which it is made, technological modes of operation and tubers' sizes. 6.As the numerical calculations on the PC show, a cleaning spiral spring with the above parameters and an initial winding pitch S = 48 mm at the considered transverse oscillations at the expense of deformation can change a step up to 54 mm that will provide not falling out of a potato tuber outside of a separator of a potato heap. Keywords: potatoes, digging, impurities, cantilever spiral spring, oscillations, differential equation, numerical calculations on PC.

Pitch Angle Estimation of Monocular In-vehicle Camera Using Drive Recorder Video

In recent years, the movement for the development and commercialization of autonomous driving vehicle is rapidly getting higher. In order to spread autonomous driving vehicles, it is necessary to evaluate safety, and we must create a scenario for that. Therefore, we aim to extract parameters for scenario creation from near-miss incident data. In this research, we propose a method of pitch angle estimation of monocular camera using drive recorder video for the measurement relative distance. First, estimate initial pitch angle estimation from lane parallelism. Next, in a scene where the pitch angle changes due to sudden braking, the estimation method is switched. Here, the pitch angle is estimated from feature point matching.

Initial Alignment Error On-Line Identification Based on Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

To solve the problem of high accuracy initial alignment of strap-down inertial navigation system (SINS) for ballistic missile, an on-line identification method of initial alignment error based on adaptive particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed. Firstly, a complete navigation model of SINS is established to provide the accurate model basis for subsequent numerical optimization calculation. Then setting the initial alignment error as the optimization parameter and regarding the minimum deviation between SINS and GPS output as the objective function, the error parameter optimization model is designed. At the same time, the mutation idea of genetic algorithm (GA) is introduced into the PSO; thus the adaptive PSO is adopted to identify the initial alignment error on-line. The simulation results show that it is feasible to solve the initial alignment error identification problem of SINS by intelligent optimization algorithm. Compared with the standard PSO algorithm and the GA, the adaptive PSO algorithm has the fastest convergence speed and the highest convergence precision, and the initial pitch error and the initial yaw error precision are within 10′′ and the initial azimuth error precision is within 25′′. The navigation accuracy of SINS is improved effectively. Finally, the feasibility of the adaptive PSO algorithm to identify the initial alignment error is further validated based on the test data.

Enhanced fast ion prompt loss due to resonant magnetic perturbations in KSTAR

We report a numerical study for the impact of resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) on fast ion prompt loss in KSTAR using full orbit following simulation. Experimental observation in KSTAR indicates a sudden increase in RMP-induced fast ion prompt loss when the applied RMP field exceeds a threshold amplitude. Full orbit simulation with 3D perturbed equilibrium computed by the ideal plasma response reproduces the experimentally observed feature of RMP-induced prompt loss of fast ions and the existence of threshold RMP amplitude. Simulation with vacuum fields only shows a small increase in the fast ion loss that is insufficient to explain the observation. We show that the conservation of canonical angular momentum is broken due to the RMP during the fast ion transit, which is consistent with the enhanced fast ion loss above the threshold RMP amplitude. Phase space analysis suggests that trapped and intermediate pitch passing particles modified from initial high pitch passing ones are responsible for the threshold behavior of the fast ion loss in the simulation, while the phase space distribution of lost particles depends on the RMP field configuration.

Improved pitch-constrained ambiguity function method for integer ambiguity resolution in BDS/MIMU-integrated attitude determination

The initialization is a critical step in the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System and microelectromechanical inertial measurement unit (MIMU)-integrated attitude determination. One of the primary tasks in the initializing process is integer ambiguity resolution. The rapidity and reliability of integer ambiguity resolution play a particularly important role in kinematic attitude determination. However, the common ambiguity function method (AFM) is time consuming and unreliable due to searching over the entire yaw and pitch range. In view of the fact that MIMU can provide initial pitch by self-alignment with the three-axis accelerometers, we present a pitch-constrained AFM (PCAFM) for single-epoch and single-frequency integer ambiguity resolution. Although only pitch information is available, both pitch and yaw search spaces can be constrained in PCAFM. The pitch search space is constrained by the initial pitch from MIMU, and then the yaw search candidates are reduced by the constrained pitch range with the mathematical relationship between yaw and pitch in the DD carrier-phase observation equation. Experimental results demonstrate that the yaw and pitch search candidates of PCAFM are greatly decreased by 67.55% and 97.51%, respectively. Meanwhile, the success rate of integer ambiguity resolution is improved compared with the AFM.

Withholding signals of experience and expertise in resource acquisition efforts via crowdfunding

To mitigate inherent uncertainty, early-stage venture founders must signal their intent and ability to follow through on claims made in their initial pitches. This is consistent with arguments from...

Design optimization of conveyor rollers arrangement for stable flat-panel display (FPD) glass transfer

In recent years, together with the rapid growth of smart product markets, the flat-panel display (FPD) technology is advancing simultaneously to satisfy the dual demand for larger and thinner display panels. Glass transfer stability is one of the most critical problems when designing manufacturing equipment. Shaft pitch and number of rollers are important design variables to ensure stable glass transfer. In this study, the shaft pitch at which the maximum deflection occurs during glass transfer is theoretically calculated, and the deflection with nonlinear contact is analyzed to determine the initial shaft pitch. The developed optimization model using 8G glass was simplified for iterative analysis, and the nonlinear contact was included in the analysis. The number of rollers was minimized using the verified boundary conditions, and optimization was performed. The optimization analysis significantly reduced the number of rollers by 40 % while minimizing the contact surface.

東京・岡山市・高知市方言の並列・とりたて詞と句頭の上昇

東京・岡山市・高知市方言の並列・とりたて詞と句頭の上昇

A novel kinematics analysis method using quaternion interpolation–a case study in frog jumping

Spherical Linear Interpolation (SLERP) has long been used in computer animation to interpolate movements between two 3D orientations. We developed a forward kinematics (FK) approach using quaternions and SLERP to predict how frogs modulate jump kinematics between start posture and takeoff. Frog limb kinematics have been studied during various activities, yet the causal link between differences in joint kinematics and locomotor variation remains unknown. We varied 1) takeoff angle from 8 to 60°; 2) turn angle from 0 to 18°; and 3) initial body pitch from 0 to 70°. Simulations were similar to experimentally observed frog kinematics. Findings suggest a fundamental mechanism whereby limb elevation is modulated by thigh and shank adduction. Forward thrust is produced by thigh and proximal foot retraction with little contribution from the shank except to induce asymmetries for turning. Kinematic shifts causing turns were subtle, marked only by slight counter-rotation of the left versus right shank as well as a 10% timing offset in proximal foot adduction. Additionally, inclining initial body tilt influenced the centre of mass trajectory to determine direction of travel at takeoff. Most importantly, our theory suggests firstly that the convergence of leg segment rotation axes toward a common orientation is crucial both for limb extension and for coordinating jump direction; and, secondly, the challenge of simulating 3D kinematics is simplified using SLERP because frog limbs approximately follow linear paths in unit quaternion space. Our methodology can be applied more broadly to study living and fossil frog taxa as well as to inspire new control algorithms for robotic limbs.

Spring-shaped stimuli-responsive hydrogel actuator with large deformation

This study describes a novel microfluidics-based method for compressive/expanding actuation of stimuli-responsive hydrogel microsprings with large deformations. A continuous flow of mixed alginate and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) pre-gel solution can spontaneously form a hydrogel microspring with a wide range of gradient pitches via buoyancy force. This technique enables fabrication of hydrogel microsprings using only simple capillaries and syringe pumps. The resulting microsprings can be patterned via laminar flow inside the capillary, which can contribute to large deformation. Single-layered hydrogel microsprings shrunk isotropically while maintaining the shape of the spring. Compressing stimuli-responsive microsprings can be done by patterning the shrinking part of the spring. Here, the degree of compression in the double-layered spring depends on the initial pitch. Furthermore, large axial expansion of microsprings can be achieved by shrinking part of a microspring. Our large compression/expansion stimuli-responsive hydrogel microsprings have immense potential to be applied in various microengineering products including soft actuators, chemical sensors, and medical applications.